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Simple Present/ Present Indefinite Tense
Introduction
We use the simple present (also: present simple, present tense) to express actions in the
present that take place once or repeatedly, happen one after the other, have general validity,
or are determined by a time table or schedule.
َََ‫ال‬‫مث‬‫ہیں۔‬ ‫پڑھاتے‬ ‫انگریزی‬ ‫ہمیں‬ ‫صاحب‬ ‫ملک‬Malik Sahib teaches us English.
A Paragraph (Simple Present)
Colin likes football. He is a forward. A forward tries to score goals for his team. Colin plays
football every Tuesday. His training starts at five o’clock. After school Colin goes home,
packs his bag, puts on his football shirt and then he goes to football training. He has to take
the bus. The bus leaves at half past four.
Usage
 events that take place regularly or habitually (always, never, rarely, often)
Example:
He plays football every Tuesday.
 events that take place one after the other
Example:
After school Colin goes home, packs his bag, puts on his football shirt and then he
goes to football training.
 something is generally valid
Example:
A forward tries to score goals for his team.
 future actions that are planned and predetermined (e.g. by a time table or programme)
Example:
The bus leaves at half past four.
His training starts at five o’clock.
 static verbs (condition) and verbs of thought/memory
Example:
Colin likes football.
He is a forward.
Construction
In positive sentences, we use the verb in its basic form. We only need to add an s or es in the
third person singular. In negative sentences and questions, we generally need the auxiliary
verb do (or does in the third person singular). The verb itself then remains in its basic form.
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + 1st
form of Verb (main verb – base) + s/es + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + do/ does (Auxiliary verb) + 1st form of Verb + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: Do/ Does + Subject + 1st form of Verb + Object + ?
positive negative question
I/you/we/they I speak I do not speak Do I speak?
he/she/it he speaks he does not speak Does he speak?
Exceptions in the Construction of the 3rd Person Singular
 If the verb ends with an ‘o’, ‘u’ or ‘x’ or a sibilant (ch, sh, ss), we add es.

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Example:
do – he does
wash – she washes
mix – He mixes
cross – Ali crosses
teach – He teaches
 If the verb ends with a consonant + y, we change the y to ie before we add the s. (but
the y does not change after a vowel)
Example:
worry – he worries
(but: play – he plays)
 We do not add an s to the verbs can, may, might, and must. They remain the same in
all forms.
Example:
he can swim
she must go
The verbs be/have
be
The verb be is irregular in all its forms. In negative sentences and questions, we do not use it
with an auxiliary verb.
positive negative question
I I am I am not Am I?
he/she/it he is he is not Is he?
you/we/they you are you are not Are you?
have
For have, we have two possible constructions: have and have got.
positive negative question
I/you/we/they I have/I have got I do not have/I have not got Do I have?/Have I got?
he/she/it he has/he has got he does not have/he has not got Does he have?/Has he got?
Usage of have got
Have got expresses possession/belonging in British English. This form is uncommon in
American English.
Contractions
Especially in spoken English, we like to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to
sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.
long form contraction example
am (not) …’m (not) I’m (not) (not: I amn’t)
are …’re you’re
are not …’re not/… aren’t we’re not/we aren’t
is …’s he’s
is not …’s not/… isn’t she’s not/she isn’t
have …’ve they’ve
have not …’ve not/… haven’t I’ve not/I haven’t
has …’s she’s
has not …’s not/… hasn’t he’s not/he hasn’t

