1. Fundamentals of Internet
Muhammad Farooq
Lecturer in Computer Science
GPGC Swabi
Farooq3388@gmail.com

2. Fundamentals of Internet 2
Table of Contents
S.No Main Topics Page#
1 Internet, History of Internet, 3
2 Services of Internet 4
3 Disadvantages of Internet 5
4 WWW, Website Web Browser 6
5 URL , Web Server ISP, HTML HTTP 7
6 DNS, W3C , Search Engine 8
7 Types of Search engines 9
8 Social Networking Sites (SNS) 11
9 Types of SNS Gmail Toolbar 12
10 Features of SNS 14
11 Email 15
12 Gmail toolbar 16

3. Fundamentals of Internet 3
For your informaton
• ARPANET is the first
computer network
in the world
Internet
 Internet is short form of “Internetwork” or “International Network”
 It is simply called Net
 Internet is the global network of computers connected through
wired and wireless media
 Internet is also called network of networks around the world
History of Internet
 The work on networking started in 1960s during the cold war of Russia and America.
 Russia launched Sputink satellite while America developed ARPANET in 1969 to communicate with
armed forces
 The network that ultimately evolved into what we now know as the Internet.
 ARPANET was a great success but membership was limited to certain academic and research
organizations who had contracts with the Defense Department.
 January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet.
 A new communications protocol was established called Transfer Control Protocol/Internetwork Protocol
(TCP/IP). This allowed different kinds of computers on different networks to "talk" to each other
ARPANET
 Hence the birth of the Internet. All networks could now be connected by a universal language

4. Fundamentals of Internet 4
Services of Internet
1. Online Communication
Today the biggest use of internet is for online communication with people far away in the world. There
are social networking sites which provide textual, audio and video chatting like facebook, whatsapp, and
twitter.
2. Education
Both students and teacher can search any topic on the online search engine
like google, and Bing. There are also video lectures, notes in pdf and PowerPoint
slides are available on each and every subject like youtube.com, VU.edu.com
and Scribd.com.
3. Online shopping
There are sites which provide the facility of sell and purchase online. All the
transactions are done online like amazon, Daraz, OLX and Goto online shopping.
4. Real Time Updates
We can get latest news and updates online like CNN, BBC news, Weather news,
latest news etc. We can also read current and previous daily newspapers and magazines online.
5. Entertainment
Internet provides facility to access wide range of Audio/Video songs, plays films. Many of which can be
downloaded. One such popular website is YouTube, Metacafe and, Dailymotion. There are also online
games like 8 Ball Pool, Footbal and Earn to Die.
6. Online Booking
We can book tickets online like railway or airline tickets through their websites.
Now days online booking of cars are also available like Careem, and Uber.
7. Job Search
Job seekers can search fresh jobs online through NTS, Rozee, and Bayrozgar websites.
8. Online/Internet/e Banking
Online banking enables us to have easy and safe access to bank account. E banking services
include Balance inquiry, Statement, Fund transfer, and Utility Bill payment etc.
For your
informaton
• China
• India
• US
are the top three
users of Internet
in the world.
For your
informaton
• Careem services
are availabe for
booking bikes and
riksha.

5. Fundamentals of Internet 5
9. Software Downloads:
We can freely download softwares like utilities, games, music, videos, movies using sites Google
Play store.com, Softpedia.com, The Private Bay, and Torlock.
10. Online money making
There are multiple ways to earn money by selling ebooks, softwares, and blogging on Amazon and ebay
and freelancer websites.
Disadvantages of Internet
1.Hacking
It is one of the most critical disadvantages of internet. The hackers illegally
access the data on the computers connected to the internet. They can destroy or
can use for criminal actions.
2.Immorality
There are a lot of websites that contain immoral material which are against moral
values of our society. These websites are damaging the character of our young
generation.
3.Security Problems
The data on the internet is unsafe. The data can be lost due to hacking and network problems.
4.Viruses
Viruses are malicious programs which spread using internet and email to corrupt and even destroy data.
5.Time wastage
In today time internet is one of the biggest source of time killing. The people waste their time using
facebook, online games,and youtube.
6.Cyber Crime/Computer Crime
In cyber crimes computer is used as an object to commit crimes over internet. These crimes may be
hacking, child pornography, transaction fraud, and piracy.
7.Ignoring social interaction
Due to excessive use of internet especially facebook people ignoring interaction with family members,
friends and guests.
For your informaton
• Hackers are expert
programers access a
system to find holes
in the system
security.
• while crackers
illegaly access a
system with criminal
intention.

