5
Ugo Udokporo of GCP:
Building Secure Serverless Delivery
Pipelines on GCP
Nadji Bessa of Infostrux Solutions:
Trends in the Data Engineering Consulting
Landscape
Jacob Frackson of Montreal Analytics:
From Data-driven Business to Business-driven
Data (Hands-on Data Modelling exercise)
Canadian Experts Discuss Modern Data
Stacks and Cloud Computing

From Data-driven Business to
Business-driven Data

Jacob Frackson (he/him)
Practice Lead, Analytics Engineering

● Data is being generated
in many different ways
across the business, and
it’s very source-centric
● Stakeholders are
thinking about business
problems, and in a
business-centric way
Business Context

● Translating Business Questions into Data Questions – but what if
we can help bridge the gap?
● Data models are the abstraction layer, the API that give your
stakeholders rich access to data without needing to know its
nuances
Data Sources . . . . . Data Model . . . . . Business Users
Why a data model?

● Kimball Dimensional Modelling
● Inmon Enterprise Data Warehousing
● Data Vault (2.0)
● One Big Table
Which methodology?

● You have business questions about the checkout flow on your
website:
● The flow:
○ User visits a product page
○ User clicks on a product
○ User adds the item to their cart
○ User checks out the cart
Example: Checkout Flow

● You have business questions about the checkout flow on your
website:
○ [Finance] How much revenue is coming in online and from what products?
○ [Marketing] Which channels and platforms are converting and which aren’t?
○ [Product] How many pages does the average customer look at before buying?
○ [Operations] When are orders coming in and for what geos?
Check out this book for a more detailed explanation:
Example: Checkout Flow

BEAM Canvas

Choosing a Fact Type

Example: Checkout Flow

Which fact types are most appropriate for each question?
● [Finance] How much revenue is coming in online and from what products?
○ TF, ASF, or PSF
● [Marketing] Which channels and platforms are converting and which
aren’t?
○ ASF or PSF
● [Product] How many pages does the average customer look at before
buying?
○ CF, ASF, or PSF
● [Operations] When are orders coming in and for what geos?
○ TF, ASF, PSF
We’ll start with an ASF, and then potentially a CF or PSF
Example: Checkout Flow

Conclusion
● Prioritize the implementation of your data model
● Build on top of it:
○ Business Intelligence
○ Machine Learning
○ Reverse ETL
○ And beyond!
● Other skills to learn:
○ Analytics Engineering and dbt
○ RBAC and Access Control Models
○ Database or data warehouse optimization

Thank you!
Questions?

Trends in the Data Engineering
Consulting Landscape
Nadji Bessa, Engineering Manager

Agenda
Explore common trends in data
engineering across..
● Projects
● Data Engineering (practise)
● Dbt
● Tooling

Projects

What are customers asking for?
Some of the markets we have worked with are:
● Financial institutions
● Pharmaceuticals
● Retailers
● Wholesalers
● Etc…
Overwhelmingly, many data engineering projects are driven by Business Analysis/Business
Intelligence enablement objectives.
We, however, also see a small percentage of Data Science work.

What are our client’s needs?
All types of companies are making an attempt to become more data-driven.
Although some sort of domain-specific expertise it is need to successfully complete a project,
fundamentally, once we get to the level of the data, we can observe similar patterns repeat
themselves across all business verticals. Their data needs are essentially the same.

What data visualization platforms are the most prominent?
● Tableau
● Power BI
● Sigma
● Looker

What are the biggest strategic challenges in tackling data
engineering projects?
From a strategy standpoint, it is hard to do good data cloud projects without first having a
good cloud infrastructure (or at least a good* IT infrastructure) - cloud enablement must
precede data cloud enablement

What are the biggest operational challenges in tackling data
engineering projects?
Having a consultative engagement with all stakeholders early on in the lifecycle of a project* .
Having an effective collaboration with our customers while delivering a solution**.