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long form contraction example
do not don’t you don’t
does not doesn’t it doesn’t
To Note
In writing, the contraction of are can only be used after pronouns, not after any other words.
Example:
They’re not interested in football.
(but not: The girls’re not interested in football.)
Signal Words
 always, normally, usually
 often, sometimes, seldom
 never
 every day/week/month/…
Present Progressive/ Continuous
Introduction
The present progressive (also: present continuous) is the continuous form of the present
tense. We use it in English mostly to express actions that are taking place at the present
moment or that are only happening temporarily.
I am learning my lesson.
A Paragraph (Present Progressive)
James is travelling around Australia. He is staying at a youth hostel in a little Australian
town. The town is becoming more and more popular because of its beautiful beaches. James
is meeting his friend Brad in town tonight. Brad is working there as a tour guide over the
summer. James is in the town centre now. Look! James is taking a picture of another tourist.
Usage
 actions that are taking place at the present moment (now)
Example:
Look! James is taking a picture of another tourist.
 predetermined plans or appointments that have been made for the near future
Example:
He is meeting his friend Brad tonight.
 actions that are only happening temporarily
Example:
James is travelling around Australia.
Brad is working there as a tour guide over the summer.
 actions that are currently happening, but not in this very moment
Example:
He is staying at a youth hostel.
 situations that are changing
Example:
The town is becoming more and more popular because of its beautiful beaches.

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Construction
We use the auxiliary verb ‘be’ (is, am, are) and the main verb in its ing-form.
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + is/ am/ are + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + is/ am/ are + not + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: Is/ Am/ Are + Subject + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object + ?
positive negative question
I I am speaking I am not speaking Am I speaking?
he, she, it he is speaking he is not speaking Is he speaking?
you, we, they you are speaking you are not speaking Are you speaking?
Exceptions when adding ing
 An e at the end of the word is removed (but: ee remains unchanged).
Example:
come – coming
(but: agree – agreeing)
 For words that have a short stressed vowel before the final consonant, we double the
final consonant.
Example:
sit – sitting
 An l as the final consonant after a vowel is always doubled in British English (but not
in American English).
Example:
travel – travelling (British), traveling (American)
 An ie at the end of the word is replaced by a y.
Example:
lie – lying
Contractions
Especially in spoken English, we like to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to
sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.
long form contraction example
am (not) …’m (not) I’m (not) (not: )
are …’re you’re
are not …’re not/… aren’t we’re not/we aren’t
is …’s he’s
is not …’s not/… isn’t she’s not/she isn’t
To Note
In writing, the contraction of are can only be used after pronouns, not after any other words.
Example:
They’re travelling around Australia.
(but not: The tourists’re travelling around Australia.)
Signal Words
 at the moment
 now, just now, right now
 Listen!
 Look!

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Present Perfect Simple
Introduction
The present perfect simple indicates that an action took place just recently, and still has an
influence on the present.
I have worked.
Example
James loves football and plays it very well. He has bought new trainers with which he plays
even better than before. James has become the team captain because he has never lost a
match. It seems that his team will win this match as well. James has just scored a goal and
the referee has not blown the final whistle yet.
Usage
 the result is emphasized
Example:
He has become the team captain.
 an action that has just been completed
Example:
He has just scored a goal.
 completed action with influence on the present
Example:
He has bought new trainers with which he plays better than before.
 action that has happened never, once, or several times up to the time of speaking
Example:
He has never lost a match.
The referee has not blown the final whistle yet.
Construction
We need the auxiliary verb have and the past participle.
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + has/ have + 3rd
form of Verb + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + has/ have + not + 3rd
form of Verb + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: Has/ Have + Subject + 3rd
form of Verb + Object + ?
positive negative question
I/you/we/they I have played/spoken I have not played/spoken Have I played/spoken?
he/she/it he has played/spoken he has not played/spoken Has he played/spoken?
Past participle
We form the past participle for regular verbs by adding ed. For irregular verbs, we use the
third verb form.
Exceptions in the construction with regular verbs
 If a verb ends with ‘e’, we simply add a ‘d’.
Example:
love – loved (not: loveed)
 After a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.
Example:

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admit – admitted
 The final consonant l is always doubled after a vowel in British English (but not in
American English).
Example:
travel – travelled (British), traveled (American)
 A ‘y’ at the end of the word is replaced by an i.
Example:
hurry – hurried
Contractions
Especially in spoken English, we like to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to
sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.
long form contraction example
have …’ve they’ve
have not …’ve not/… haven’t I’ve not/I haven’t
has …’s she’s
has not …’s not/… hasn’t he’s not/he hasn’t
To Note
In writing, the contraction of have is generally only used after pronouns.
Example:
They’ve not played football.
(but not: The girls’ve not played football.)
But the contraction of has is possible after other words as well (as long as the word does not
already end in s).
Example:
He’s/The boy’s played football.
(but not: James’s played football.)
Signal Words
 already, just, not yet
 ever, never
 so far, till now, up to now
Present Perfect Progressive
Introduction
We use the present perfect progressive (also: present perfect continuous) to express that an
action lasts into the present or almost to the present, and still has an influence on the present.
This tense emphasizes the action’s process or progression.
I have been working.
‫ہے۔‬ ‫ضروری‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫کا‬َ‫ال‬‫مث‬ Since ‫اور‬ for ‫میں‬ ‫جملوں‬ ‫ان‬ ‫نیز‬ ‫۔‬ ‫نہپیں‬ ‫ضروری‬ ‫آنا‬ ‫کا‬ "‫تا‬ " ، ‫ہو‬ ‫تعین‬ ‫کا‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جملوں‬ ‫جن‬ :‫نوٹ‬
I have been working since morning.
:‫رکھئے‬ ‫یاد‬‫د‬ ،‫سے‬ ‫بجے‬ ‫سے،۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔‬ ‫رات‬ ‫آدھی‬ ،‫سے‬ ‫دوپہر‬ ،‫سے‬ ‫صبح‬ َ‫ال‬‫مث‬ ‫جاسکے۔‬ ‫نہ‬ ‫گنا‬ ‫جو‬ "‫وقت‬ ‫"مقررہ‬‫نوں‬
َ‫ال‬‫مث‬ ‫جاسکے۔‬ ‫کی‬ ‫شمار‬ ‫جو‬ "‫وقت‬ ‫"عرصہ‬ ‫اور‬ “since” ‫ساتھ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫سنوں‬ ‫اور‬ ‫ناموں‬ ‫کے‬ ‫مہینوں‬ ،‫ناموں‬ ‫کے‬
،‫سے‬ ‫ماہ‬ ‫چھے‬ ،‫سے‬ ‫ہفتہ‬ ‫دو‬ ، ‫سے‬ ‫دنوں‬ ‫کئی‬ ، ‫سے‬ ‫دن‬ ‫دو‬ ،‫سے‬ ‫گھنتے‬ ‫تین‬ ،‫سے‬ ‫منٹ‬ ‫ایک‬ ،‫سے‬ ‫دوسیکنڈ‬‫کئی‬

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‫ہے۔‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫استعمال‬ “for” ‫ساتھ‬ ‫کے‬ ،‫سے‬ ‫سال‬ ‫چودہ‬ ،‫سے‬ ‫سالوں‬ ‫کئی‬ ،‫سے‬ ‫مہینوں‬
Since:------- Period of Time
For: -------- Point of Time
Example
Aaron has been repairing cars since he was twelve years old. He always wanted to be a
mechanic. He has been working in this car repair shop for ten years now. Aaron has been
doing paperwork all morning, so he is happy to change some tyres now.
Usage
 emphasizes the action itself or the length of the action (not the result)
Example:
Aaron has been repairing cars since he was twelve years old.
 action lasting from a point in the past until now, and possibly lasting into the future
(Since when?/How long?)
Example:
He has been working in this car repair shop for ten years.
 completed action with influence on the present
Example:
He has been doing paperwork all morning, so he is happy to change some tyres now.
Construction
We need the auxiliary verb have, the past participle of be (been) and the main verb in its ing-
form.
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + has been/ have been + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + has / have + not + been + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: Has/ Have + Subject + been + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object + ?
positive negative question
I/you/we/they I have been speaking I have not been speaking Have I been speaking?
he/she/it he has been speaking he has not been speaking Has he been speaking?
Exceptions when adding ing
 An e at the end of the word is removed (but: ee remains unchanged).
Example:
come – coming
(but: agree – agreeing)
 For words that have a short stressed vowel before the final consonant, we double the
final consonant.
Example:
sit – sitting
 An l as a final consonant after a vowel is always doubled in British English (but not in
American English).
Example:
travel – travelling (British)
traveling (American)
 An ie at the end of the word is replaced with a y
Example:
lie – lying
Contractions
Especially in spoken English, we like to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to
sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.

