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QUADRILATERAL ANALYSIS

by Tony Pious
History
∗ The quadrilateral analysis was
developed by Rocco J.Di.Paolo
in 1983
∗ Initially a clinical verification of
lower facial proportion was
accomplished
using
32
untreated orthodontic cases
later along with Chinnapi, Di
paolo and Langley expanded it
to include 180 untreated cases.
∗ The quadrilateral analysis concerns primarily with the
skeletal configurations of the individual dentofacial
complex in both the horizontal and the vertical
dimensions regardless of dentoalveolar relationships.
Comparison with standard methods of measurement

∗ The standard method of anteroposterior jaw measurement was the
ANB angle. But this proved to be varied as the positions of the
anatomical landmarks greatly influenced the readings. eg-The
horizontal and vertical shift of the nasion affected the readings and
also the rotation of the jaws.
∗ The WITS appraisal was a more effective means to measure this
relationship as it was un affected by the shift in the position of the
nasion or the rotation of the jaws.
∗ But the problem with the wits appraisal was that it was unable to
determine which jaw was affected or the extent of the variation
Skeletal Assesment :
∗ The concept of lower facial proportionality states that in a
balanced facial pattern there is a 1:1 proportionality that exists
between the maxillary base length and the mandibular base
length, also the average of the anterior lower facial height and
posterior lower facial height equals these denture base lengths.
∗ Therefore max length =mandibular length=ALFH+PLFH
2
∗ The standard deviation between the measurement is + or -1.5
mm
∗ The two horizontal facial planes used in the construction of the
quadrilateral are the palatal plane(ANS-PNS) and the mandibular
plane(GoGN) A measure of anterior upper facial height is
established and related to the cranial base(S-N)
∗ Maxillary base length :
The maxillary base length is determined horizontally
between two points projected on the palatal plane. The
anterior
limit of Maxillary base length is determined by
projecting a
perpendicular from point A upward to the
palatal plane
while posterior limit is determined by
projecting a
perpendicular from the most inferior portion of
the
pterygomaxillary fissure down to the palatal plane.
Quadilateral analysis
∗ Mandibular base length:
The mandibular base length is measured horizontally
between
two points projected on the mandibular plane. The
anterior
limit of the mandibular base length is determined
by
projecting a perpendicular from point B downward to
the
mandibular plane while posterior limit is determined by projecting
a perpendicular from pont j downward to the mandibular plane.
∗ Point J is located at the deepest point of the curvature formed at a
junction of the anterior portion of the ramus and corpus of the
mandible. This point can also be located by drawing a tangent
through the most posterior point of the arc on the anterior border
of the ramus. A second line is drawn parallel to the mandibular
plane along the alveolar crest of the molar teeth, Angle formed by
two lines is bisected. The intersection of this bisector to the inner
curvature of the mandible is point J
Quadilateral analysis
∗ Anterior lower facial height is measured from the projection
of point A onto the palatal plane to the projection of point B onto
the mandibular plane. Posterior lower facial height is measured
from the projection of PTM onto the palatal plane to the projection
of point J onto the mandibular plane.