What are the tactical challenges in tackling data engineering
projects?
Not having access to the environment
Working with a disparity of data stack tools - it is often imperative to standardize on some tool
stack before being able to effectively collaborate
The rapid pace of change in tooling as well as its impact of training and keeping technical
resources’ skills relevant

Data Engineering

How should you classify your data?
There are no noticeable patterns, and as an organization, we tend to recommend the
following. Classify your data by:
● Environment
● Processing State
● Non-functional Aspects of Architecture
● Data usage pattern
● Business Domain or Area
● Project
● Product
● Tenant or Customer
● Organization Structure

Do you implement the same data structures across
different projects?
For example, we subscribe to favouring ELT vs ETL as a model for ingesting data into our data
warehousing platform.
And we subscribe to clearly delineated data architecture where we have an ingest, clean,
normalize, integrate, analyze and egress layer… but these design principles are loosely held
strong beliefs… It is important to do what is right for the customer and that means simplifying
or eliminating certain steps if they are not necessary.

Which aspect of a data engineering project is the most
difficult?
Based on what I have seen so far… The most important item would be documentation -
without it, it is impossible to start any data engineering project… A close second would be
Data Quality: With any other broad aspects of data management, if the technology is not
mature enough, processes can be put in place to compensate for that…
This is the single most difficult item to get right the first time around and to keep in a good
state moving forward.

dbt
An excerpt from content published in: https://medium.com/infostrux-solutions/crafting-better-dbt-projects-
aa5c48aebfc9

Data Staging Layers
There would be six sub-directories under the dbt model’s directory, representing the
previously mentioned layers i.e. ingest, clean, normalize, integrate, analyze, and
egest.
Note that ingest, clean, and normalize are organized by the data sources.

Model Configs
We recommend defining model configs in the dbt_project.yml file (not in each
model header or a .yml file under models’ sub-directories - this helps to avoid
code redundancy.
(to be continued)

Model Configs (continuation)
If we need to provide special configs for specific models in the directory, we can
provide them in models’ headers which will override the configs in the
dbt_project.yml file:
(to be continued)

Model Configs (continuation)
For each model, we recommend having a .yml file (model_name.yml) with the
descriptions under that model’s directory:

Sources
Only the ingest layer should contain information about sources (sources’ descriptions in .yml
files). Different subcategories of sources should be stored separately. Therefore, different
subfolders under the ingest folder should be created for different sources.
We recommend creating a separate .yml file per source table (source_table_name.yml) under
the corresponding directory.

Style Guide
Poorly written code is nothing other than technical debt as it increases
implementation time and costs!
We would recommend that you develop a custom SQL Style Guide to develop
models. This guide should be adapted from the dbt Style Guide and a few others
with the goal of maximizing code maintainability.

Automation
Automating checks for adherence to code style guides is probably the only sane
way to enforce them. Linters exist for exactly that purpose. They should be part of
any project’s CI pipeline to ensure code merged to all repos follows the same
standard.
Of particular interest is SQLFluff (https://github.com/sqlfluff/sqlfluff) and the
SQLFluff extension to Visual Studio Code
(https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=dorzey.vscode-sqlfluff)
which helps developers ensure code is style-conformant before they submit it to the
CI pipeline.

DBT tests
DBT tests are used if it is required to check data transformations and the values of
the source data. We will be digging into this more in a future article.

Source Freshness
dbt provides source freshness check functionality right out of the box, and as we
know, data providers can fail to deliver a source file. Automated ingestion of source
data files can fail as well. Both scenarios can result in stale/inaccurate data. Setting
up source data freshness checks to ensure that dbt models work with the current
data is advisable.

Version Control
All dbt projects should be managed in a version control system such as git. As a
team, we advise that you should pick a branching strategy that works for you, some
of them are Git flow, GitHub Flow or trunk-based development.

CI/CD for dbt
To ensure code and implementation quality, CI/CD tools should include linting and
unit tests before any branch is allowed to be merged into development to enforce
coding standards as well as validate the integrity of the implementation.

Environments
For production and development purposes, we use different environments — PROD
and DEV.
We support all six layers of our data staging model in the DEV environment.
Environments are defined by providing only one-env_name variable instead of using
the dbt standard approach (such as target.name, target.database internal
variables). This makes the configuration more flexible when we switch
environments or add a new environment.