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long form contraction example
have …’ve they’ve
have not …’ve not/… haven’t I’ve not/I haven’t
has …’s she’s
has not …’s not/… hasn’t he’s not/he hasn’t
To Note
The contraction of have is generally only used after pronouns.
Example:
They’ve been repairing cars in the morning.
(but not: The men’ve been repairing cars in the morning.)
But the contraction of has is also possible after other words (unless they already end with s).
Example:
He’s/Aaron’s not been repairing cars in the morning.
Signal Words
 all day, the whole week
 for 4 years, since 1993, how long?
Simple Past/ Past Indefinite Tense
Introduction
With the simple past (also: past simple, past tense) we express past actions that took place
once or repeatedly, happened one after the other, or interrupted an action that was already
taking place.
we won the match.
Example
Last month a new girl from China joined our class. She came in, introduced herself, and
began to talk about her country. She showed us where she was from on a map. While she was
talking about her home town, the school bell suddenly rang. If I spoke Chinese, I would love
to go on a holiday to China.
Usage
 action that happened once or repeatedly in the past
Example:
Last month a girl from China joined our class.
She was from China.
She showed us where she was from on a map.
 actions that happened one after the other in the past
Example:
She came in, introduced herself, and began to talk about her country.
 a new action interrupting an action that was already taking place
Example:
While she was talking about her home town, the school bell suddenly rang.
 if-clause type II (If I talked, …)
Example:
If I spoke Chinese, I would like to go on holiday to China.

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Construction
The construction of the simple past is the same for all forms. We only differentiate between
regular and irregular verbs. In negative sentences and questions, the verb remains in the
infinitive, and only the auxiliary verb do is put in the past tense (= did).
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + 2nd
form of Verb + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + did + not + 1st
form of Verb + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: Did + Subject + 1st
form of Verb + Object + ?
positive negative question
regular verb I played I did not play Did I play?
irregular verb I spoke I did not speak Did I speak?
Exceptions in the construction with regular verbs
 If a verb ends with an e , we simply add a d.
Example:
love – loved (not: loveed)
 After a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.
Example:
admit – admitted
 The final consonant l is always doubled after a vowel in British English (but not in
American English).
Example:
travel – travelled (British), traveled (American)
 A y at the end of the word is replaced by an i.
Example:
hurry – hurried
The verb “be”
positive negative question
I/he/she/it I was I was not Was I?
you/we/they you were you were not Were you?
Signal Words
 yesterday, 2 minutes ago, in 1990, the other day, last Friday
 if-clause type II (If I talked, …)
Past Progressive/ Continuous Tense
Introduction
We use the past progressive (also: past continuous) to emphasize the process or progression
of an action in the past.
We were working.
Example
Yesterday, Lucy was sitting on the beach all day long. Her friend Laurence doesn’t like being
lazy. So while Lucy was relaxing at the beach, he was sailing. Lucy was watching the sunset
when Laurence passed by on his boat.

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Usage
 a progressive action that took place in the past
Example:
Yesterday, Lucy was sitting on the beach all day long.
 actions that took place at the same time
Example:
While Lucy was relaxing at the beach, Laurence was sailing.
 a progressive action that was interrupted by a new action
Example:
Lucy was watching the sunset when Laurence passed by on his boat.
Construction
We need the past-tense form of be and the main verb in its ing-form.
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + was/were + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + was/were + not + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: Was/Were + Subject + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object + ?
positive negative question
I / he / she / it I was speaking I was not speaking Was I speaking?
you / we / they you were speaking you were not speaking Were you speaking?
Exceptions when adding ing
 An e at the end of the word is removed (but: ee remains unchanged).
Example:
come – coming
(but: agree – agreeing)
 For words that have a short stressed vowel before the final consonant, we double the
final consonant.
Example:
sit – sitting
 An l as the final consonant after a vowel is always doubled in British English (but not
in American English).
Example:
travel – travelling (British)
traveling (American)
 An ie at the end of the word is replaced with a y.
Example:
lie – lying
Signal Words
 while, as long as
Past Perfect Simple/ Past Perfect Tense
Introduction
The past perfect simple is used for actions that took place before a certain point in the past.
‫آ‬
I had worked.
I had worked.

