4 cired2013 distributed energy resources

Voorbereidingsdag CIRED Congres 2013
8 mei 2013
Sessie 4: DISTRIBUTED ENERGY RESOURCES
AND ENERGY EFFICIENCY
Wil Kling, TU Eindhoven

Session 4 – Distributed energy resources and the
efficient utilisation of electricity
Scope
Electricity distribution has a key role to play in delivering solutions that
can be applied to electricity networks achieving the objectives of
reduce carbon emissions, improve energy efficiency and develop more
sustainable means of producing electricity,
Of particular importance is identifying the best opportunities brought by
new technology and information processing to help connect renewable
generation more quickly and cheaper, while maintaining safety and
ensure security of supply.
The papers in Session 4 cover new techniques for power system
modelling, operational control and decision support. Additionally the
papers share results from trial and demonstration activities.
The 118 accepted papers for the session are grouped accordingly into
the 4 blocks.

Block 1: DG/DER Planning & Studies
Themes:
─ DG/DER Integration Problems and Solutions
─ Hybrid Energy Systems
─ Energy Storage
─ Probabilistic Planning Techniques
─ DC Supply Systems
─ DG Network Support
─ Asymmetry and Harmonics
─ Protection and Dynamics
─ Loss Calculation and Minimisation
─ Demand Response
─ Active Network Management
─ Carbon Tracing
─ DG Monitoring
For this block, 39 papers were selected, out of which 6 (4) were
chosen for presentation in the main session, 6 (3) in the R&D
session and 27 (3) papers will be presented in the poster session.

Block 2: DG/DER Operation and Control
Themes:
─ Results from trial projects
─ Price based DER dispatch and control
─ Virtual Power Plant and Aggregation
─ Smart grid control architectures
─ Market integration of DER
─ Voltage control
─ Distribution System Analysis for Network
Management
─ Energy Storage
─ Loss of Mains Protection
─ Ancillary Services from DER
─ Hybrid energy system planning and
operation
chosen for presentation in the main session, 7 (6) in the R&D
session and 17 (3) papers will be presented in the poster session.

Block 3: Customer side developments
Themes:
─ Demand response
─ Electric vehicles (EV)
─ Energy efficiency
─ Load modelling and forecasting
─ ICT architecture
chosen for presentation in the main session, 5 (5) papers will be
presented in the R&D session and 12 (4) papers in the poster
session.

Block 4: DG/DER technology
Themes:
─ Energy storage
─ PV generation
─ Wind generation
─ CHP generation
─ Active distribution network management under DG/DER
presence
─ DER connection infrastructure
─ Energy management and smart metering
─ DER coordination technologies
chosen for presentation in the main session, 3 (3) papers will be
presented in the R&D session and 17 (2) papers will be
presented in the poster session.

Block 1: DG/DER Planning & Studies
I will discuss;
─ Presented papers 0315, 0510,1073, and 1327
─ R&D papers 0826,1381, and 1402
─ Poster papers 0380, 0405, and 0713

RELEVANCE OF WORK: HIGH
QUALITY OF WRITING: GOOD
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: YES
READING ADVICE: YES
In this paper the ability of a battery energy storage to increase the
amount of wind power that can be connected to a distribution
network is studies. It is found that about 40% of overloading
instances can be prevented with the storage.

QUALITY OF WRITING: MODERATE (DENSE INFORMATION)
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: MODERATE
READING ADVICE: IF INTERESTED IN STORAGE IN LV SYSTEMS
This paper evaluates distributed energy storage integration
possibilities (domestic versus community/roadside) using genetic
algorithms and concludes that the multiple benefits of domestic
energy storage (e.g. generation energy capture, peak shaving and
loss reduction) can make energy storage installations cost effective.

