This document discusses corruption in Pakistan. It defines corruption and identifies four main types: petty, grand, systematic, and political. It then examines common forms of corruption like bribery, theft, fraud, extortion, and blackmail. The document also explores causes of corruption in Pakistan like lack of accountability and transparency. Effects are discussed like poor governance and loss of public funds. Finally, ways to reduce corruption are proposed such as strengthening laws and the judiciary, encouraging transparency, and educating the public.

2. Saham Fatima
Pak studies

4.  Introduction
 Type of corruption.
 Forms of corruption.
 Causes of corruption.
 Effects of corruption.
 How to stop corruption.
 Conclusion.
Agenda/Topics To Be Covered

5. The simplest definition is:
Corruption is the misuse of public power (by elected politician Or
appointed civil servant) for private gain.
or
Corruption is an improbity or decay in the decision-making process in
which a decision-maker consents to deviate or demands deviation from the
criterion which should rule his or her decision-making, in exchange for a
reward or for the promise or expectation of a reward, while these motives
influencing his or her decision-making cannot be part of the justification of the
decision.

6. There are four type of corruption.
Petty
Corruption
Grand
corruption
Systematic
corruption
Political
corruption

7. Petty corruption occurs at a smaller scale and within
established social frameworks and governing norms. Examples
include the exchange of small improper gifts or use of
personal connections to obtain favours. This form of
corruption is particularly common in developing countries and
where public servants are significantly underpaid.

8. Grand corruption is defined as corruption occurring at the highest levels of
government in a way that requires significant subversion of the political,
legal and economic systems. Such corruption is commonly found in
countries with authoritarian or dictatorial governments but also in those
without adequate policing of corruption.

9. Systemic corruption (or endemic corruption) is corruption
which is primarily due to the weaknesses of an
organization or process. It can be contrasted with
individual officials or agents who act corruptly within the
system.
Factors which encourage systemic corruption include
 CONFLICTING INCENTIVES,
 DISCRETIONARY POWERS,
 MONOPOLISTIC POWERS,
 LACK OF TRANSPRACY,
 LOW PAY,
 CULTURE OF IMPUNITY.

10. Political corruption is the abuse of
public power, office, or resources by
elected government officials for
personal gain, e.g. by extortion,
soliciting or offering bribes . It can also
take the form of office holders
maintaining themselves in office by
purchasing votes by enacting laws
which use taxpayers' money. Evidence
suggests that corruption can have
political consequences- with citizens
being asked for bribes becoming less
likely to identify with their country or
region.

11. Bribery
Institutional
corruption,
Extortion and
blackmail
Theft and
fraud

12. Bribery is the improper use of gifts and favors in exchange
for personal gain. This is also known as kickbacks or, in the
Middle East, baksheesh . It is the most common form of
corruption. The types of favors given are diverse and include
money, gifts, sexual favors, company shares, entertainment,
employment and political benefits. The personal gain that is
given can be anything from actively giving preferential
treatment to having an indiscretion or crime
overlooked.[Bribery can sometimes be part of the systemic
use of corruption for other ends, for example to perpetrate
further corruption. Bribery can make officials more
susceptible to blackmail or extortion.

13. THEFT involve someone with access to funds or
assets illegally taking control of them.
FRAUD involves using deception to convince the
owner of funds or assets to give them up to an
unauthorized party.
Some officials steal state assets under their
jurisdiction or made accessible to them as a function
of their positions in government. Acquiring publicly
owned assets through illegal transactions and fraud
constitutes the most extensive form of such
corruption.

14. While bribery is the use of positive inducements for
corrupt aims, extortion and blackmail centre
around the use of threats. This can be the threat of
violence or false imprisonment as well as exposure
of an individual's secrets or prior crimes.
This includes such behavior as an influential
person threatening to go to the media if they do
not receive speedy medical treatment (at the
expense of other patients), threatening a public
official with exposure of their secrets if they do not
vote in a particular manner, or demanding money
in exchange for continued secrecy.

15. CAUSES OF CORRUPTION
 Lack of effective Internal accountability
mechanism
 Discretionary powers and their flagrant
abuse by the public office holder’s
 Absence of and weakness of the watch-
dog agencies

16.  Elected government's perpetual failure to develop proper
ethical and business
standards for the public and private sector.
 Political leaders' incompetence and betrayal of public trust
with penchant for self-enrichment
 Lack of transparency in the government's decision-making
process
 Lengthy and cumbersome procedures in the executive system
 Weaknesses in the judicial system
 Illiterate, apathetic or ignorant populace with inadequate
discernment of political choices.
 Power of influential people
 Inadequate wage envelope

17. There are many effects of corruption and the most effected sectors of
our society are;

18.  lack of public confidence
 Poor controls of Pakistan
bodies

19.  Pervasive corruption
 Appointment of
police
 Who benefits

20.  Non functional schools
 Low attendance of both
 Feudal areas schools turn to
cow farm machinery places
 Quack health providers playing
with lives
 Publically employed doctors
practicing private……illegal
 Doctors making customers in
public hospitals

21.  Collusion between tax
collector and
customer
 50%reduction.Tax to
GDP ratio increases to
2 to 4%

22.  Most corrupted
account system
 Inadequate payment to
companies.

23.  Most corrupted
sector
 Land mafia is very
active
 Pattwari and
tehsildars feudal
holds

24. WE CAN STOP CORRUPTION BY SEVERAL STEPS .
A. FIXING LAW ACCOUNTABILITY
B. ENCOURGING TRANSPERACY COMBINED WITH THE JUDICIARY
C. FREE PRESS PROVIDANCE WITH IDEAL ATMOSPHERE TO TACKLE THE
MENACE OF CORRUPTIOPNM

25.  Corruption is an illegal thing which a person do especially with
a negative connotation for self benefit.
 To eliminate corruption one thing is also important and that is
education because in educated countries there is no corruption.
 There should be media and religious scholars.
 Awareness is also important factor. We should aware people by
distributing pamphlets etc.
 Encouraging people to take an initiative to finish corruption.
 Without finishing corruption we cant have an good generation
and our country cant progress.