6. Fundamentals of Internet 6
8.Decreasing value of books
Due to cheap and easy availability of every kind of information on internet the value and importance of
books is decreasing day by day.
WWW
 Stands for World Wide Web
 It is also called Web
 It is the network of all the websites on the web servers around
the world that can be accessed through Internet
 It was invented by Tim Berner Lee in 1989
Difference between Internet and WWW
 The internet is the physical network of computers all over the world
 The World Wide Web is a virtual network of web sites connected by
hyperlinks (or "links")
Website
 A website is a collection of related WebPages
 Each page of website is called web page written in HTML
 The front page of website is called Home Page
 Each website must be published on a web server
 Each web site has a unique domain name
Web browser
 A program which is used to access web pages is called web browser
 A web application which is used to access and display websites is called web browser
Working of web browser
Each browser completes its working in three stages
1. Process user web address (URL)
2. Access the desired web pages and Fetch from server
3. Display the web pages
Examples
For your informaton
• Google Chrome is
the most widely
used browser
For your informaton
• The world first
website info.cern.ch
is still online
• There are more than
billion websites on
internet

7. Fundamentals of Internet 7
Micro Browser
 The browser developed for smartphones are called micro browsers
 It is also called mini browser or mobile browser
 Examples
 Opera mini
 UC browser
 Google Chrome
 Mozilla Firefox
URL
 Stands for Uniform Resource Locator
 It is also called web address
 It is the address of a resource on the WWW
 URL is used for unique identification of a web pages
 For example http:// www.google.com
Web Server
 It is also called internet server
 All the websites reside on a system called web server
 A web server is always connected to the internet
 It consist of
 Physical Server
 Server operating system
 Software to process user http requests
ISP
 Stands for Internet Service Provider
 These are companies which provide internet connection to the customers
 The connection may be wired or wireless (signals)
HTML
 Stands for Hyper Text Markup Language
 It is the language used to write web pages
 Each web page in WWW is written in HTML
HTTP
 Stands Hyper Text Trasfer Protocol
 It is the protocol used to transfer web pages on the Web
 It is the protocol used by browser to exchange information on the web server
 Each URL starts with a protocol like http:// www.google.com
For your
informaton
• PTCL
• Wi-Tribe
• COMSATS
• Wateen
are the ISPs in
the pakistan

8. Fundamentals of Internet 8
DNS
 Stands for Domain Name System
 It is a server which is used to convert web address or domain name into IP address and vice versa like
Google.com 206.19.49.149
W3C
 Stands for World Wide Web Consortium
 It is an organization which is founded to develop standards for Web
 It is was founded by Tim Berner Lee in 1994
Search Engine
A program which is used to search information on the web is called search engine.
Search Engine Components and their working
Generally there are three basic components of a search engine as listed below:
1. Web Crawler
2. Database
3. Search Interfaces
1.Web crawler
It is also known as spider or bots. It is a software component that traverses the web to gather
information.
2.Database
All the information on the web is stored in database. It consists of huge web resources.
3.Search Interfaces
This component is an interface between user and the database. It helps the user to search through the
database.
Search Engine
User Search
Interface
Web
Crawler
Database