This paper addresses the question of business models for DSOs
that would encourage EV adoption and argues that a DSO
centered model would provide the best approach to installing and
operating the EV charging infrastructure and grid integration in a
timely manner to support EV uptake.
QUALITY OF WRITING: MODERATE
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: HIGH (COMPARABLE APPROACH)
READING ADVICE: IF INTERESTED IN EV CHARGING YES

This paper introduces an enhanced Active Network Management
(ANM) scheme with a focus on optimising power flows in different
points in time (optimisation-horizon). A technique called Dynamic
Optimal Power Flow (DOPF) is presented with using forecasts of
renewable energy sources such as wind power. An example of a
DOPF simulation provides a useful tool for the design of scheduling
schemes in Active Network Management.
READING ADVICE: YES (NOT IN DETAIL LEVEL)

This paper presents a stochastic mixed integer optimization for the
day-ahead scheduling problem in a price varying retail market and
shows that prosumers can create value in terms of cost savings
through a flexible demand side. The proposed framework is generic
in the sense that it addresses different energy carriers and
distributed energy resources.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: MODERATE
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: MODERATE (THE INVESTIGATED
CASE STUDY IS ABOUT A UNIVERSITY BUILDING IN NORWAY)
READING ADVICE: MODERATE

This paper introduces modeling approaches to secure operation of
the network and maintain stability regarding increasing renewable
generation. Three core modeling steps are unit scheduling model,
system dynamic model, and multi-objective system development
optimization model that will be requited to inform the design
parameters of the Active Network Management Scheme.
READING ADVICE: YES

This paper presents results of simulation studies of the potential
cost savings of electricity customers by adapting to the hourly
pricing scheme based on the day-ahead NordPool spot market as a
case study. The paper concludes that there is insufficient benefit for
responsive ‘wet’ appliances but more significant gains to be made
in responsive demand of electrical heating devices.
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: LOW (SIMILAR WORK EXISTS
ALREADY)

This paper presents an evaluation of technical PV grid integration
solutions form the ‘PV GRID’ project in three categories:
Distribution System Operator solutions; Prosumer solutions; and
Interactive solutions (that require communications and control
across a wide area).
RELEVANCE OF WORK: VERY HIGH (EU PROJECT)
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: HIGH
READING ADVICE: YES (ALTHOUGH NO RESULTS YET)

This paper aims to use network reconfiguration as a solution for
increasing penetration of DGs (PV) while optimise investment on
switching devices and operation costs. Genetic Algorithm is used to
solve optimisation problems in a real 400V (70 nodes) test network.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: MODERATE (NOT NEW)
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: NO (ISSUE APPEARS NOT SO
OFTEN)
READING ADVICE: WHEN INTERESTED IN VOLTAGE ISSUES

This paper presents a technique for energy storage optimal siting
and sizing in parallel with consideration of new circuit options and
that independently operated multifunction energy storage is
preferable to DSO operated energy storage. The cost of different
options from a case study are compared.
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: MODERATE (THEORETICAL
APPROACH)
READING ADVICE: FOR ACADEMICS YES

Block 2: DG/DER Operation and Control
I will discuss;
─ Presented papers 0230, 0316, 0494, 0659, and 1389
─ R&D papers 0267, 0674, 0852, 0993, 1278, and 1320
─ Poster papers 0309, 0711, and 1126

This paper provides an overview of case studies conducted in 2012
and 2013 by EPRI Smart Grid Demonstration Initiative. A brief
summary about results and lessons learned are introduced to yield
insights on emerging technologies, customer responses to price
and new technology, and remained research challenges.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: GOOD (PRACTICAL EXPERIENCES)
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: YES (GOOD LESSONS LEARNED)
READING ADVICE: YES

This paper describes different aspects of the RiesLing project
featuring MV voltage estimation from LV measurements, LV
voltage control, communication and Grid state estimation and
forecasting.
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: YES (BUT PROJECT ONLY JUST
STARTED)
READING ADVICE: YES

This paper presents the results of field trials of different DG reactive
power voltage control approaches in EDF distribution networks.
The results show the impact of different scheme options such as
control droops, deadbands, integrating the local control into the DG
controllers and modified reference signals to avoid interaction with
substation voltage control equipment.
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: NO, RURAL MV NETWORKS
READING ADVICE: NO

