1. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav MBBS DMCH.
SMO&Medical Jurist
Govt general hospital alwar rajasthan.
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan1
FORENSIC MEDICINES NOTES

2. Lung tuberculoses
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan2
 Congested,edematous multiplegray white
nodules ranging from pin point size up to 1 cm
were diffusely distributed through out the lung
parenchyma

3. AGE OF ABRASION
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan3
 Bright red-Fresh
 Red scab-12-24 hr
 Redish brown scab 2-3days
 New growth of epithelium 4-7days
 Scab dried shrink and falls off -7days.some time
may take 10-15 days

4. Age of contusion
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan4
 Red-Fresh
 Blue-After few hours to three days
 Bluish black/brown- 4th day
 Green 5-7days
 Yellow 7-12 days
 Normal 2 weeks

5. Age incised and stab wound
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan5

6. Detemination of age of injury
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan6
 Scab over abrasion and superficial cut-12-24hr
 In case of bruse change of color commence from the
circumferance by 12-24hr and passes through usual
changes
 In ordinary wound inflamation sat in within48 hr. If it is
not rendered properly aseptic pus also forms by this
time
 Skin wounds or contused wound on the head will
generally heal within a week.if margins is
considerably brused,it may take a fortnight.Healing of
wound depend much on the constitution of pt and
treatment

7. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan7
 In fracture ,inflamation and exudate of blood in
soft tissue around the fracture site are noticed
from 1st to 3rd days.callus begins to form the third
day onwards.If inflamation subsides callus begins
to ossify from 2nd to 3rd week on wards.it is fully
absorbed by about 6-8 weeks
 Granulation tissues appears about 1 week
 When tooth knocked out.bleeding stops in24 hrs
cavity fills in 7-10days time.smooth after 14 days
 Dution estimated by color change in bruse if
present

8. Characters of incised and lacerated
wounds
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan8
 Incised wound – edges are regular, clean
cut,retracted,everted,except in neck&scrotum
where edges are inverted,spindle shaped ,length
is greaterin three dimensions,haemorrage
isexcessive,Edge of wound may be irregular in
care skin is loose eg neck &scrotum.
 Lacerated wound-margins are irregular ragged
and inverted.tissues are torn and not cot.bleeding
may not be marked due tocrushing of tissues.

9. PM FINDING IN ELECTRIC
BURN(ELECTROCUTION)
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan9
 e.g-multiple burn injuries present over an area
6cmx5cm.and contact electric burn of 5cmx3cmon
palmar aspect of left hand.
 e.g-an oval crater like electric burn mark measuring
2cmx0.4cm with a pale flattened floor and a ridge of
elevated skin and blackening around.
 e.g-split laceration skin wound 0.75x0.3cm with
elevated ridge,seen on middle of the sole of left foot.
 Face is pale,eyes congested
 Brain congested,oedimatous,multiple petichial
haemorrhagic spots in brain substance.

10. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan10
 Larynx and trachea congested
 Rt&Lt Lungs congested,oedimatous.
 Mouth,pharynx,oesophagus,stomach
mucosa.liver,spleen,kidneys all are congested.
 OPINION –Post mortem findings are consistent
with death due to electrocution.

11. PM FINDINGS IN BURN(SAMPLE
CASE)
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan11
 e.g.-body cold and stiff. Face is totally
burnt,blackened,swollen,with scalp hairs burnt in
patchy area on the front and on the sides of the
head,have been trimmed short up to neck level.
 Eyes brows &eyelashes are also burnt completely.
 Rest body showed infected deep skin burn injuries
with greenish black sloughing except a thin strip of
intact skin around the waist line 1x30 cm,perineum
and inner aspect of both feet(total skin area
burnt90%).Suturing venesection wound measuring
1.5x0.25cm were seen one each on the inner aspect
of both ankles.
 Superficial to deep burn,peeling of skin present,skin
black.red line present

12. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan12
 Brain congested,edematous
 Pleurae intact healthy.but with an effusion of straw yellow
fluid measuring 400ml on rt side and200mlon lt side.
 Larynx and trachea intact healthy and showed blakish
shoot particals .
 Lungs congested,edematous
 Mouth,pharynx,oesophagus intact healthy,congested
 Stomach mucosa congested and showed submucosal
erosion at duodenal end.
 Liver,kidney,congested.spleen congested and pulpy
 0PINION-DECEASED DIED DUE TOCOMPLICATION OF
BURN INJURIES SUSTAINED.

13. DURATION OF BURN
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan13
 Rednss –immediate
 Vesication –about 2-3 hours
 Pus,Slough –about 36-72 hours
 Fall of superficial slough –about 1 week.
 Fall of deep slough –about 2 weeks.