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Example
Little Miss Rabia sat on her tuffet after she had cooked herself some porridge. She had not
eaten much of her porridge when a spider frightened her away. If the spider had not
frightened her, she would have finished her porridge sitting on her tuffet.
Usage
 action before a certain time in the past
(emphasises only the fact that something took place before a certain point in the past)
Example:
Little Miss Rabia sat on her tuffet after she had cooked herself some porridge.
She had not eaten much of her porridge when a spider frightened her away.
 if-clause type III (condition that did not end up happening, in the past)
Example:
If the spider had not frightened her, she would have finished her porridge sitting on
her tuffet.
Construction
We need the past-tense form of the auxiliary verb have (had) and the past participle of the
verb.
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + had + 3rd
form of Verb + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + had + not + 3rd
form of Verb + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: Had + Subject + 3rd
form of Verb + Object + ?
Negative + Interrogative Sentences: Had + Subject + not + 3rd
form of Verb + Object + ?
positive negative question
all forms are the same I had played/spoken I had not played/spoken Had I played/spoken?
Past participle
For regular verbs, we simply add ed. For irregular verbs we use the third verb form.
Exceptions in the construction with regular verbs
 If a verb ends with e, we just add a d.
Example:
love – loved (not: loveed)
 After a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.
Example:
admit – admitted
 The final consonant l is always doubled after a vowel in British English (but not in
American English).
Example:
travel – travelled (British)
traveled (American)
 A y at the end of the word is replaced with an i.
Example:
hurry – hurried
Contractions
Especially in spoken English, we like to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to
sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.
long form contraction example
had …’d they’d
had not …’d not/… hadn’t I’d not/I hadn’t
To Note

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The negated contractions, in which the verb and not are combined, can always be used (no
matter what kind of word comes before them).
Example:
She hadn’t eaten much of her porridge.
The girl/Little Miss Rabia hadn’t eaten much of her porridge.
In writing, all the other contractions can only be used after pronouns, not after other words.
Example:
She’d not eaten much of her porridge.
(but not: The girl’d/Little Miss Muffet’d not eaten much of her porridge.)
Signal Words
 already, just
 never, not yet
 once, until that day
 if-clause type III (If I had talked, …)
To Note
The signal words for the past perfect are partially the same as those for the present perfect.
The difference is, however, that the signal words for the past perfect refer to the past and not
to the present.
Past Perfect Progressive/ Past Perfect Continuous
Introduction
We use the past perfect progressive to emphasize the length of an action that took place
before a certain point in the past.
I had been working.
‫وہاں‬ ، ‫ہو‬ ‫تعین‬ ‫کا‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جملوں‬ ‫جن‬ :‫نوٹ‬“since”‫اور‬“for”َ‫ال‬‫مث‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫ضروری‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫کا‬
‫۔‬We had been working there for many hours.
Example
At the talent contest, Louise played a difficult piece perfectly on the flute. She had been
practising for a very long time in order to play the piece so well.
Usage
 action before a certain point in the past, with emphasis on the action itself or the
length of time it lasted
Example:
She had been practising for a very long time in order to play the piece so well.
Generally, we can just use the past perfect simple instead of the past perfect progressive
without changing the meaning of the sentence.
Example:
She had practised for a very long time in order to play the piece so well.
Construction
We need the past participle of have + be (had been) and the main verb in its ing-form.
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + had been + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object

