The apostrophe has a few key uses - to form possessives, show contractions, and pluralize certain words. It is important for grammar but can be misused. The apostrophe forms singular possessives by adding 's and plural possessives by pluralizing first then adding '. It shows where letters are omitted in contractions. It also pluralizes digits and letters. The apostrophe has important grammatical functions when used correctly.

1. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE
The apostrophe has only a handful of
uses, but these uses are very
important. A misplaced apostrophe
can be annoying — not to mention
lonely.
The apostrophe is used:
1. to create possessives
2. to show contractions
3. to create some plural forms
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2. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE
The apostrophe is used to create
possessive forms for singular and
plural nouns, especially nouns
referring to people.
the mayor’s car, my father’s moustache
Pedrito’s sister, Joe Kennedy’s habits
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3. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE
When a noun already ends in “s,” you
can decide whether or not to use
another “s” after the apostrophe.
Charles’s car OR Charles’ car
With multisyllabic words, don’t add another “s”
after the apostrophe.
Dumas’ second novel, Jesus’ birth,
Socrates’ ideas, Illinois’ legislature
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4. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE
To form the possessive of an inanimate
object, we’re usually better off using an
“of phrase,” but the apostrophe
possessive is not impossible, especially
with expressions of time and in
personifications.
The roar of the greasepaint,
the smell of the crowd
a year’s salary, my heart’s desire, your
dollar’s worth, the paper’s conclusion
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5. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE
To form the possessive of a plural noun, we
pluralize first and then add the apostrophe.
The Kennedys’ house
The children’s playhouse
The travelers’ expectations
Notice that with an irregular plural, the apostrophe
will come before the “s.”
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6. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE
A contraction allows us to blend sounds by
omitting letters from a verb construction. The
apostrophe shows where something is left out.
I am a student here = I’m a student
here.
I have been working on the railroad. = I’ve
been working on the railroad.
They could have been great together. = They
could’ve been great together.
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7. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE
More contraction examples:
Let us go. = Let’s go.
Who is there? = Who’s there?
It is Dierdre. = It’s Dierdre.
REMINDER: It’s is a contraction for “it is”;
the possessive of it = its (no apostrophe).
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8. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE
The apostrophe is also used to form the
plural of digits and letters . . .
The word Mississippi has four s’s.
She got three A’s and two B’s last semester.
She dotted all her i’s very carefully.
. . . and to indicate omission of a number in a
date:
summer of ’99; class of ’38
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9. THE MIGHTY APOSTROPHE
The mighty apostrophe doesn’t mind
being used, but it wants to be used
wisely.
Use it well and it will be there whenever
you need it!
You can now review the apostrophe and the
other marks of punctuation in the
Guide to Grammar and Writing.
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10. This PowerPoint presentation was created by
Charles Darling, PhD
Professor of English and Webmaster
Capital Community College
Hartford, Connecticut
copyright November 1999
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