14. CAUSE OF DEATH IN BURN
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan14
 Shock –within 2 days
 Toxaemia -2 to 4 days
 Septecemia –if infection
 Rarely MI,and Fat embolism

15. PM FINDINGS IN HANGING
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan15
 Body cold and stiff.
 PM Lividity on both fore arms,hands and both legs and
feet.
 Face congested eyes congested
 Subconjunctival haemorrhage.
 Blood stained froath at nostrils
 Tongue protruded out bitten dry.
 Vertical salivary trickle mark on the left side of face and
front of chest &abdomen.
 Lips and nailbeds bluish
 Seminal and faecal discharge present
 Brain intact, congested,edematous,with multiple peticheal
haemorrhagic spot in substance of brain.

16. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan16
 Larynx trachea congested.
 Lungs congested,edematous with blood stained
frothy oozing on cut section.
 Mouth,pharynx,oesophagus congested.
 Liver,spleen,kidney healthy ,congested.
 LIGATURE MARK –size ….x….cm eg. 26cm
running obliquely above the thyroid
cartilage.upward and backward.patterned and
grooved,dark dry and parchmentized and with
bruised edegs
 Dissection of neck. 50%cases no intenal injury.

17. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan17
 Subcutaneous tissues under neath ligature mark is
whitish firm and glistening.
 Platisma and sternomastoid muscle may show
petechial haemorrhage and may rupture
occasionally.may be brusing in subcutaneous tissues
and muscles deeper to neck.
 Rupture or tear of intima of carotid arteries above its
point of bifurcation, aroun the sinures with
extravasation of blood in their walls.
 Trauma to hyoid bone #.both grater cornu in hanging
and one in throatling.
 OPINION post mortem appearance are suggestive of
death due to asphaxia resulting from hanging.

18. LIGATURE STANGULATION
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan18
 Body cold and stiff.PM Lividity on back &fixed.
 Face livid.eyes congested with sub conjunctival
haemorrhage.
 Blood stained fluid flowing out through ears and
nostrile.lips and nails bluish.
 e.g a jute rope material used for
strangulation,measuring1.5mts was found round the
neck of victim with a double reef knot on the front of
neck over adam’s apple.
 Brain congested oedematous with multiple peticheal
haemorrhagic spots in brain substance.
 L arrynx,trachea intact healthy but contains blood
stained froth.

19. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan19
 Lungs congested edematous with blood stained froth
oozing on cut section.
 Mouth,pharynx,oesophagus, intact healthy,but congested.
 Liver,spleen,kidneys intact,healthy.congested.
 Injuries bloodless dissection of neck revealed ecchymosis
of muscles of neck underneath the ligature mark.
 Fracture-the thyroid cartilage in the neck is fractured in mid
line.
 L igature mark was a pressure abrasion measuring eg
28cmx1.5cm. Continuous and running horizontally
encircling the neck at the level of adam’s apple.the rark
was grooved discoloured and with bruses at the edges.
 OPINION –post mortem appearance are suggestive of
death due to asphaxya resulting from ligature
strangulation.

20. PM FINDINGS IN DRAWNING
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan20
 Body cold ,wet,rigor mortis well established.
 PM lividity on face chest abdomen front of thigh and fixed.
 Fine whitish lathery froth seen at mouth and nostrils.
 Lips and nails bluish.Hands clenched.
 Both palms and soles were soddened bleached.groose skin (cutis anserina) appearance
present.
 Brain intact healthy but congested,edematous with multiple petecheal haemorrhagic spots in
brain substances.
 Larynx trachea intact healthy but containing fine whitish leathery froth
 Lungs voluminnous ,congested,edematous with fine whitish lathery froth on cut section.
 or Lungs are water logged bulge out pit on pressure,moderately congested and feel doughy.
 Mouth pharynx oesophagus intact ,healthy congested.
 Liver,spleen kidneys congested
 OPINION –POST MORTEM APPEARANCE ARE CONSISTENT WITH DEATH DUE TO
DRAWING.
 Case of death asphaxia,ventriculr fibrillation,laryngeal spasm ,vagal inhibition,injuries etc

21. PM FINDINGS IN POISONINGS
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan21
 Cold, stiff, pm lividity on back and fixed ,face bluish,pinkish frothy
fluid flowing out of nose.
 Brain congested edematous,multiple petecheal hemorrhagic
spots in brain substance.
 Larynx trachea intact healthy congested.
 Lungs congested edematous with pinkish fine oozing on cut
section.
 Mouth pharynx oesophagus intact healthy.congested
 Stomach mucosa congested and showed submucosal
erosion.liver intact healthy congested.spleen intact healthy
congested.and pulpy.kidneys congested.
 Visceras are collected and sealed in glass jar glass Jar A
contains whole stomach and its contents,glass Jar B contains
piece of liver,kidney,spleen .lungs. Vial C contain blood.Glass jar
A,B ARE preserved in saturated sol of common salt. In Vial C no
preservative used

