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Cattle farming in Kenya, Africa - livestock
health challenges, wildlife interface and
drought. Linking research to policy.
Ilona Gluecks
Head of CRF&CR, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
Click to edit meeting title, place and date
2
Global commodity values 2020: animal source foods, five of the top ten (value USD1.1 trillion)
Livestock is 40% of agGDP globally
15-80% in LMICs
-
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
300,000
350,000
400,000
Milk, whole
fresh cow+
buffalo
Rice, paddy Meat
indigenous, pig
Maize Meat
indigenous,
chicken
Wheat Sugar cane Meat
indigenous,
cattle
Soybeans Eggs, hen, in
shell
Current million USD
(value for 2020)
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
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3
% growth in demand for livestock products to
2030
0
50
100
150
200
250
E.Asia
Pacific
China
South
Asia
SSA
High
income
3
0
50
100
150
200
250
E.Asia
Pacific
China
South
Asia
SSA
High
income
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
E.Asia
Pacific
China
South
Asia
SSA
High
income
0
50
100
150
200
250
E.Asia
Pacific
China
South
Asia
SSA
High
income
Poultry Milk
Beef Pork
Estimates of the % growth in demand for animal source foods in different World regions, comparing 2005 and
2030. Estimates were developed using the IMPACT model, courtesy Dolapo Enahoro, ILRI.
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
Click to edit meeting title, place and date
• Livestock sector accounts for 4.4% of Kenya’s GDP (USD 3.4 billion
(2017)
• Employs 50% of the agricultural labour force plus provides jobs along
the value chains (meat, dairy)
• 60% found in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs)
• 90% raise animals both for meat & milk production.
• In high rainfall areas, employment & income through dairy, poultry and
pig production
Importance of livestock in Kenya
Cattle farming in Kenya
Species No (million)*
Cattle 18.8 (14.3 beef, 4.5 dairy)
Goats 26.7
Sheep 18.9
Camels 3.2
Poultry 44.6
Pigs 0.5 *https://kilimonews.co.ke/general-news/livestock-
population-in-kenya/, June 22, 2022
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
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5
ILRI’s Kapiti Research Station and Wildlife Conservancy
• Run as a livestock research station,
commercial livestock ranch (since 1980s) and
wildlife conservancy (since 2020)
• 13,000 hectares (32,000 acres or 150 km²)
• 85km East of Nairobi in Machakos County
• Semi-arid lands
• Thousands of wildlife species including
various species of carnivores and herbivores
as well as birds and reptiles
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
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6
1,767 cattle 1,714 sheep
508 goats
43 camels
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
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7
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
Click to edit meeting title, place and date
Rainfall patterns – impact of drought
0
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,200
1,400
194019421944194619481950195219541956195819601962196419661968197019721974197619781980198219841986198819901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022
Rainfall Kapiti since 1940 (mm)
Total " Avg
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
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3,500 cattle 1,767 cattle
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
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Drought preparedness and mitigation
Points to consider Mitigation and preparedness points Challenges
Grazing planning Dry season & wet season grazing plans
based on pasture availability not
stocking rates
Frequency of below normal
rainfall; wildlife; incursion of
other livestock;
Water
management
Rainwater harvesting (10 water pans); 5
boreholes
Maintenance $$$
Destocking Sell of commercial stock to maintain
breeding stock
Market (demand, prices, overflow
of animals)
Feed & forages Production/storage of hay and silage Rain-fed → same issues during
low rainfall
Irrigation → costly
Wildlife Include into grazing planning; income
from tourism
Control, income??
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• Predators
• Herding, predator proof bomas,
healthy wildlife population
• Grazing competition
• Grazing planning, tourism ($$)
• Disease transmission (FMD, LSD, MCF,
ECF…)
• Rigid vaccination schemes, tick control
• Reservoir for the next pandemic??? →
• Research!!!
