1. Integrating health and resilience into the design of African cities
case studies from Lagos and Maputo
Ebelechukwu Mogo. ERIM Consulting
Jørgen Eskemose Andersen. The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts,
Schools of Architecture, Design and Conservation

2. MOZAMBIQUE
NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY 2030
OFFICIAL NEW HOUSING POLICY DRAFT NOT YET APPROVED!
The National Housing Policy proposes implementation on five (5) action areas:
• Housing promotion;
• Settlements upgrading;
• Building material production and technological development;
• Housing finance;
• Institutional improvement.
In parallel, to the action areas, five (5) strategic areas have been identified:
• Land management;
• Access to infrastructure;
• Finance sources;
• Capacity building and technology;
• Institutional organisation.

3. Policy Objectives and the Strategic implications
• The six Objectives and the twenty Strategies are clustered under three
pillars:
• Institutional Coordination: to address the need for institutional coordination
between national and sub national governments on planning, funds
allocation, land management and infrastructure provision.
• Housing Promotion: with a focus on incremental housing and rental housing
and increased collaboration with private sector, NGOs and end-beneficiaries;
• Housing Finance: with a focus to increase domestic resources through land-
based financing and promote more inclusive finance opportunities through
microfinance.

4. Institutional Coordination
• OBJECTIVE 1. Improve coordination of different institutions with urban and
housing development mandates under the leadership of MOPHRH (Ministry
of Public Works)
• Strategy 1. Strengthen the normative capacity of DNUH (National Directorate
of Housing) and its policy coordination mandate at the national level, making
it the entity responsible for coordinating the implementation of the national
housing policy with all relevant ministries, sectorial policies and the
Government five-year Plan
• Strategy 2. Strengthen the operational capacity of FFH (National Housing
Fund) to enable land and urban development, and assist DNUH in
coordinating the implementation of the national housing policy with sub-
national governments (provinces and municipalities); FFH to be the main
responsible for land provision for self-construction purposes.

5. Institutional Coordination
• Strategy 3. Establish a National Housing Commission led by DNUH and FFH to
facilitate and oversee policy implementation at national and sub-national levels,
guaranteeing coordination between ministries, provinces and municipalities in
urban and housing development, land allocation and servicing.
• OBJECTIVE 2: Harmonize planning and regulation frameworks for urban and
housing development at all institutional levels
• Strategy 4. Ensure coordination and alignment of planning frameworks at
national level, led by DNUH (five-year Plan, National Housing Policy and
Sectorial Polices).
• Strategy 5. Ensure coordination and alignment of planning frameworks at sub-
national levels (land management plans, infrastructure plans, urbanization plans
and municipal expansion plans).
• Strategy 6. Monitor performance and progress of the implementation of the
National Housing Policy and the National Housing Strategy.

6. Housing Promotion
• OBJECTIVE 3. Enable sustainable, affordable and resilient self-construction
practices, promoting the use of local materials and techniques, and
providing technical assistance.
• Strategy 7. Support self-construction by individuals and through collective
housing arrangements, e.g. cooperatives, community housing funds,
community land trust, amongst other alternatives.
• Strategy 8. Promote incremental housing and self-build schemes, also
within the framework of urban renewal and upgrading programmes.
• Strategy 9. Review the building code to be commensurate with current
construction practices and self-construction, guaranteeing technical quality
and more effective use of land and infrastructure (e.g. reduced plot sizes).

7. Housing Promotion
• OBJECTIVE 4: Create an environment conducive to investment in
affordable and low-income rental housing by the private sector, by
developing new partnerships for rental housing and rent-to-buy
schemes
• Strategy 10. Create institutional framework and fiscal incentives for
rental sector development.
• Strategy 11. Support the small-scale private rental sector.
• Strategy 12. Establish affordable rental quota in housing projects in
cities and areas where demand for rent is higher.