This paper introduces some improvements from the operating
Active Network Management (ANM) scheme on the Orkney
Islands, UK. This second generation ANM includes enhancements
to communication, real time ratings and voltage management, a
new energy storage park, demand side management, small-scale
generators and distribution state estimation.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: GOOD
READING ADVICE: YES

This paper presents results from Norwegian smart grid trial projects
with an emphasis on smart meters and the associated ICT
infrastructure. The issue of risks and threats to this infrastructure
are discussed along with various lessons learned from the trial and
implementation activities.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: MODERATE (SMART METERING
INTRODUCTION)
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: NOT HIGH
READING ADVICE: IF INTERESTED IN SMART GRID PILOTS

This paper presents the results of experiments with price based
control of wind, solar, heat demand and energy storage units
controlled in response to the dynamic prices in the NordPool and a
local power exchange price and the simplicity of the approach is
illustrated. The setting of the price deadband is shown to have a
flipping effect on the control of the DER units.
READING ADVICE: YES FOR ACADEMICS

This paper presents details of an electric vehicle impact
assessment trial currently being undertaken in Dublin. The trial
involves three stages but only first stage is finished. It investigated
by simulation the potential impact from electric vehicle charging on
the operating conditions of existing residential network.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: MODERATE (NOT NEW)
READING ADVICE: WHEN INTERESTED IN EV IMPACT

This paper addresses the potential of energy storage and demand
response to defer network capacity investments through an
optimisation approach where energy storage location and capacity is
optimised and where ‘wet’ appliance operation can be shifted in time.
The findings are that Demand Response of wet appliances provides
good potential capacity for investment deferral (several years) with
good overall economic value (under certain assumptions).

This paper presents an optimization approach to electricity and
heat network development and operation and applies this to a
German city area case study which seems to show that the case
for district-based versus individual heat pump based systems is
finely balanced in terms of lifetime costs.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: MODERATE BUT SOUND WORK
READING ADVICE: IF INTERESTED IN COMBINED ELECTRICITY AND
HEAT OPTIMIZATION

This paper proposes a framework to support DSOs in identifying
the appropriate control strategy coping with stochastic nature of the
integrated intermittent distributed generation. This planning and
control framework includes three main steps: network and
resources aggregation (model reduction), probabilistic optimal
power flow, and Multi-agent System for autonomous control.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: GOOD
READING ADVICE: YES

This paper presents results of an assessment of the potential for
hydrogen based energy storage to provide essential coupling
between electricity, heat and gas networks. The paper draws out
the difference in application between urban and rural areas in terms
of capacity of installed equipment and role of the storage.
QUALITY OF WRITING: MODERATE (DENSE INFORMATION)
READING ADVICE: NO

This paper presents the results of an software agent approach to
scheduling and dispatch within a commercial Virtual Power Plant (VPP)
and demonstrates the strength of the approach while highlighting the
key factors in successful operation of CHP units, EVs and Heat Pumps
within the VPP.
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: OF COURSE (DUTCH PAPER)
READING ADVICE: YES

This paper proposed a combined power flow and voltage control
based on forecasting the effect of MV/LV tap changer control and if
not feasible then using energy storage to resolve voltage and
thermal capacity violations based on a look-up table approach.
READING ADVICE: YES IF INTERESTED IN VOLTAGE PROBLEMS IN
LV NETWORKS

This paper addresses the impact of flexible demand integrated into
electricity markets on overall system demand, prices, generation
costs, demand payments and wind curtailment. The investigated
technologies include: electric vehicles, electric heat pumps (with
thermal energy storage) and ‘wet’ appliances.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: HIGH (IN TERMS OF MARKET INTEGRATION
OF FLEXIBLE ELECTRICAL LOADS)
READING ADVICE: YES

Block 3: Customer side developments
I will discuss;
─ Presented papers 0199, 0288, 0507, and 0884
─ R&D papers 0224, 0648, 1208, 1277, and 1436
─ Poster papers 0094, 0241, 0506, and 0959