22. PM FINDINGS IN HEAT STROKE
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan22
 No characteristic findings .
 Eyes open drying of cornea and pitting.and sinking of eye
balls.(appearance of avulsion of eyes.)
 Rigor mortis appears early and disappear early.
 Putrifaction rapid.lividity is mark.
 Degeneration of neurones in cerebral cortex cerebellum
and basal ganglion is common
 Visceral congestion well mark.Peticheal haemorrhage
found in skin ,visceras and in walls of third and fourth
ventricle and aquaduct.
 Pulmonary oedema is some time found.
 Face is flushed and skin is hot and dry.
 Brain and membranes congested.peticheal haemorrhage
are seen in white matter.

23. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan23
 Respiratory system trachea bronchi contains
frothy haemorrhagic fluid.lungs edematous
congested,haemorrhage.
 Heart dilatation of right auricle.
 Lver kidney congested
 General peticheal and confluent haemorrhage in
most organs.

24. PM FINDINGS IN THROTTLING
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan24
 Ligature mark if throttling done by rt hand from front ,the impressin of
thumb will be found ovr upper part of rt side of neck.and on lt side will
be found four marks produced by four fingers.
 These four marks distributted from above downward and out wards
.these marks are really due to bruses or contusions.they are
accompaned by cresentic scratches produced by finger nails.
 Some time mark on left side may not be discrete but may be clusterd to
gether.
 This may be reversed in case where lt hand or both hands are used.
 When both hands are used there will be several marks on each side of
the neck.
 SIMPTOMS – ATTEMPTED THROTTLING. Brurse on
neck,dysphasia,hoarseness of voice,marks of burse and abrasion on
mouth ,nore cheek,fore head ,lower jaw,other part of body.
 Fracture of ribs with extravasation of blood in chest wall may be seen in
some case.

25. PM FINDINGS INSUFFOCATION
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan25
 Ext –closure of mouth and nostrils.pressure on chest.
 Int –clsure of glottis or luman of air tube.,decrease O2 in
atmosphere.,inhalation of irritant gases.
 PM examinaton –signs of asphaxia well pronounced such as
cynosed face, open eyes,prominent eye balls,dilated
pupils,deeply injucted conjuctiva,livid lips,protruded tongue,blood
stain froth per mouth and nostrils.etc.
 Mark of violance-bruses and abrasions round about lips.cheeks,
scratches near about nose and mouth,injuries on inner surfaces
of lips ,bruses of gums.signs of strugles on other part of body.
 Compression of chest –injury on chest,# of ribs,extravasation of
blood in subcutaneous tissues.
 In overlaying of nose is flattened deviated to one side.
 # of cervical vertebrae seen if neck is forcibly wrenched or
twisted.

26. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan26
 INTERNAL –
 Forign body detected in mouth ,throat.
 Larynx and trachea –red congested,blood stained
froth in luman.
 Death by pressure on chest -#of ribs some
times,lungs congested contused or lacerated
even without #ribs,superficial air vesicles
ruptured,int organs congested,tradieu’s spots on
pleurae,meninges,pericardium.

27. TIME SINCE DEATH
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan27
 These are avarage time.in cold wheather they may be
doubled or trebled.in hills they are quite inapplicable.
 Less than 1 hour-body is warm
 3 hours –patchy post mortem lividity.
 6 to 8 hours –lividity fully developed and fixed.
 12 hours –rigor mortis all over ,green patch showing
over the caecum.
 24 to 36 hours –rigor mortis receding/absent, green
discolouration over whole abdomen and spreading to
chest,abdomen distended with gases ,ova of flies
seen.
 48 hours –trunk bloated,face discoloured and swollen
blisters present.moving maggots seen.

28. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan28
 72 hours –whole body grossly swollen and
disfigured.hairs and nails loose.tissue soft and
discoloured.
 One week –soft viscera putrefied.
 Two weeks –only the more resistant viscera
distiguishable ,soft tissues largely gone.
 One to three month –body skeletonised.

29. ESTIMATION OF AGE
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan29
 Blow 20 years x rays advised-wrist,elbow,pelvis.
 21 years – Abve x ray + X ray clavicle
 25 years - above + xray strnum ,skull ap lat view.
 FOLLOWING X RAY OF RIGHT SIDE ARE TAKEN-
 RT side of jaw oblique view.
 RT shoulder ap view.
 RT elbow ap and lat view.
 RT wrist with hand ap view.
 Pelvis with upper third of femur ap view.