8. Housing Finance
• OBJECTIVE 5. Increase land-based financing for urban and affordable housing
development purposes
• Strategy 13. Streamline regularization of land and buildings (property
registration, building permits) both for existing and to-be-built housing stock.
• Strategy 14. Improve land and property cadastres at municipal level.
• Strategy 15. Improve land-based financing regulation (property tax) to increase
tax-based resources and allow cross-subsidization of lower-income groups.
• Strategy 16. Creation of Local Development Fund with sales of serviced land,
land and property-based taxes to finance land and infrastructure for affordable
housing targeting 1st, 2nd and 3rd income quintiles in the constituency of
collection, initially subsidiary to the FFH and with progressive transition to
municipal governments.

9. Housing Finance
• OBJECTIVE 6. Increase access to microfinance to support self-construction
and improve quality and resilience of the housing stock (focusing on 1st, 2nd
and 3rd income quintiles)
• Strategy 17. Improve data on payment capacity (income and expenditure at
household level).
• Strategy 18. Assess current reach of microfinance loans (in number and
volume) and design a strategy of microfinance growth aligned with the target
of building 17,500 housing units by 2020.
• Strategy 19. Design alternative guarantees to reduce risks and interest rates.
• Strategy 20. Couple loans and microcredits with a technical assistance
package for individuals and communities.

10. Housing Policy and Health
Concluding remarks Mozambique
• Limited direct reference to Health
• Limited attention to the 75% of the urban population residing in Informal Settlements or
Slums (according to UN definitions 2003)
• Slum-Upgrading is on the agenda but in general terms, avoiding the many and complicated
issues linked to the successful transformation of these enormous urban agglomerations
• A strong (unrealistic) belief in government institutions and their ability to function smoothly,
professionally in a transparent manner
• Policy not anchored in the living conditions faced by the vast majority of Mozambican
urbanites
• The policy highlights the provision of serviced land as a prerequisite for planned urban
growth. However, the policy seems unable to outline how this eventual will happen in the
real world.
• More focus on Social Housing (rental) is emphasized and the means to fulfil this is private,
public partnerships (PPP). However it is not clear how this eventual shall materialize.
• In general it is unclear how the strategies, however well-intentioned they may be, will come
into being.

11. Lagos 22 million inhabitants 66% in informal settlements
Nigeria
• Over the past fifty years, Lagos has more than quintupled (Davies, 2014).
• Most housing provision has been unsuccessful in meeting the needs of the low
income (Olotuah, 2015)
• As inner city housing is converted from commercial purposes by the private
sector and government, low and middle income residents are pushed into
outskirts (Omotosho, 2015)
• Growing delivery of housing through private sector partnerships (PPPs) however
this involvement tends to center on high income housing (Aliu et al., 2017)
• Prominence of private suppliers without significant government involvement
excludes the poor especially in inner parts of Lagos (Adebayo et al., 2014)

12. Informal Settlements Lagos
• Access to clean water, sanitation, waste disposal and overcrowding were
directly correlated to the health condition of slum dwellers in Lagos
(Lukeman et al, 2014).
• Rapid unplanned urbanization coupled with environmental degradation and
poor disaster response are linked to flooding, environmental and climate
change vulnerability (Ajibade et al., 2014)
• Overcrowding in housing is a predictor of domestic violence in the home
environment (Makinde et al., 2016)
• Approaches to flood prevention do not account for the structural inequity
(Ajibade et al., 2014)
• The widesprad use of electricity generators has negative impacts on
planetary health, human health, safety and wellbeing (Ezema et al., 2016)

13. Access to Land Lagos
• Land supply is critical for the production of housing but statutory
provisions make land hard to access (Umar et al., 2014; Agunbiade et
al., 2013)
• Land is expensive to acquire and land acquisition is further
complicated by the informal and illegal involvement of land grabbers
“Omo Onile” (Ajayi et al., 2016)

14. Housing Lagos
• High rate of degeneration and poor maintenance culture for housing infrastructure in Lagos.
Example: Festac Town, once liveable in the 70s, is now ranked unlivable by residents (Adeleye et
al., 2016; Ibiyemi et al., 2016)
• Public housing tend to not have sufficient supply of well maintained infrastructure (Ebiaride et al.,
2015; Babalola et al., 2016)
• Building collapse is observed at an increasing rate in residential areas in Lagos (Egunjobi et al.,
2016)
• Poor enforcement of building codes and the use of adulterated building materials (Egunjobi et al.,
2016)
• The governance of social housing is top-down and does not adequately consider the needs of low
income Lagosians (Aduwo et al., 2015)
• Housing policy is not driven by data, is not connected to the work of agencies and the agencies
responsible for its execution are not effectively coordinated (Agunbiade et al., 2016)
• Housing policy is not adequately implemented due to poor administration, inadequate funding
and poor management of mortgage institutions (Obi et al., 2014, Festus et al., 2015)