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Negative Sentences: Subject + had + not + been + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: Had + Subject + been + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object + ?
Negative + Interrogative Sentences: Had + Subject + not + been + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object + ?
positive negative question
all forms are the same I had been speaking I had not been speaking Had I been speaking?
Exceptions when adding ing
 An e at the end of the word is removed (but: ee remains unchanged).
Example:
come – coming
(but: agree – agreeing)
 For words that have a short stressed vowel before the final consonant, we double the
final consonant.
Example:
sit – sitting
 An l as final consonant after a vowel is always doubled in British English (but not in
American English).
Example:
travel – travelling (British)
traveling (American)
 An ie at the end of the word is replaced with a y
Example:
lie – lying
Contractions
Especially in spoken English, we like to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to
sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.
long form contraction example
had …’d they’d
had not …’d not/… hadn’t I’d not/I hadn’t
To Note
The negated contractions, in which the verb and not are combined, can always be used (no
matter what kind of word comes before them).
Example:
She hadn’t been practising for a long time.
The girl/Louise hadn’t been practising for a long time.
In writing, all the other contractions can only be used after pronouns, not after other words.
Example:
She’d not been practising for a long time.
(but not: The girl’d/Louise’d not been practising for a long time.)
Signal Words
 for …, since …
 the whole day, all day
To Note
The signal words for the past perfect progressive are the same as those for the present perfect
progressive. The difference is that the signal words for the past perfect progressive refer to
the past, not the present.

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Future Simple (will)/ Future Indefinite Tense
Introduction
The future with will in English expresses a spontaneous decision, a supposition or a future
event that cannot be altered.
:‫نوٹ‬I‫اور‬we‫لیے‬ ‫کے‬shall‫لیے‬ ‫کے‬ ‫صیغوں‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫باقی‬ ‫اور‬will، ‫تاکید‬ ،‫نصیحت‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جملوں‬ ‫جن‬ ‫مگر‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫استعمال‬
‫کیا‬ ‫ظاہر‬ ‫زور‬ ‫یا‬ ‫ارادہ‬‫وہاں‬ ،‫ہو‬ ‫گیا‬I‫اور‬we‫ساتھ‬ ‫کے‬will‫ساتھ‬ ‫کے‬ ‫صیغوں‬ ‫تمام‬ ‫اور‬shall‫ہے‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫لگایا‬‫۔‬َ‫ال‬‫مث‬
We shall work.
We will work.
They shall work.
Example
 Tomorrow I will sort the files.
 Really?
 Yes, I promise that I will do it tomorrow. It will rain tomorrow anyway.
 You won’t finish it in just one day.
 If I need help, I will tell you.
Usage
 spontaneous decision
Example:
Tomorrow I will sort the files.
 opinion, hope, uncertainty, or supposition regarding the future
Example:
You won’t finish it in just one day.
 promise
Example:
I promise that I will do it tomorrow.
 future event that cannot be altered
Example:
It will rain tomorrow anyway.
 if-clause type I (situation that could potentially arise)
Example:
If I need help, I will tell you.
Construction
We need the auxiliary verb shall/ will and the main verb in its basic form.
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + shall/will + 1st
form of Verb + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + shall/will + not + 1st
form of Verb + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: shall/will + Subject + 1st
form of Verb + Object + ?
positive negative question
all forms are the same I will speak I will not speak Will I speak?
Contractions
Especially in spoken English, we like to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to
sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.

