3. Newton’s 3 Laws of Motion:
► 1st law: A body at rest remains at rest and
a body in motion remains in motion until an
outside force acts on it (inertia)
► 2nd law: A forces causes an object to
accelerate
► 3rd law: For every action there is an equal
and opposite reaction
4. Kinetic Energy: energy in motion
► Examples: jogging, an mp3 player playing
music
► KE = ½ mv2
m = mass
V=velocity
5. Potential Energy: stored energy
► The ability of a system to do work due to its
position or internal structure
► Examples: batteries, the food we eat, a
rock on a ledge, an expanded rubber band
► Gravitational PE = m x g x h
M= mass g = gravity h=height
6. Law of Conservation of Energy:
► Saysthat energy cannot be created or
destroyed…only converted to another type
of energy
Example: chemical energy in food converting
into different types of energy
Example: Solar (sun) energy converts to
chemical energy during photosynthesis
Example: in an mp3…chemical energy in a
battery is converted into electrical energy that
powers the mp3, which becomes sound energy
7. Heat (a type of energy) can be
transferred in 3 ways…
1. conduction: transfer of heat through a
solid object
Example: heating on stove
► Convection: transfer of heat by liquid or
gas
example: currents in ocean waters,
earth’s mantle layers, steam from water
► Radiation: transfer of heat by
electromagnetic waves
example: microwaves, x-rays, infrared
8. Chemical Properties:
► Any change that produces a new substance
► Examples:when copper corrodes and turns
green, when iron rusts, when something is
burned
9. Physical Change:
►A change that does not create any new
substance.
► Examples: phase changes of water, cutting
hair, creating mixture
12. Other terms in phase changes:
► Freezing: when a liquid becomes a solid
► Melting: when a solid changes to liquid to
allow molecules to move more freely
► Evaporation: liquid becomes a gas;
molecules now moving rapidly
► Condensation: gas becomes a liquid
(clouds)
► Sublimation: Solid directly to a gas (dry ice)
► Precipitation: clouds release water in
rain/snow
14. Atomic Structure
► Matter: anything that takes up space
► Atom: smallest particle of an element that
has all the properties of that element
Protons: positive (in nucleus)
Neutrons: no charge (in nucleus)
Electrons: negative (orbit nucleus)
► Element:pure substance that cannot be
broken down into a simpler substance
15. Periodic Table
► Atomic number: # of protons in an atom
Hydrogen: Atomic #1, so it’s the 1st element
►Moving left to right, the elements go up in atomic
number on the periodic table
► Top number: atomic #
► Bottom number: atomic mass (protons &
neutrons)
16.
17. Bonds
► Ionic bonds: form when one or more
valence electrons are transferred from one
atom to another, creating positive and
negative ions
► Covalent bonds: some atoms complete
their outer shell by sharing these valence
electrons with other atoms
18. Wave Properties
► Earthquake, water, and sound waves
require matter to travel through
► Electromagnetic waves do not require
matter (light, radio, micro, x-rays)
19. ► Wavelength: the length of one complete
wavelength cycle
► Amplitude: a measure of the energy a wave
carries (distance from crest to midline)
Larger the amplitude…higher the sound
► Frequency: # of waves that pass a point in a
given amount of time
► In phase: when 2 waves match (become larger
wave)
► Out of phase: when 2 waves do not match up
(will cancel each other out)
21. Big Bang Theory:
► Universewas created in one giant explosion
about 13.7 billion years ago
Galaxies are moving apart from central location
Red shift: the light most galaxies give off is
close to the red end of the spectrum…therefore
the light energy is longer and the color is red as
they move out
22. How a star is formed…
► In space, dust & gas get pulled together by gravity
= nebula
► this gravity produces heat, and nuclear fusion
occurs
Massive Star Cycle:
nebula-massive star-large red giant-supernova-
black hole or neutron star
Low mass star cycle:
nebula-star similar to sun-small red giant-white
dwarf-black dwarf
23. Tools
► Telescopes: look at moons, planets,
galaxies
► Spaceship: allows travel to collect data
► Satellites: transmit signals from outer space
► Probes: sent by scientists to collect data on
far away planets that humans cannot get to
25. Why does the earth and other
planets revolve around the sun?
► Gravitational force
26. ► Earth rotates on axis: causes night and day
► Earth revolves around sun
1 year = one time around sun
27. Seasons
► Hemispheres differ (summer/winter)
depending on angle toward sun (think of
the tilt)
► Solar eclipse: when moon blocks sun from
the Earth’s view (moon is between)
► Lunar
eclipse: when Earth blocks our view
of moon (Earth is between)
28. Plate Techtonics
► Theory that the Earth’s crust is made up of many plates
that are floating on top of the Earth’s mantle layer (which
is molten liquid rock)
Earthquake: when plates slide past each other,
creating friction
Mountains: when plates collide & push up
Magma: comes up between 2 plates or melt
through a soft crustal plate
Convection currents in mantle push plates
around, causing continents to drift and seafloors
to spread
29. Alfred Wegener
► Proposed Continental Drift Theory (at one
time continents were all 1 land mass)
Fossils: a piece/trace of an organism that
was once alive (found in sedimentary rock)
*Oldest rock sediments will be on the bottom
30. Non-renewable resources
► Fossil
fuels: gasoline, oil, coal
► We can never replace or renew them
2 negatives:
1. They will eventually run out
2. They cause global warming
32. Global Warming
► When heat is trapped, and causes the
planet to become warmer
► Greenhouse effect: insulation layer that
allows some heat in, and other out
33. Alternative Energy Sources
(VERY IMPORTANT!!)
