LSD symposium - E. Tuppurainen - Update on global distribution of lumpy skin disease and the challenges controlling it
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LSD symposium - E. Tuppurainen - Update on global distribution of lumpy skin disease and the challenges controlling it
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LSD symposium - E. Tuppurainen - Update on global distribution of lumpy skin disease and the challenges controlling it
- 1. Update on global distribution of Lumpy Skin Disease and the challenges of controlling it Dr. Eeva Tuppurainen Institute of International Animal Health/One Health, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Germany
- 2. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Importance of healthy livestock • Healthy animals equal better production, better income and more opportunities for farmers • Owning livestock improves social status, wealth and livelihoods, affects power relationships, gender balance and distribution of benefits • Cattle farming effects natural environment and its resources • Sustainable keeping of healthy livestock protects the environment Environment Farmers Global food supply • Food supply, trade and cash income when needed • Traction power and fertilizer for crop production
- 3. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Ideal outcome of the LSD–Symposium Latest scientific findings on LSD Challenges in the field and the strengths and weaknesses of our current control actions Ideas and recommendations to find the way forward
- 4. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Worldwide distribution of LSD
- 5. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 • Africa is endemic for LSD. Vaccination policies vary without regional harmonization. Farmers may not see the value of vaccination or may not be able to afford it. • Israel and the Middle East- living under constant infection pressure and changing obligatory vaccination to a voluntary ones • EU and the Balkans - successful eradication by using stamping out and mass vaccination with LSD virus based vaccine for at least 4 years and by creating a buffer zone by immunizing the cattle population in Turkish Thrace region • Asian countries - in general a low vaccination coverage and uncontrolled spread Examples from different parts of the world
- 6. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Pillars of successful control and eradication
- 7. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Risk factors for lumpy skin disease virus Hightened risk Low or no immunity against LSDV Cattle movements from affected to disease- free regions Farming practices Environment Season Lack of capacity and awareness • Fully susceptible cattle population • Poor vaccination coverage • Vaccinated but not yet protected • Vaccination has ceased • No vaccination records kept • Trade, nomadic and transhumance farming - Livestock markets • Cattle smuggling and stealing • Contacts with stray/feral cattle • Lack of testing and vaccination before movements or transport • Contacts with neighboring herds • Purchace of new animals • Use of local breeding bull • Shared veterinary or other equipments • Unregular monitoring of cattle herds • Presence of suitable breeding sites for vectors (standing water and dunghills) • Grassland is suitable for ticks • High cattle movement activities • High numbers vectors • Veterinary services - staff, transport, diagnostic resources, funding, equipment • Low awareness on LSD • Under-reporting if no compensation are in place
- 8. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Messages from the field • Problems with simultaneous COVID and FMD restrictions, social unrest, as well as lack of funding have hampered the functionality of veterinary services – Implementing control measures – Achieving sufficient vaccination coverage – Monitoring the effectiveness and side-effects of vaccines – Other surveillance programs • Cattle movements are difficult to control • Local or cross-border trade • Seasonal and communal grazing • Contacts with feral/stray or wild cattle • Cattle smuggling and theft • Stamping out is not socially accepted, affordable or illegal • Vectors • Rural farms have often poor/no biosecurity measures in place Better vaccination coverage
- 9. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Cattle markets are hot spots for transmission Only movement of vaccinated animals should be allowed 28 days post-vaccination • If or when no compensation is paid for culled animals, the infected animals are sent for slaughter or sold on the cattle markets at a low price • More surveillance needs to be done on cattle markets to gain a better understanding on the scale of the problem and how it could be addressed
- 10. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 • Policy with stray cattle should be included in the LSD contingency plan • Measures have to be designed on country/case-by-case basis • Stamping out and movement restrictions not possible to implement in real life Contacts with infected free-roaming cattle • Farmers need to protect domestic bovines by vaccination • Minimize contacts with stray cattle • If handling of feral animals is possible - monitor, treat the sick ones and vaccinate others • Funding must be available to cover the costs
- 11. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Contacts with wild ruminants - Do we need to reconsider the role of wildlife in the epidemiology of LSD? Importance of further development of local, more resistant cattle breeds
- 12. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Using good vaccines and sufficient vaccination coverage is the only way to success Who covers the costs of vaccines and vaccination Vaccinations in unsafe or remote areas with logistic problems How to increase local vaccine production How to improve the effectiveness of vaccination campaigns Vaccination coverage, timing, some practicalities Lack of veterinary staff Large cattle population Use of preventive vaccination in high risk–areas • Buffer zones between infected and at risk regions Vaccination zones are not sufficiently large and do not cover the anticipated cattle movement target areas and insect flying distance
- 13. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Local vaccine production? How could we to increase the vaccination coverage in a sustainable way? No access to good quality homologous vaccine seed virus Good manufacturing process (GMP) vaccine • Subcontracts with current vaccine manufacturers? • Regional vaccine seed virus-bank - good quality, ready-attenuated vaccine seed virus for use local production in affected countries, homologous or heterologous strains with prooven efficacy • Vaccine quality assurance issue for local vaccine production – International reference laboratories? – Other institute? Example the African Union-PanVac that provides vaccine quality monitoring service • Funding?
- 14. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Duration of protection - Thermostability of the freeze dried vaccine - Vaccine vial size Further research needed to support feasible and correct usage of vaccines in the field Thermostability studies Is the cold-chain really needed for the short distance transport of the LSD vaccines in a freeze-dried format Smaller vaccine vial sizes for small-holders How long reconstituted vaccine can be kept in the fridge and can it be used on the next day?
- 15. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Use of community-based animal health workers (CAHWs) Vaccination in remote hard-to-reach and conflict stricken regions • Community participation • Increased farmers acknowledge on best practice • Increased herd/flock size • Decreased number of outbreaks and mortality • Opposition from vets • Programming issues • Opportunity for fraud to gain financial benefits • Techincal problems, such as transport and good vaccination hygiene PROS CONS
- 16. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 Gaps in our understanding of LSD-related human behaviour and AMR issues • Arthropological studies − Farmers’ cooping mechanisms in case of LSD in their herd − Traditions, religion, beliefs − How livestock trade and cattle markets work in local settings − Ethical problems and gender related issues − Lack of trust and compensation related problems hampering for example stamping out measure − Improve communication • Use of antimicrobials in case of outbreak in farms and slaughterhouses – Common practice related to food safety
- 17. Lumpy Skin Disease – How science can support disease management and control, Rome, Italy, 14-16th of March 2023 • Tsviatko Alexandrov and Rodrigo Nova, EuFMD • Andriy Rozstalnyy, NSAH, FAO • Eyal Klement, Koret Vet School, Israel FAO and EuFMD for organizing this meeting! Aknowledgements All Speakers FLI - Institute of International Animal Health/One Health • Sascha Knauf • Klaas Dietze • Anja Globig • Klaus Depner • And all the others
- 18. Protecting people, animals, and the environment every day Drawings: FAO/Chiara Caproni Thank you and I wish you all an intresting, constructive and creative symposium!