9. Fundamentals of Internet 9
Types of Search Engines
1.
 Its monthly Visitors are 1.6 billion
 It is the No.1 search engine in the world
 Google was founded in 1998 by Larry Page and Sergey Brin
while they were Ph.D. students at Stanford University, California
 Other service are
 Google play store,
 Google news,
 Google Puls,
 Google Drive
 Google map
 Google translator
 Google photos
 Google earth
 Google Docs
For your informaton
• 'Google' is derived
from 'googol' means1
following 100 zeros
• The original name of
google was 'Backrub'

10. Fundamentals of Internet 10
2.
 Its monthly Visitors are 400 million
 Bing is a web search engine owned and operated by Microsoft
 It was launched in 2009
 Bing provides a variety of search services, including web, video, image and map search products
3.
 Its monthly Visitors are 300 million
 It is a type of web portal
 The original Yahoo! company was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994
 Services including
 Yahoo! Directory
 Yahoo! Mail
 Yahoo! News
 Yahoo! Finance
 Yahoo! Groups
 Yahoo! Answers
 Advertising
 Online mapping
 Video sharing
 fantasy sports

11. Fundamentals of Internet 11
4.
 Its monthly Visitors are 245 million
 It is developed by IAC (InterActiveCorp) is an American holding company
 Ask.com (originally known as Ask Jeeves) is a question answering web search engine
 founded in 1996 by Garrett Gruener and David Warthen in Berkeley, California
 The original idea behind Ask Jeeves was to allow users to get answers to questions
Social Networking websites (SNS)
Definitions
 A social networking website is an online platform that people use to build social networks or social
relations with other people
 Social Networking sites refers to websites through which of individuals and organizations group
together in order to share thoughts, interests, and activities

12. Fundamentals of Internet 12
Types of Social Networking Websites
1.Facebook
 The most popular site in the world
 Founded by Mark Zuckerberg
 2.2 billion monthly users
 Lanched in 2004
 Also available in mobile app
 www.facebook.com
Features
 Home: A collection of posts from friends
 Profile: Allows members to create and edit their own profile
 Friends: Allows members to Add and find friends
 Posts: Allows members to Post pictures, and audio/video clips on timeline
 Reactions to the posts: The members can Like, Comment or Share the post
 Messenger: Chatting with the friends through messenger
 Create: Allows user to create their own Ad, group Pages and Events
 Online Games: Allows user to play games online like 8 Ball Pool
 Live Video: Allow members to create and share their live broadcasting
 Subsidiaries: Instagram and whatsapp are childs of facebook
2.Google+
 Pronounced as Google Plus
 Owned and operated by Google
 Launched in 2011
 111million active users
 www.plus.google.com
Features
 Posts: for posting status updates
 Circles: For sharing information with different groups of people
 Sparks: For offering videos and articles
 Hangout and Huddles: for video chatting with a friend or a group of friends
For your informaton
• Mark Zuckerberg
can't be blocked on
facebook
• Mark Zuckerberg
suffers from red-
green color blindness
that's why facebook
theme color is blue
• facebook is blocked
in china since 2009

13. Fundamentals of Internet 13
3.Twitter
 News and social networking site
 Mostly used by educated people
 Send and reply text messages in form of tweets
 330 million active users
 Launched in 2006
 Also available in mobile app
 www.twitter.com
Features
 Profile: Creating and editing your own profile
 Home: A collection of tweets made by twitter users you follow
 Tweets: Small messages generally include 140+ characters
 Notifications: A list of activity related to twitter account including followers, retweets, and likes
 Messages: This is inbox for direct messages to a twitter user
 Following: This is the list of twitter users you follow
 Followers: This is list of people who follow you
 Likes: This shows all the tweets you have liked
 Retweets: This is a reshare of original tweet
4.Whatsapp
 Whatsapp is messaging and social media app
 Mobile application also available for Desktop PC
 Launched in 2009
 900 million active users
 Working on operating system like Android, iOS, Windows Phone, BlackBerry,
 Subsidiary of Facebook
 CEO is Jan Koum
 www.whatsapp.com
Features:
 Messaging: text and voice messaging
 Calls: voice and video calls
 Contact List: Connected with phone contact list
 Group: Making friends groups
 Sharing: Sharing photos, audio and video clips with individuals and groups
For your informaton
• Saudi Arabia is the
most widely used
country of twitter
For your informaton
• Whatsapp is the 5th
most widely
downloaded app on
the android