► Wind power
Good: no CO2 produced
Bad: must have wind
Hydroelectric (dams)
Good: no CO2 produced
Bad: need large river
► Solar panels
Good: no CO2 produced
Bad: expensive; must have sun shine
34. ► Hydrogen power
Good: no CO2 produced; large amounts of energy
Bad: explosive; expensive
► Geothermal
Good: no CO2 produced
Bad: need access to underground temperatures
► Ethanol-making alcohol from corn/sugar cane
Good: produces less CO2 than fossil fuels
Bad: still creates carbon dioxide
35. How can we conserve resources?
► Recycle
► Car pool
► Ride bike instead of driving
► Use public transportation
► Turn off water/electricity when not using
36. Biomes
► Desert: little rain; large temp. change
► Rainforest: hot and wet
► Tundra: cold; has wet/dry seasons
► Grasslands: wet/dry seasons; hot
► Deciduous forest (us): even moisture;
warm summers/cold winters
► Coniferous forest: moisture varies; cool
summers/cold winters
37. ► Biomes with colder temperatures have less
diversity of life
38. Moh’s Mineral Hardness Scale
►1 Talc (softest mineral on Earth)
► 2 Gypsum
► 3 Calcite
► 4 Fluorite
► 5 Apatite
► 6 Feldspar
► 7 Quartz
► 8 Topaz
► 9 Corundum
► 10 Diamond (hardest mineral on Earth)
**higher number will scratch lower number**
40. ► Predator: organisms that kill and eat others
► Prey: organisms that the predators kills
► Herbivore: feeds off plants only
► Carnivore: feeds off animals only
► Omnivore: feeds off plants and animals
41. ► Consumers: depend other organisms for
energy
Primary consumer: 1st to eat the plant
Secondary consumer: eats 1st consumer
► Producers:produce own food through
photosynthesis
► Food chain: 3-5 links
► Food web: network of food chains
42. Energy pyramid
► Bottom is the producers (get energy from
sun)
► Most available energy is located at the
bottom!!
► Only 10% of each level gets passed on
Where does the other 90% go?
►Lost as HEAT
46. Symbiosis
(aka symbiotic relationships)
1. mutualism: both organisms benefit
Ex: bee pollinating a flower
2. Commensalism: one benefits, other is not
harmed OR helped
Ex: bird’s nest in tree
3. Parasitism: one benefits, other is harmed
Ex: flea on dog
47. Natural Selection
► When nature chooses the most favorable
variation
► Those organisms that are the best for that
environment will survive and reproduce the
best
► Ex: giraffes with tall food (only tall giraffes
survive and reproduce)
48. Photosynthesis
► When plants convert light energy (sun) into
chemical energy (glucose=food)
► Must take in carbon dioxide and release
oxygen!
► Who does this? PLANTS
49. Cellular Respiration
► Take in oxygen and breathe out carbon
dioxide
► Who does this? ANIMALS & PLANTS
► Together: both cycles need each other!!
Just opposites of each other
50. Cells: smallest functional unit of
organism
► Eukaryotes:
have a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles
Ex: plants, animals
► Prokaryotes:
lack a nucleus and
membrane-bound organelles
Ex: bacteria
51. Organelles: have a membrane
► Nucleus: control center; contains DNA
► Ribosome: makes proteins
► Lysosomes: digests food particles
► Mitochondria:produces energy
(powerhouse)
► Endoplasmic reticulum: transports
► Golgi complex (apparatus/body): process
and packages proteins
► Vacuole: stores water & food
► Cytoplasm: gel-like substance that fills cell
52. Plants vs. Animal Cells:
Only in plants:
► Chloroplast: contains chlorophyll (green
pigment); photosynthesis occurs here
► Cell walls: give plants support
53. DNA
► Located on chromosomes
► Shaped like double helix
► DNA in specific spot on chromosome = gene
► Virusesare not cells; they must inject DNA
into host in order to reproduce
Ex: flu and HIV
57. Mitosis vs. Meiosis
► Mitosis: cell division that produces 2
identical daughter cells
► Meiosis: cell division that produces 4
different daughter cells
Sperm/egg
Each have 23 chromosomes
When sperm + egg = 46 chromosomes
58. Genetics
► Allele: one form of a gene
► Dominant: trait is expressed if 1 there
► Recessive: only expressed if 2 present
► Homozygous: same (hh, BB)
► Heterozygous: different (Hh, Bb)
59. Sex-linked traits
► Male: XY
► Female: XX
► Males are more likely to get a sex-linked
disorder, for they only need 1 affected X to
have the disorder. Females would need 2
affected x’s to have the disorder (which is
less likely).
62. 2 kinds of nuclear energy
► Nuclear fusion: produced inside stars
► Nuclear fission: when radioactive atom
called an isotope is broken up into two
smaller atoms
-occurs inside Earth’s core, nuclear power plants,
and nuclear weapons
63. Other ideas:
► Know how technology and inventions impact
our life and environment
► State advantages/disadvantages of specific
technologies
► Examples: car adv/disadv, genetically
altered food, hydroelectric power, lasers
► How modern practices use science:
auditorium can quiet by using carpet,
styrofoam, curtains (solid, smooth materials
will reflect sound)
65. Scientific method
► Hypothesis must be able to be tested
► Dependent variable: depends on
independent variable (ex: growth of plant)
► Independent variable: what you are
actually changing (ex: adding fertilizer)
► Control: untreated sample
66. Know scientific instruments and their
purposes
► Findvolume of object with graduated
cylinder
► Observation: something you detect using
your senses
► Inference: may or may not be true; based
on past experiences
67. ► Deal with ethical issues…why something is
right or wrong
► Safety issues
► Explain yourself, no matter what your
opinion
68. *Much of this information in this powerpoint was gained from
http://mapleschools.com/docs/286_11_8_2007science%20study%20guide09.pdf