This paper examines ICT architecture for smart EV charging,
implemented for demonstration purposes by a distribution network
operator in the Netherlands. The main properties of this
architecture include flexibility to deal with future changes regarding
the market model for public EV charging, and addressing privacy
concerns of EV users.
READING ADVICE: YES

This paper outlines a deployment architecture for meeting the
sustainability requirements of Stockholm City. Key features of this
initiative are (a) limit the energy consumption of each residential
building and (b) produce a minimum percentage of the demand
requirements by renewable generation.
READING ADVICE: YES

This paper investigates a control algorithm for primary frequency
response by refrigerator systems in the UK. In contrast with
numerous control schemes in the literature, the proposed controller
maintains the load diversity of a population of refrigerators, by
randomising the trigger frequency of each individual refrigerator.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: MODERATE (SIMILAR WORK EXISTS)
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: LOW (MORE RELEVANT FOR UK
ASYNCHRONOUS SYSTEM)

This paper presents a methodology that characterizes the load
profile of each electricity consumer, according to its daily load
curves for each period. This approach has been based on field
assessments of consumer behaviour and ownership of
equipment/appliances.
READING ADVICE: MODERATE (LIMITED ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS)

This paper describes the application of a modified maximum
rectangle algorithm to determine the optimal starting times for
charging electric cars and night storage heating devices to flatten
the load curve. In the presented simulations, the proposed
approach exhibits a small error (<5%) with respect to the global
optimum, but also much lower computational requirements.
READING ADVICE: YES FOR INFORMATION

This paper addresses the problem of minimizing the electricity cost
of EV operation, accounting for both temporal and spatial
dimensions. The latter is achieved by adopting a minimum cost-
flow approach, where the mapping of the mobility pattern is
assessed via time variable flows between the individual network
nodes.
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: NOT HIGH
READING ADVICE: ONLY FOR ACADEMICS

This paper discusses two approaches for predicting the thermal
behaviour of self adapting buildings, the state space model and the
neural network approach, as well as different algorithms for
optimization of HVAC schedules. It is reported that neural network
models need a wider range of training data, but also need minimum
information about the physical characteristics of the building.
READING ADVICE: FOR ACADEMICS ON BUILDING PERFORMANCE

This paper addresses the problem associated with a high density of
PV generation in low voltage grids by making use of the load
shifting and load influencing potentials in households. The goal is
to achieve a local generation/load balance. In the current stage of
the study, the composition of different household types, the
numbers of different devices in each type, and their flexibility limits
have been defined.
READING ADVICE: MODERATE (NO RESULTS ARE INCLUDED)

This paper proposes a method to analyse and locate the demand
side integration potential of urban areas using Geographic
Information Systems (GIS)-based digital city maps in combination
with usage-based characteristic data on the typical power installed
in buildings for HVAC. Because of the inherent connection to a GIS
based data set, the results can be easily displayed in maps.

This paper presents a decision support system for integrated
management of energy efficient buildings, intending to assist
building operators to meet their needs in a more efficient, less
costly, and less CO2 intensive manner.
QUALITY OF WRITING: BAD
READING ADVICE: NO

This paper presents the ICT infrastructure for a Smart Grid project
with consumer interaction in the city of Zwolle, the Netherlands. It
describes the privacy and security enhancing measures applied to
ensure a positive sum of necessary functionality and respect for
consumer’s privacy and secure business operation.
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: YES (DUTCH PILOT)
READING ADVICE: YES

This paper describes the development of a Home Energy
Controller (HEC), which not only coordinates (smart) appliances in
a building to exploit local optimization potentials, but also offers
flexibility to the distribution network operator to maintain a efficiently
functioning grid, by issuing suitable incentives and steering signals
fordemand response actions.
READING ADVICE: YES BUT A BIT ACADEMIC