Environment Variables
When generating database object names, provide environment-related variables as
dbt variables and not refer to dbt internal environment variables (such as
target.name, target.database, etc) sometimes can be a more effective solution. For
instance, in the sample project below, database names are being generated using
the env_name variable and are fully independent of dbt environment settings
(to be continued)

Environment Variables (continuation)
In dbt_project.yml file:
–
#Define variables here #DEV or PROD. It is used to generate the environment name for the source
database.#DEV by default. If it is not provided-then DEV_<DB_NAME> (DEV_INGEST for example), if provided-
<env_name>_<DB_NAME> (PROD_INGEST).vars:
env_name: 'DEV'
–
(to be continued)

Environment Variables (continuation)
Database name generation macro:
-- e.g. dev_clean or prod_ingest, where clean and ingest are the 'stage_name'
--#> MACRO
{% macro generate_database_name(stage_name, node) %}{% set default_database = target.database %}
{% if stage_name is none %}
{{ default_database }}
{% else %}
{{ var("env_name") }}_{{ stage_name | trim }}
{% endif %}{% endmacro %}
--#< MACRO
(to be continued)

Environment Variables (continuation)
The variable is provided to the dbt command if we need to use other values than the default.
For example:
dbt run --vars 'env_name: "PROD"'
And no need to provide anything for the DEV as it uses the default value:
dbt run
In the case of switching between different environments, this solution can be helpful as there
is no need to update environment settings.

Data load
Data from the sources is loaded only into the PROD_INGEST database. All layers above are
being deployed by DBT models. Moreover, models of each layer refer only to models from
previous layers or the same layer.
To deploy the DEV environment, the DEV_INGEST database is cloned from the PROD_INGEST
database (unless there is a requirement to move DEV data separately) and all preceding layers
of the DEV environment are created by DBT models. Seeds can be loaded in different layers
depending on their usage.

Dev Environments
We can generate dev environments by by cloning ingest layer of the PROD environment. Typically we would try to have
all six layers of our architecture in dev as well.This can be achieved by creating the ingest layer for DEV (all other layers
will be created by dbt models using the ingest layer) by cloning the ingest layer of the prod environment. The cloning can
be defined in a macro (a simple cloning macro below):
–
{% macro clone_database(source_database_name, target_database_name) %}
{% set sql %} CREATE OR REPLACE DATABASE {{target_database_name}} CLONE {{source_database_name}}; {% endset %} {% do run_query(sql)
%}{% endmacro %}
–
Then, cloning can be run as a dbt operation by a job:
–
dbt run-operation clone_database --args '{source_database_name: PROD_INGEST, target_database_name: DEV_INGEST}'
—
Please note that the user running the job should have OWNERSHIP permission to the target database as the job replaces the existing database.

Tooling

What are the most popular source systems?
This is what our clients have used or are using so far:
● Fivetran
● Airbyte
● Matillion
● Snaplogic
● Supermetrics
● Talend
● AWS Glue, to name a few…

What data ingestion tools/platforms are the most popular?
The source systems are:
● Mostly structured data (SQL) hosted on MS-SQL/MySQL Servers on-premise or in the
Cloud
● Occasionally semi-structured data (JSON) and very little unstructured data - mostly as
individual files in some data lake ( S3 on AWS is by far the favourite)

3/5/23, 10:26 PM Building a software delivery pipeline using Google Cloud Build & Cloud deploy | by Ugo Udokporo | Jan, 2023 | Medium
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Ugo Udokporo Following
Jan 17 · 5 min read · Listen
Building a software delivery pipeline using
Google Cloud Build & Cloud deploy
Hey Folks!!!!
In an earlier post we went through a step-by-by guide on building Google
Kubernetes Engine clusters using the gitOps methodology. In this blog we
would attempt to build an end-to-end nginx service delivery pipeline on the
pre-built clusters (dev, uat & prod) leveraging Google Cloud Build and Google
Cloud Deploy.
Lets get started!!!
The Architecture
Priyanka Vergadia created a great architecture that helps us understand the
pipeline flow. This architecture can also be used to implement a phased
production rollout that can span multiple GKE regional clusters (e.g prod- us-
east1, prod-asia-east1 etc).
Search Medium Write