15. Informal Settlements Lagos
• Preference for demolition rather than improvement of housing conditions in
slums i.e. upgrading
• Sudden (often violent) evictions without alternative housing for the evicted
(Daniel et al., 2015)
• Environmental quality differs significantly across slums (Adedayo et al., 2016)
• Women from low-income communities suffer most from the impact of
environmental vulnerability e.g flash floods (Ajibade et al., 2013)
• Low-income communities often organize themselves through cooperative
societies through which they seek assistance in housing procurement (Oloke
et al., 2015). However, these cooperatives typically do not receive external
financial assistance and hence have a limited impact (Oloke et al., 2015)

16. Recommendations Lagos
• Research lacunas:
• Local building materials and technology which can reduce the cost of
construction by up to 60% (Ugochukwu et al., 2015; Afolabi et al., 2014)
• Energy-efficient housing design (Olotuah, 2015) and power supply to reduce
pollution from generators and fossil fuel for cooking
• Infrastructure maintenance and upgrades and the provision of more mass
housing (Ibiyemi et al., 2016)
• Need for government to acknowledge informal networks and cooperative
societies through which the informal sector procure housing (Oloke et al., 2015;
Lawanson et al., 2014)
• Housing needs to be linked to employment creation (Owoeye et al., 2017)

17. Recommendations Lagos
• Need for policy to be established and enforced governing the role of PPPs,
including incentivising PPP involvement in low income housing (Ibem et al.,
2017; Gbadegesin et al., 2017)
• Need for innovation in land administration as tenure security seriously affects
housing access (Gbadegesin et al., 2016)
• Integration of urban planning and health which would improve factors like
sanitation, drainage etc. (Lawanson et al., 2013)

18. Informal Settlements or Slums Maputo Maputo
75% of the urban population live in Informal Settlements
Evictions are not, so far, a big issue as the sense of security of tenure is surprisingly high
Houses are built over many years room by room approx. 3x3m or 3x6m
Infrastructure provision is rudimentary

19. Informal Settlements Maputo
High rate of unemployment
Petty trade is widespread

20. Infrastructure and Health Maputo
All infrastructure provision in informal settlements has shortcomings:
• Water (limited capacity by the city water suppliers. Water provided by the private sector
more expensive)
• Sanitation (septic tanks and improved pit latrines; no sewerage. In low laying areas latrines
flows over with serious health implications)
• Electricity (most homes are linked to the grid; however, the airborne grid is dangerous)
• Access Roads and Lanes (access roads and lanes are of poor quality and without drainage)
• Drainage (no drainage in informal settlements apart from what communities and/or NGO’s
have implemented often limited in scale and always very local
• Waste Management (city waste handling limited to strategically located containers often at
fire and overloaded with serious health implications)
• Public Transport (private minibuses operating only where and when customers are
abundant. Buses are overloaded and accidents are frequent. Air pollution from the buses is
substantial
• Air Pollution (transport, cooking and waste burning. Cooking on firewood and/or charcoal is
still widespread and a serious often overseen health threat. Local waste burning the order of
the today and not least the enormous amount plastic being burnt produces toxic smoke.

21. Water provision is rudimentary, unstable expensive
and a serious health issue

22. Roads and Drainage Maputo
Investments in drainage are few and insufficient.
Overflowing of pit latrines are and breeding grounds of
mosquitos are detrimental to health

23. All Sanitation is on site
Improved pit latrines is a step forward but…

24. Waste management Few Private Public
Partnerships (PPP) has been established

25. Electricity and Fuel
Charcoal and firewood
are a health hazard and
environmentally a
serious problem

26. Lagos: 22 million with 14 million (66%) living in
informality (slums)

27. Lagos Slum Makoko community 200.000-400.000 residents under constant
threat of eviction due to its rather prime location. Water delivered in 20 L plastic
cans on canoes and hence high unit price. Toilets as simple enclosures. Human
waste and all other waste dropped into the sea.