30. STANDARD OPINIONS IN DEATH
BY SNAKE BITE (PM)
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan30
 SNAKE BITE-cobra &similar snake which have
neurotic venum. ‘’on perusal of the pm report
case sheet and circumstantial evidence I am of
the opinion that the death is due to respiratory
failure consequent upon snake bite.
 In case of vipar and other similar snake which
have hemolytic venom. (a) If bleed to death
‘Death is due to shock and haemorrhage as a
result of snake bite.’ (b) If there is haemorrhage in
brain stem ‘Death is due to coma as a result of
brain stem haemorrhage secondary to snake bite,
;

31. Foetus age determination
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan31
 Week length in cm weight
 12 wk 9cm 20gm
 16wk 16cm 100gm
 20wk 25cm 300gm
 24wk 30cm 600gm
 28wk 35cm 1000gm
 32wk 40cm 1800gm
 36wk 45cm 2200gm
 40wk 50cm 3500gm
 Length is more important.

32. DURATION OF GASTATION
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan32
 1st five months of gestation the square root of
length, for example foetus of 25cm is five month
old.
 After 1st five months of gestation the length in cm
divided by five gives age in months for example
40cm is eight month old.

33. ENUMERATION THE SIGN OF
RESIPIRATION
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan33
 CHARACTERSTIC BEFORE AFTER
 Shape of chest Flat Arched
 Diaphragm at 4-5 Ribs 6-7 Ribs
level
 Lungs size Small voluminous
 Fodere’s test 500qraim 1000qraim
 Ploquet’s test 1:70 1:35
 Edge sharp round
 Colour reddish brown mottled pinkish red
 Consistency Liver like spongy and crepitant
 Section Dark blood Red blood
 Hydrostatic test Sinks Floats
 Stomach Bowel test Sinks Floats.

34. Various changes in foetus
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan34

35. Features helping in estimating foetal
age
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan35
 Length –measure crown – heal (vertex to heal) length by
flexible tape.
 Weight
 Midpoint ofbody in relation to sternom and umbilicus.
 Skin wrinkle or presence of fat,presence of fat,presence
and amount of vernix.
 Nail appeared or not ,extent of growth.
 Scalp hairs –appeared or not
 Eyelashes and eye brows appeared or not.
 Eyelids –adherent or open.
 Testicles in male ,ascertain the position by incising the
scrotum and inguinal canal.if necessary.
 Ossification centre.

36. Examination of male in sexual
offence for impotency
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan36
 Name s/o… cast.. Sex.. Age… r/o……
 R/o ………..
 Sent by ……
 MI……….
 In presense of ……..
 General development …. Ht……..Wt ……Teeth……..
 Hairs scalp ……eyebrows….upperlip….axillary….pubic….
 Breast….
 Injury on body…
 BP…. PULSE…. HEART,LUNG ….. UROGENITAL TRACT…H/O DIABETTES,HT…
 STAINS OVER EXTERNAL GENITALS.. INJURY…SUPERFICIAL VEINS OVER
PENIS…DEVELOPMENTAL ABNORMALITY IF ANY….SORTAL REFLAX….
 ON STIMULUS PENIS BECOMES STIFF HARD AND ELONGATED AND ERECTILE.
 SEALEAD ENVELOP CONTAINS FOLLOWINGS FOR GROUPING AND CROSS MATCHING IF NEEDED.

37. Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan37
 A –Blood staned dried gauze
 B –Saliva staned dried gauze
 OPINION- I am the opinion that there is nothing
to suggest that the persion is incapable of
performing sexual intercourse.

38. Rape case examination positive
finding may be (samlpe case)
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan38
 Findings examined by lady doctor
 Gait broad based,short paced
 Axillary and pubic hairs curly,dark,busy.
 Breast developed hemispherical,showed bite marks
around the nipple on rt side.
 Back abrasion on both shoulders blades regions each
mearuring 4x3cm.
 Finding on genital examination
 Vulva –labia majora,labia minora both contused
edematous and inflamed.
 Hymen lacerated 1.5cmx0.75x0.5cm at 6.0 clock position
 Vagina bruised in posterior region in continuation with
lacerated hymen over an area of 3x0.5cm

39. Rape case samples taken and
sealed
Dr Udai Bhan Yadav SMO & Medical Jurist GH
Alwar Rajasthan39
 Sealed envelop contains following for
spermatozoa and chemical examination to detect
out human seminal stain blood stain and cross
matching if needed.
 A –blood staied dried gause
 B - saliva stain dried gause
 C – vulvovaginal swab smear 2
 D –vulvovaginal swab stic .
 Opinion –regarding recent sexual act kept
reserved till receiving FSL report.