Challenges and opportunities
Wildlife – livestock interface
Click to edit meeting title, place and date
• Role of wildlife in zoonotic disease
transmission
• Spillover of pathogens between
wildlife-livestock
• Climate change and wildlife – change
in weather resulting in diminishing
sources of resources and increased
pests and disease
• Increased Human-wildlife conflicts –
role of agropastoral communities
• Sustainable utilization of wildlife
Importance of research into livestock – wildlife – human interface
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
Click to edit meeting title, place and date
Research on wildlife – livestock – human interface
• Transmission of AMR genes
between wildlife & livestock
• ASFV in warthogs
• Wildlife distribution at Kapiti
(FLI)
• Baseline on wildlife &
livestock pathogens (FLI)
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
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14
Livestock health challenges for farming in general:
• High prevalance of infectious disease (viral,
bacterial, parasites)
• Availability of and accessibility to
• veterinary services,
• diagnostic capacity,
• veterinary products
• Easy access to antimicrobials → increase in
AMR
• Quality of veterinary products (i.e sub-standard
or counterfeit products, quality standards
during production)
• Limitation on implementation of disease control
programmes and policies
Click to edit meeting title, place and date
15
Livestock health challenges – Kapiti in particular
• Maintaining high biosafety & - security
standards → $$$
• Classic disease control practices
o Tick control → weekly spraying
o Vaccinations (FMD, LSD, Anthrax, (“MCF”))
o Treatments
• Operational costs
• Opportunities for on farm field research to
inform policies and decision makers:
Click to edit meeting title, place and date
16
Vaccine trial on MCF
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
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17
Vaccine for Rift Valley fever
Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
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18
Research on animal genetics
• Improving sheep breeds (Dorper
& Red Maasai) and safekeeping
indigenous breed (Red Maasai)
• Mzima cow – trypanotolerant cattle
• Productivity of SLICK versus NON-SLICK Dairy
Cattle in East African environments
Click to edit meeting title, place and date
19
Environmental research
Greenhouse gas measurements & validation; Grassland field experiments on biomass
& phenology; soil fertility assessments
Protecting people, animals, and the environment every day
Drawings: FAO/Chiara Caproni

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LSD symposium - I. Gluecks - Cattle farming in Kenya, Africa livestock health challenges, wildlife interface and drought. Linking research to policy

  • 1. Cattle farming in Kenya, Africa - livestock health challenges, wildlife interface and drought. Linking research to policy. Ilona Gluecks Head of CRF&CR, International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)
  • 2. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 2 Global commodity values 2020: animal source foods, five of the top ten (value USD1.1 trillion) Livestock is 40% of agGDP globally 15-80% in LMICs - 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000 350,000 400,000 Milk, whole fresh cow+ buffalo Rice, paddy Meat indigenous, pig Maize Meat indigenous, chicken Wheat Sugar cane Meat indigenous, cattle Soybeans Eggs, hen, in shell Current million USD (value for 2020) Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 3. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 3 % growth in demand for livestock products to 2030 0 50 100 150 200 250 E.Asia Pacific China South Asia SSA High income 3 0 50 100 150 200 250 E.Asia Pacific China South Asia SSA High income 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 E.Asia Pacific China South Asia SSA High income 0 50 100 150 200 250 E.Asia Pacific China South Asia SSA High income Poultry Milk Beef Pork Estimates of the % growth in demand for animal source foods in different World regions, comparing 2005 and 2030. Estimates were developed using the IMPACT model, courtesy Dolapo Enahoro, ILRI. Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 4. Click to edit meeting title, place and date • Livestock sector accounts for 4.4% of Kenya’s GDP (USD 3.4 billion (2017) • Employs 50% of the agricultural labour force plus provides jobs along the value chains (meat, dairy) • 60% found in the arid and semi-arid lands (ASALs) • 90% raise animals both for meat & milk production. • In high rainfall areas, employment & income through dairy, poultry and pig production Importance of livestock in Kenya Cattle farming in Kenya Species No (million)* Cattle 18.8 (14.3 beef, 4.5 dairy) Goats 26.7 Sheep 18.9 Camels 3.2 Poultry 44.6 Pigs 0.5 *https://kilimonews.co.ke/general-news/livestock- population-in-kenya/, June 22, 2022 Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 5. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 5 ILRI’s Kapiti Research Station and Wildlife Conservancy • Run as a livestock research station, commercial livestock ranch (since 1980s) and wildlife conservancy (since 2020) • 13,000 hectares (32,000 acres or 150 km²) • 85km East of Nairobi in Machakos County • Semi-arid lands • Thousands of wildlife species including various species of carnivores and herbivores as well as birds and reptiles Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 6. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 6 1,767 cattle 1,714 sheep 508 goats 43 camels Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 7. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 7 Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 8. Click to edit meeting title, place and date Rainfall patterns – impact of drought 0 200 400 600 800 1,000 1,200 1,400 194019421944194619481950195219541956195819601962196419661968197019721974197619781980198219841986198819901992199419961998200020022004200620082010201220142016201820202022 Rainfall Kapiti since 1940 (mm) Total " Avg Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 9. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 3,500 cattle 1,767 cattle Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 10. Click to edit meeting title, place and date Drought preparedness and mitigation Points to consider Mitigation and preparedness points Challenges Grazing planning Dry season & wet season grazing plans based on pasture availability not stocking rates Frequency of below normal rainfall; wildlife; incursion of other livestock; Water management Rainwater harvesting (10 water pans); 5 boreholes Maintenance $$$ Destocking Sell of commercial stock to maintain breeding stock Market (demand, prices, overflow of animals) Feed & forages Production/storage of hay and silage Rain-fed → same issues during low rainfall Irrigation → costly Wildlife Include into grazing planning; income from tourism Control, income??
  • 11. Click to edit meeting title, place and date • Predators • Herding, predator proof bomas, healthy wildlife population • Grazing competition • Grazing planning, tourism ($$) • Disease transmission (FMD, LSD, MCF, ECF…) • Rigid vaccination schemes, tick control • Reservoir for the next pandemic??? → • Research!!! Challenges and opportunities Wildlife – livestock interface
  • 12. Click to edit meeting title, place and date • Role of wildlife in zoonotic disease transmission • Spillover of pathogens between wildlife-livestock • Climate change and wildlife – change in weather resulting in diminishing sources of resources and increased pests and disease • Increased Human-wildlife conflicts – role of agropastoral communities • Sustainable utilization of wildlife Importance of research into livestock – wildlife – human interface Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 13. Click to edit meeting title, place and date Research on wildlife – livestock – human interface • Transmission of AMR genes between wildlife & livestock • ASFV in warthogs • Wildlife distribution at Kapiti (FLI) • Baseline on wildlife & livestock pathogens (FLI) Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 14. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 14 Livestock health challenges for farming in general: • High prevalance of infectious disease (viral, bacterial, parasites) • Availability of and accessibility to • veterinary services, • diagnostic capacity, • veterinary products • Easy access to antimicrobials → increase in AMR • Quality of veterinary products (i.e sub-standard or counterfeit products, quality standards during production) • Limitation on implementation of disease control programmes and policies
  • 15. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 15 Livestock health challenges – Kapiti in particular • Maintaining high biosafety & - security standards → $$$ • Classic disease control practices o Tick control → weekly spraying o Vaccinations (FMD, LSD, Anthrax, (“MCF”)) o Treatments • Operational costs • Opportunities for on farm field research to inform policies and decision makers:
  • 16. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 16 Vaccine trial on MCF Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 17. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 17 Vaccine for Rift Valley fever Lumpy Skin Disease symposium, Rome, March 2023
  • 18. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 18 Research on animal genetics • Improving sheep breeds (Dorper & Red Maasai) and safekeeping indigenous breed (Red Maasai) • Mzima cow – trypanotolerant cattle • Productivity of SLICK versus NON-SLICK Dairy Cattle in East African environments
  • 19. Click to edit meeting title, place and date 19 Environmental research Greenhouse gas measurements & validation; Grassland field experiments on biomass & phenology; soil fertility assessments
  • 20. Protecting people, animals, and the environment every day Drawings: FAO/Chiara Caproni