In this paper, the operation of a load aggregator is simulated on the
Swedish island of Gotland with different wind penetration
conditions, in order to test two different business models, one
oriented to price following and the other oriented to wind following.
The results confirm that in the present conditions the price following
strategy is the one that leads to higher profits, but generates some
power quality issues and also increases the network power losses.
READING ADVICE: IF INTERESTED IN AGGREGATORS

Block 4: DG/DER technology
I will discuss;
─ Presented papers 0583, 0876, 1145, and 1172
─ R&D papers 0551, 0856, and 1221
─ Poster papers 0180, and 1470

This paper provides a detailed technical description and explores the
benefits of a smart storage unit operated by a distribution network
operator in a Dutch low voltage distribution network. The storage unit
enables applications such as the increase of local PV consumption,
improvement of reliability and flexibility, reduction of losses, and
increase of the utilization of local network infrastructure.
RELEVANCE OF WORK: HIGHTHE (PAPER PRESENTS THE
SPECIFICATIONS OF THE INSTALLED SYSTEM)
READING ADVICE: YES (ONGOING RESEARCH, RESULTS NOT YET
AVAILABLE)

This paper reports the results of a pilot test involving the deployment of
in-home displays in 91 households in Norway. Customers of the test
group exhibited a significantly higher tendency to reduce their
electricity consumption due to updated feedback, with respect to the
respective behaviour observed in a control group of 42 Households.
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: YES (COMPARABLE WITH IPIN
PROJECTS)
READING ADVICE: YES

Under Active Network Management (ANM) scheme, this paper
introduces an application of PMU to simplify the way of integrating
distributed generation in a pilot project. Proposed Angle Constraint
Active Management (ACAM) approach compares real-time angle
differences with values defined in off-line simulations to ensure
network security with power injection from non-firm wind farm.
READING ADVICE: YES (INTERESTING PMU‘S APPLICATION IN
DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS)

This paper describes the overall setup and main components of a
pilot project in a Swedish distribution network involving a battery
energy storage system. The main applications of the battery
installation include peak shaving, power factor correction, losses
reduction and harmonic mitigation.
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: YES (TO COMPARE WITH DUTCH
RESULTS)
READING ADVICE: YES IF INTERESTED IN STORAGE IN LV SYSTEMS

Paper investigates a smart switch panel (SSP) for the
interconnection between DNOs and small scale DERs. The
presented device reduces required installation spaces and costs,
supplies power continuously in cases of distribution network
failures, and enables trading of electricity and ancillary services
with the DNO and other customers.
READING ADVICE: FOR ACADEMICS

Paper investigates the performance of two short-term PV
forecasting models based on historical data a 200 kWc solar plant
located in the south-east of France. It is reported that satisfactory
performances can be expected from the proposed models, when
calibrated with no more than one or two weeks of training data.
IMPORTANT FOR NETHERLANDS: NO
READING ADVICE: NO

This paper discusses a collaborative initiative to develop standard
functions and a standard language for grid integration of smart
solar and storage inverters. It also presents three of the advanced
inverter control standard functions that were identified using
simulation of a North American distribution network containing
large solar PV installations, and demonstrates their satisfying
voltage Performance.
READING ADVICE: YES IF INTERESTED IN INVERTER FEATURES

This paper proposes a scheme for optimising the internal air
circulation of an integrated storage system. It is demonstrated that
the losses during a high power discharge/charge cycle can be
effectively absorbed by the thermal inertia of the storage device,
and that by placing the system partially underground, would have a
very modest environmental impact while enhancing temperature
stability.
READING ADVICE: YES (DUTCH WORK)

This paper describes recent results from two field trials and three large
simulation studies using a market-ready DER coordination technology
based on dynamic pricing. The results show that this technology
improves the wholesale market position of energy trade and supply
businesses, contributes to active management of distribution networks,
raises the system's accommodation ceiling for renewable power
generation, and is scalable to mass-application levels.
QUALITY OF WRITING: GOOD OVERVIEW PAPER
READING ADVICE: YES

4 cired2013 distributed energy resources

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