3/5/23, 10:26 PM Building a software delivery pipeline using Google Cloud Build & Cloud deploy | by Ugo Udokporo | Jan, 2023 | Medium
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Google Cloud Deploy is a managed service that automates delivery of your
applications to a series of target environments in a defined promotion
sequence. When you want to deploy your updated application, you create a
release, whose lifecycle is managed by a delivery pipeline.
by Priyanka Vergadia
Our implementation would be based of this git repo, so lets do a quick walk
through of it’s contents.
Cloudbuild.yaml
5

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The cloudbuild yaml consist of four steps: a docker build & tag step, a docker
push to Google Container registry (GCR)step, a cloud deploiy pipeline
registering step and a release creation step. More info on cloud build can be
found here
steps:
- id: 'build nginx image'
name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker'
args: ['build', '-t', 'gcr.io/$DELIVERY-PROJECT_ID/nginx:1.1.0', 'nginx/' ]
# Push to GCR
- name: 'gcr.io/cloud-builders/docker'
id: 'Pushing nginx to GCR'
args: ['push', 'gcr.io/$DELIVERY-PROJECT_ID/nginx:1.1.0']
- name: 'gcr.io/google.com/cloudsdktool/cloud-sdk'
id: 'Registering nginx pipeline'
entrypoint: 'bash'
args:
- '-c'
- gcloud deploy apply --file=clouddeploy.yaml --region=us-central1 --project=$
- name: 'gcr.io/google.com/cloudsdktool/cloud-sdk'
entrypoint: 'bash'
args:
- '-c'
- >
gcloud deploy releases create release-$BUILD_ID
--delivery-pipeline=nginx-pipeline
--region=us-central1
--images=userservice=gcr.io/$DELIVERY-PROJECT_ID/nginx:1.1.0

3/5/23, 10:26 PM Building a software delivery pipeline using Google Cloud Build & Cloud deploy | by Ugo Udokporo | Jan, 2023 | Medium
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Clouddeploy.yaml
The Google Cloud Deploy configuration file or files define the delivery pipeline,
the targets to deploy to, and the progression of those targets.
The delivery pipeline configuration file can include target definitions, or those
can be in a separate file or files. By convention, a file containing both the
delivery pipeline config and the target configs is called clouddeploy.yaml , and
a pipeline config without targets is called delivery-pipeline.yaml . But you
can give these files any name you want.
Our configuration defines three GKE targets (dev, uat & prod)built across two
regions (us-central1 & us-west1).
apiVersion: deploy.cloud.google.com/v1beta1
kind: DeliveryPipeline
metadata:
name: nginx-pipeline
description: Nginx Deployment Pipeline
serialPipeline:
stages:
- targetId: dev
- targetId: uat
- targetId: prod
---
apiVersion: deploy.cloud.google.com/v1beta1
kind: Target

3/5/23, 10:26 PM Building a software delivery pipeline using Google Cloud Build & Cloud deploy | by Ugo Udokporo | Jan, 2023 | Medium
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metadata:
name: dev
description: dev Environment
gke:
cluster: projects/$DEV-PROJECT_ID/locations/us-west1/clusters/dev-cluster
---
apiVersion: deploy.cloud.google.com/v1beta1
kind: Target
metadata:
name: uat
description: UAT Environment
gke:
cluster: projects/$UAT-PROJECT_ID/locations/us-central1/clusters/uat-cluster
---
apiVersion: deploy.cloud.google.com/v1beta1
kind: Target
metadata:
name: prod
description: prod Environment
gke:
cluster: projects/$PROD-PROJECT_ID/locations/us-west1/clusters/prod-cluster
Nginx folder
This consist of the nginx Dockerfile and its build dependencies.