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long form contraction example
will …’ll they’ll
will not …’ll not/… won’t I’ll not/I won’t
To Note
The negated contractions, in which the verb and not are combined, can always be used (no
matter what kind of word comes before them).
Example:
He won’t finish it in just one day.
My colleague/Phil won’t finish it in just one day.
In writing, all the other contractions can only be used after pronouns, not after other words.
Example:
He’ll not finish it in just one day.
(but not: My colleague’ll/Phil’ll not finish it in just one day.)
Signal Words
 in a year, next …, tomorrow
 supposition: I think, probably, perhaps
Future Progressive/ Continuous Tense
Introduction
With the future progressive we emphasize the progression or length of time of a future action.
:‫نوٹ‬‫ہو‬ ‫ہوا‬ ‫شروع‬ ‫سے‬ ‫پہلے‬ ‫کام‬ ‫جو‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫کرتے‬ ‫ترجمہ‬ ‫میں‬ ‫انگریزی‬ ‫کا‬ ‫ان‬ ،‫ہوں‬ ‫ظاہر‬ ‫دوکام‬ ‫میں‬ ‫جن‬ ‫جملے‬ ‫ایسے‬
‫ترجمہ‬ ‫کا‬ ‫اس‬ ‫گا‬Future Continuous Tense‫ترجمہ‬ ‫کا‬ ‫اس‬ ‫گا‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫میں‬ ‫بعد‬ ‫کام‬ ‫جو‬ ‫اور‬ ‫میں‬Present Indefinite
Tenseَ‫ال‬‫مث‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫جاتا‬ ‫کیا‬ ‫میں‬
‫گی۔‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫رہی‬ ‫بج‬ ‫گھنٹی‬ ‫گے‬ ‫پہنچیں‬ ‫سکول‬ ‫ہم‬ ‫جب‬The bell will be ringing, when we reach the school.
Example
Mrs Nelson is getting ready for her bingo night. She goes there every Wednesday. In an hour
she will be sitting at her table with her friends. They will be talking. They will be playing
bingo. And she will surely be seeing Charles, a good-looking senior she met there last week.
Usage
 emphasizes the progression of an action in the future
Example:
In an hour she will be sitting at her table with her friends. They will be talking. They
will be playing bingo.
 action that one assumes will certainly happen
Example:
And she will surely be seeing Charles, a good-looking senior she met there last week.
Construction
We need the basic form of the auxiliary verbs will/ shall + be and the main verb in its ing-
form.
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + shall be/will be + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + shall/will + not + be + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: shall/will + Subject + be + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object + ?

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positive negative question
all forms are the same I will be speaking I will not be speaking Will I be speaking?
Exceptions when adding ing
 An e at the end of the word is removed (but: ee remains unchanged).
Example:
come – coming
(but: agree – agreeing)
 For words with a short stressed vowel before the final consonant, we double the final
consonant.
Example:
sit – sitting
 An l as the final consonant after a vowel is always doubled in British English (but not
in American English).
Example:
travel – travelling (British)
traveling (American)
 An ie at the end of the word is replaced by a y
Example:
lie – lying
Contractions
Especially in spoken English, we like to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to
sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.
long form contraction example
will …’ll they’ll
will not …’ll not/… won’t I’ll not/I won’t
To Note
The negated contractions, in which the verb and not are combined, can always be used (no
matter what kind of word comes before them).
Example:
Unfortunately, she won’t be sitting next to Charles.
Unfortunately, the woman/Mrs Nelson won’t be sitting next to Charles.
In writing, all the other contractions can only be used after pronouns, not after other words.
Example:
Unfortunately, she’ll not be sitting next to Charles.
(but not: Unfortunately, the woman’ll/Mrs Nelson’ll not be sitting next to Charles.)
Signal Words
 in one year, next week, tomorrow
Future Perfect Simple/ Future Perfect Tense
Introduction
The future Perfect simple indicates that an action will have been finished by a certain future
time.