14. Fundamentals of Internet 14
5.Instagram
 Instagram is a photo and video-sharing social networking service owned by Facebook
 Mobile application also available for Desktop PC
 Launched in 2010
 700 million active users
 Working on operating system like Android, iOS, and Windows
 Subsidiary of Facebook
 Available in 36 languages
 www.Instagram.com
Features:
 Home: Shows the photos and videos posted by followers
 Profile: Allows the user to change profile picture, username, email and phone number
 Search: Allows user to search photos, videos, stories, posts and people
 Explore: Used to search photos and videos
 Photographic Filters: Used to apply to photos to change the appearance
 Video: Used to share video up to 10 minutes
 Instagram Dierct: Used to send a message to a specific person you follow
 Instagram Stories: This feature allows users to post photos and videos that vanish after 24 hours
Features of Social Networking Sites
Following are the main features of a social networking site:
1. Online Marketing
Website like facebook allows us to create a page for specific product, community or firm and promiting
over the web.
2. Online Jobs
Website like linkedin allows us to create connection with professionals and helps to find the suitable job
based on one’s specific skills set.
3. Online News
On social networking sites, people also post daily news which helps us to keep us updated.
4. Chatting
Social networking allows us to keep in contact with friends and family. We can communicate with them
via messages.
5. Share Picture, Audio and video
One can share picture, audio and video using social networking sites.
For your
informaton
• 32% of internet
users are on the
instagram.

15. Fundamentals of Internet 15
It is an electronic message sends or receives by computer via Internet.
Email Provider
 These are websites which provide the facility to create email account and send and receive email
 Gmail.com, Yahoo.com, and Outlook.com are email providers websites
Email Address:
Email address identifies a person on internet for sending or receiving email.
Structure:
username@provider domain
 Username: It identifies a person
 Provider domain: It identifies email provider website
 Example
Farooq3388@gmail.com
Person email provider
E-mail Message Components
Following are the main components of an email message:
 From
 Date
 To
 Subject
 CC
 BCC
 Body
From The From field indicates the sender’s address i.e. who sent the e-mail.
Date The Date field indicates the date when the e-mail was sent.
To The To field indicates the recipient’s address i.e. to whom the e-mail is sent.
Subject The Subject field indicates the purpose of e-mail. It should be precise and to the point.
CC CC stands for Carbon copy. It includes those recipient addresses whom we want to keep
informed but not exactly the intended recipient.
For your informaton
• The first email was
sent between two
computers in 1971
by engineer Ray
Tomlinson

16. Fundamentals of Internet 16
BCC BCC stands for Black Carbon Copy. It is used when we do not want one or more of the
recipients to know that someone else was copied on the message
Body The message itself
Toolbar
Contacts
Lists the email addresses of people you've corresponded with
Tasks
It is designed to help you keep track of the things you need to do by creating lists, notes, and even set
due dates
Compose Mail
Opens a new message
Inbox
Shows your conversations
Conversations
In bold are unread
Starred
Shows you only messages you've marked with a star (use stars to mean whatever you'd like
Sent Mail
Shows messages you've sent
Drafts
Houses messages you've started and saved to work on later
All Mail
Shows you almost all of your mail; you'll see content from your Inbox, Starred, Chats, Sent, Drafts, and
all your archived messages; you won't see Spam or Trash
Trash

17. Fundamentals of Internet 17
It is where messages you delete end up; you can empty the trash whenever you feel like it. Messages in
your Trash may be deleted automatically after 30 days
Spam
Where Google send suspicious messages