3/5/23, 10:26 PM Building a software delivery pipeline using Google Cloud Build & Cloud deploy | by Ugo Udokporo | Jan, 2023 | Medium
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Skaffold.yaml
Skaffold is a command line tool that facilitates continuous development for
container based & Kubernetes applications. Skaffold handles the workflow for
building, pushing, and deploying your application, and provides building
blocks for creating CI/CD pipelines. This enables you to focus on iterating on
your application locally while Skaffold continuously deploys to your local or
remote Kubernetes cluster, local Docker environment or Cloud Run project.
apiVersion: skaffold/v2beta16
kind: Config
deploy:
kubectl:
manifests: ["app-manifest/nginx.yaml"]
app/manifest/nginx.yaml

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apiVersion: apps/v1 # for versions before 1.9.0 use apps/v1beta2
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: nginx
spec:
strategy:
type: Recreate
selector:
matchLabels:
app: nginx
replicas: 3 # tells deployment to run 1 pods matching the template
template: # create pods using pod definition in this template
metadata:
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
containers:
- name: nginx
image: gcr.io/$DELIVERY-PROJECT_ID/nginx:1.1.0
ports:
- containerPort: 80
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: nginx
namespace: default
labels:
app: nginx
spec:
externalTrafficPolicy: Local
ports:
- name: http
port: 80
protocol: TCP
targetPort: 80
selector:

3/5/23, 10:26 PM Building a software delivery pipeline using Google Cloud Build & Cloud deploy | by Ugo Udokporo | Jan, 2023 | Medium
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app: nginx
type: LoadBalancer
Build time!!!!
Step 1: Clone and recreate git repo
Step 2: Grant the N-computer@developer.gserviceaccount.com in dev, uat & prod
permission to container registry in the delivery-pipeline project.
Step 3: Grant the N-computer@developer.gserviceaccount.com from the delivery-
pipeline project, Kubernetes Engine Developer role access in dev, uat & prod
projects
Step 4: Create and run a cicd-nginx pipeline build trigger in cloud build. This can
also be done using terraform as part of IaC

3/5/23, 10:26 PM Building a software delivery pipeline using Google Cloud Build & Cloud deploy | by Ugo Udokporo | Jan, 2023 | Medium
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nginx-pipeline cloud build trigger

3/5/23, 10:26 PM Building a software delivery pipeline using Google Cloud Build & Cloud deploy | by Ugo Udokporo | Jan, 2023 | Medium
https://medium.com/@ugochukwu007/building-a-software-delivery-pipeline-using-google-cloud-build-cloud-deploy-9b8574a863a4 10/14
successful nginx-pipeline build history
nginx cloud deploy pipeline
Step 5: Promote build from dev-to-uat-to-prod. This is done by clicking promote
and deploy.

3/5/23, 10:26 PM Building a software delivery pipeline using Google Cloud Build & Cloud deploy | by Ugo Udokporo | Jan, 2023 | Medium
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This is the process of advancing a release from one target to another, according
to the progression defined in the delivery pipeline.
When your release is deployed into a target defined in your delivery pipeline,
you can promote it to the next target.

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You can require approval for any target, and you can approve or reject releases
into that target. Approvals can be managed programmatically by integrating
your workflow management system (such as ServiceNow), or other system,
with Google Cloud Deploy using Pub/Sub and the Google Cloud Deploy API.
To require approval on any target, set requireApproval to true in the target
configuration:
apiVersion: deploy.cloud.google.com/v1beta1
kind: Target
metadata:
name: prod
description: prod Environment
requireApproval: true
gke:
cluster: projects/$PROD-PROJECT_ID/locations/us-west1/clusters/prod-cluster
Congratulations!!! You made it. Now, changes made to the nginx git repo are
automatically built and deployed to dev with a promotion/rolloback option
to/from higher environment.
Official product links can be found here:

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Google Cloud Deploy — https://cloud.google.com/deploy
Google Cloud Deploy Terminology —
https://cloud.google.com/deploy/docs/terminology
Creating Delivery pipeline and targets —
https://cloud.google.com/deploy/docs/create-pipeline-targets

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