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They will have worked.
Usage
 action that will have been finished by a future time
Example:
Don’t worry, he will have repaired the bike by then.
 supposition about what happened
Example:
He will probably have fallen or he will have had a breakdown.
Construction
We need the basic form of the auxiliary verbs will + have and the past participle of the verb.
Simple Sentences/ Affirmative Sentences: Subject + shall have/will have + 3rd
form of Verb + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + shall /will + not + have + 3rd
form of Verb + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: shall/will + Subject + have + 3rd
form of Verb + Object + ?
positive negative question
all forms are the
same
I will have
played/spoken
I will not have
played/spoken
Will I have
played/spoken?
Past participle
The past participle for regular verbs is constructed by adding ed. For irregular verbs, we use
the third verb form
Exceptions in the construction with regular verbs
 If a verb ends with e, we simply add a d.
Example:
love – loved (not: loveed)
 After a short stressed vowel, the final consonant is doubled.
Example:
admit – admitted
 The final consonant l is always doubled after a vowel in British English (but not in
American English).
Example:
travel – travelled (British)
traveled (American)
 A y at the end of the word is replaced with an i.
Example:
hurry – hurried
Contractions
Especially in spoken English, we like to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to
sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.
long form contraction example
will …’ll they’ll
will not …’ll not/… won’t I’ll not/I won’t
To Note
The negated contractions, in which the verb and not are combined, can always be used (no
matter what kind of word comes before them).
Example:
I’m afraid that he won’t have repaired his bike by then.
I’m afraid that the boy/Matthew won’t have repaired his bike by then.
In writing, all the other contractions can only be used after pronouns, not after other words.

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Example:
I’m afraid that he’ll not have repaired his bike by then.
(but not: I’m afraid that Matthew’ll not have repaired his bike by then.)
Signal Words
 by Monday, in a week
Future Perfect Progressive/ Continuous
Introduction
We use the future Perfect progressive to emphasize the process or progression of an action
until a certain point in the future. We also use this tense for suppositions about things that
will likely have happened by a certain time.
‫وہاں‬ ‫ہو‬ ‫تعین‬ ‫کا‬ ‫وقت‬ ‫میں‬ ‫کاموں‬ ‫جن‬ :‫نوٹ‬since‫اور‬forَََ‫ال‬‫مث‬ ‫ہے۔‬ ‫ضروری‬ ‫استعمال‬ ‫کا‬
He will have been working for six days.
Example
You are not paying attention anymore, you’ve gone right through the stop sign! In ten
minutes you will have been driving non-stop for six hours. Let’s stop somewhere and have a
break!
Usage
 emphasizes the length of an action that lasts from the past until a certain point in the
future.
Example:
In ten minutes you will have been driving non-stop for six hours.
Construction
We need the basic form of the auxiliary verbs will/shall + have, the past participle of be
(been), and the main verb in its ing-form.
Simple Sentences : Subject + shall have/will have + been + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Negative Sentences: Subject + shall have /will have + not + been + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object
Question/ Interrogative Sentences: shall/will + Subject + have been + 1st
form of Verb + ing + Object + ?
positive negative question
all forms are the
same
I will have been
speaking
I will not have been
speaking
Will I have been
speaking?
Exceptions when adding ing
 An e at the end of the word is removed (but: ee remains unchanged).
Example:
come – coming
(but: agree – agreeing)
 For words with a short stressed vowel before the final consonant, we double the final
consonant.
Example:

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sit – sitting
 An l as the final consonant after a vowel is always doubled in British English (but not
in American English).
Example:
travel – travelling (British)
traveling (American)
 An ie at the end of the word is replaced by a y
Example:
lie – lying
Contractions
Especially in spoken English, we like to combine pronouns with certain verbs in order to
sound more natural. These combinations are called contractions.
long form contraction example
will …’ll they’ll
will not …’ll not/… won’t I’ll not/I won’t
To Note
The negated contractions, in which the verb and not are combined, can always be used (no
matter what kind of word comes before them).
Example:
He won’t have been driving for six hours.
Her husband/Marc won’t have been driving for six hours.
In writing, all the other contractions can only be used after pronouns, not after other words.
Example:
He’ll not have been driving for six hours.
(but not: Her husband’ll/Marc’ll not’ve been driving for six hours.)
Legend
moment in time
 action that takes place once, never or several times
 actions that happen one after another
 actions that suddenly take place
period of time
 action that started before a certain moment and lasts beyond that
moment
 actions taking place at the same time
Result
 action taking place before a certain moment in time
 puts emphasis on the result
Course /
Duration
 action taking place before a certain moment in time
 puts emphasis on the course or duration of the action

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The present progressive puts emphasis on the course or duration of an action.

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The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for
actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and
actions that are arranged for the near future.
Present progressive is also known as present continuous.
http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/word-order/positive