28. Maputo: Research by Design Small wooden structure
unit elevated as flood protection and for better indoor climate

29. Maputo Research by Design Three housing units built on a solid ground floor
with a ligth top structure. Kitchen on veranda and toilet as a shared facility in a
seperate building

30. Maputo Research by DesignVertical expansion on exsisting house. Two
new rental units on top. Kitchen and toilet as shared units in seperate outdoor units

31. MaputoResearch by DesignIntroducing simple prefabricated technologies
Transportation to site using pushcarts

32. Maputo Research by Design Six rental units in two stories facing a major
pedestrian access along a drainage channel. Green roof for better indoor climate. Kitchen on
veranda and in the backyard. All units shares toilet (septic tank) in the backyard

33. References Mozambique
• www.homespace.dk
• www.casasmelhoradas.com
• Andersen et al. IDRP Vol. 37, 3 (2015) Who plans the African City part 1
• Andersen et al. IDRP Vol. 37, 4 (2015) Who plans the African City part 2
• NATIONAL HOUSING STRATEGY 2030, Mozambique
• IN SUPPORT TO THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE NATIONAL HOUSING POLICY OF
MOZAMBIQUE. Nov. 2017. DRAFT Not yet approved. (Elaborated with technical
support from UN-Habitat in the Framework of the Global Housing Strategy programme.
Financial support was provided by the United Nations Development Account, under
the project “Strengthening national capacities to formulate and adopt housing and
slum upgrading strategies”)
• Imoro Braimah; Kwame Obeng Nti & Owusu Amponsah (2017). Poverty Penalty in
Urban Water Market in Ghana. Urban Forum
• Jenkins, P. (2012)
• Mottelsson, J. (2018) Born in the Ghetto part ll Makoko, Lagos. Nigeria.
Documentary

34. References Nigeria
• Adedayo, A. F., & Malik, N. A. (2015). Factors influencing the growth of slums in Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. Ethiopian Journal of Environmental Studies and Management, 8(2), 113-
119.
• Adeleye, O. A., & Anofojie, A. E. (2016). Housing Quality in Festac Town, Lagos State, Nigeria. Ife Research Publications in Geography, 10(1), 154-163.
• Aduwo, B. E., & Ibem, E. O. (2017). Housing Transformation in Government Constructed Residential Estates in Lagos. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 6(8),
13-22.
• Afolabi, A. O., & Dada, M. (2014). Evaluation Of Factors Affecting Housing And Urban Development Projects In Lagos State.
• Agunbiade, M. E., Rajabifard, A., & Bennett, R. (2016). What scope for integrating land management policies, land administration processes and data infrastructures for housing
production in Nigeria?. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 31(1), 51-68. Chicago
• Ajayi, O., Ajayi, O., Akinsiku, O., & Osunsanmi, T. (2016). Strategies for housing affordability in Nigeria. Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, 6, 1620-1632.
• Ajibade, I., Armah, F. A., Kuuire, V. Z., Luginaah, I., McBean, G., & Tenkorang, E. Y. (2015). Assessing the bio-psychosocial correlates of flood impacts in coastal areas of Lagos, Nigeria.
Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 58(3), 445-463.
• Ajibade, I., McBean, G., & Bezner-Kerr, R. (2013). Urban flooding in Lagos, Nigeria: Patterns of vulnerability and resilience among women. Global Environmental Change, 23(6),
1714-1725.
• Ajibade, I., & McBean, G. (2014). Climate extremes and housing rights: A political ecology of impacts, early warning and adaptation constraints in Lagos slum communities.
Geoforum, 55
• Akinwale, O. P., Adeneye, A. K., Musa, A. Z., Oyedeji, K. S., Sulyman, M. A., Oyefara, J. O.& Adeneye, A. A. (2014). Living conditions and public health status in three urban slums of
Lagos, Nigeria. South East Asia Journal of Public Health, 3(1), 36-41.
• Babalola, D. O., Ibem, E. O., Olotuah, A. O., & Fulani, O. (2016). Residents’ Perception of Quality of Public Housing in Lagos, Nigeria. International Journal of Applied Environmental
Sciences, 11(2), 583-598.
• Collier, P., & Venables, A. (2014). Housing and urbanization in Africa: Unleashing a formal market process. Chicago
• Davies, L. (2014). Urban Renewal and Associated Problems in Lagos, 1924-1990. Lagos Historical Review, 14.
• Ebiaride, E. C., & Umeh, O. L. (2015). Factors Influencing Users’ Satisfaction in Public and Private Estate in Lagos,. ATBU Journal of Environmental Technology, 8(2), 30-41.Chicago
• Egunjobi, L., & Adebayo, A. (2016). Incidence of Building Collapse in Nigeria: Case of Lagos State.

35. References Nigeria• Ezema, I. C., Olotuah, A. O., & Fagbenle, O. I. (2016). Evaluation of Energy Use in Public Housing in Lagos, Nigeria: Prospects for Renewable Energy
Sources. International Journal of Renewable Energy Development, 5(1), 15.
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Chicago
• Gbadegesin, J. T., van der Heijden, H., Boelhouwer, P., Oladokun, S. O., Windapo, A. O., Odediran, S. J., & Adediran, A. (2016). Formulating an effective
public private Partnership policy for housing provision in Nigeria urban centres: A conceptual approach. I
• Ibem, E. O., Aduwo, B. E., & Onyemaechi, P. (2017). CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS (PPPS) FOR HOUSING LOW-
INCOME EARNERS IN NIGERIA.
• Ibiyemi, A., Adnan, Y. M., & Daud, M. N. (2016). Dimensions of social infrastructure on livability: the case of Festac Housing Estate in Lagos, Nigeria.
International Journal of Critical Infrastructures, 12(3), 175-194.
• Ihuah, P. W., Kakulu, I. I., & Eaton, D. (2014). A review of Critical Project Management Success Factors (CPMSF) for sustainable social housing in
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• Iyanda, S. A., & Mohit, M. A. (2016). MEASURING THE DIMENSIONS AND ATTRIBUTES OF LIVEABILITY OF LOW-INCOME HOUSING COMMUNITIES IN
NIGERIA. PLANNING MALAYSIA JOURNAL, 14(4).
• Jiboye, A. D. (2014). Socioeconomic Characteristics and Satisfaction of Tenants in Public Housing in Lagos, Nigeria. Africa Development, 39(3), 31-50.
Chicago
• Lawanson, T., & Oduwaye, L. (2014). Socio-economic adaptation strategies of the urban poor in the Lagos metropolis, Nigeria. African Review of
Economics and Finance, 6(1), 139-160.Chicago
• Lukeman, Y., Bako, A. I., Omole, F. K., Nwokoro, I. I. C., & Alakinde, M. K. (2014). Environmental Health Condition of Slum Dwellers of Ijora-Badia Area
of Lagos State, Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 3(4), 79.
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36. References Nigeria
• Obi, A. N. I., & Ubani, O. (2014). Dynamics of Housing Affordability in Nigeria. Dynamics, 6(3).Chicago
• Oloke, O. C., Oni, A. S., Oletubo, A. A., Opoko, P. A., & Ogunde, A. (2017). Empirical Assessment of Success Rate of Co-
operative Societies’ Housing Provision in Lagos State, Nigeria. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science,
7(3), 1-7. Chicago
• Olotuah, A. O. (2015). Climate-Responsive Architecture and Sustainable Housing in Nigeria. Global Journal of Research
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• Olotuah, A. O. (2016). The Challenge of Housing Regeneration in the Core Area of Akure, Nigeria. Mediterranean
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• Umar, M. A., Kasim, R., & Martin, D. J. (2014). The trend in public housing development issues in Nigeria.

37. Contacts
• Ebelechukwu Mogo. ERIM Consulting ebele@erimconsulting.org,
+7787510206
• Jørgen Eskemose Andersen jeske@kadk.dk, +4541701683