∗ Anterior upper facial height is measured from the projection of
point A onto the palatal plane to the nasion on the cranial base
plane a proportional relationship exists between the anterior upper
facial height and anterior lower facial height 45:55
∗ Anterior lower facial height and anterior upper facial height
intersect at a point A on the palatal plane. The intersection forms an
angle of facial convexity(165-178) This angle relates the quadrilateral
to the cranial base and upper face and is a means of establishing a
skeletal profile assessment .
Quadilateral analysis
Dental Assessment:
∗ Pt.A line: maxillary incisor position is determined by
drawing a line through Point A parallel to the anterior
lower facial height. A measurement is then made by
drawing a perpendicular from this line to the most
anterior point on the maxillary central incisor.The
average measurement is 5 mm. Plus or minus 1 mm.
∗ Pt B line: mandibular incisor position is determined by
drawing a line through point B .This line is parallel to the
anterior lower facial height.From this line measurement
is made by drawing a perpendicular from this line to the
most anterior point on the mandible central incisor.The
average measurement is 2 mm (+ or -) 1 mm
Quadilateral analysis
∗ Pogonion Line: It is constructed by joining a line tangent
to pogonion and parallel to anterior facial height.The
most anterior point of mandibular central incisor is then
related perpendicular to the pogonion line.This
measurement will indicate whether the chin is excessive
or deficient in size.The average is 2 mm anterior or
posterior to the pogonion.
Sagittal Ratio:
∗ The sagittal ratio is important in assesing the relative
anteroposterior position of the maxillary and the
mandibular bony bases. Skeletal malformations of the
jaws may be either in the bony bases or located
posteriorly. Therefore pinpointing the area of the
deformity will have a significant impact on whether or
not a certain surgical procedures are indicated. for eg-In
a case of mandibular prognathism it would be necessary
to determine whether the reduction of the bony base
length is required or the mandibular surgery posterior to
the bony base area.
Method:
The lines that are used to measure the bony base lengths in
the quadrilateral pattern are extended posteriorly to a point X. This
forms the sagittal angle.
When the anterior and posterior lower facial heights are
parallel and the maxillary and mandibular bony bases are equal a
proportional relation exists with the sides A B C D of the similar
isoceles triangle. The ratio of A to B and C to D is called the sagittal
ratio.
Any forward or retroposition of the bony base will cause
unequal lengths of the posterior legs(linesA and C).In balanced
skeletal patterns the sagittal ratio in adoloscents is 1.0:1.50 + or –
0.05
In adults it is 1.0:1.45 + or – 0.05
Quadilateral analysis
∗ Angle of facial convexity is measurement of the
skeletal profile: This angle is formed by the
intersection of anterior lower facial height with
anterior upper facial height and relates the quad
to the upper face. The degree of convexity will
vary depending upon the skeletal type and the
position of the quad pattern as it relates to the
upper face.It shows possible areas of cranial
facial deflections and bony base discrepancies.
∗ The sagittal angle is 23 + or - 1
Quadilateral analysis
Facial types:
∗ Type 1 :This face has a normodivergent pattern

showing a favorable vertical growth.
∗ In majority of the cases Type 1 cases the
maxillary and mandibular basal arch lengths are
equal and the average vertical height is equal to
the arch length.
∗ Malocclusion in this group are dentoalveolar in
origin
Quadilateral analysis
∗ Type 2:This

face is hypodivergent showing a

predominant horizontal growth pattern. There is a
reduction in lower facial height with an undesirable
growth pattern resulting in a skeletal deep bite. The
average vertical height is deficient compared to the
denture base length.
A deficient average vertical height is associated with any of the
followin

1)maxillary and mandibular base lengths are comparable in size.
2)maxillary base length is longer than the mandibular base length.
3) mandibular base length longer than the maxillary base length.
Quadilateral analysis
∗

Type 3 :

∗ This face is hyper divergent showing a predominantly vertical
growth pattern.Increase in lower facial height with an undesirable
vertical growth pattern , resulting in an skeletal open bite.Average
vertical height is excessive when compared to the denture base
lengths . Posterior alveolar compensation may prevent a dental
open bite in some cases. These cases usually present with a deep
curve of spee and lack of posterior alveolar development.
Quadilateral analysis
CONCLUSION
Hence the quadrilateral analysis helps not only in
determining the skeletal discrepancy but it also helps in
locating the defect and determining the extent of the
defect. Therefore helps in determining weather the
particular case requires orthodontic treatment or a
surgical treatment or a combination of both.
Quadilateral analysis
Quadilateral analysis
 

NORMAL

PATIENT VALUE

INFERENCE

DENTAL
Point A line

5 mm + 1 mm

13 mm

Proclined upper incisor

Point B line

2mm + 1mm

5 mm

Proclined lower incisor

Pogline

2 mm

8mm

Retruded chin

SKELETAL
Max base length

-

56

-

Mandibular base length

-

56

-

Anterior lower facial height

-

66

-

Posterior lower facial height

-

38

-

RATIO

1:1:1

1:1:0.9

Near balanced ratio

Anterior upper facial height

-

62

-

AUFH:ALFH

45:55

Angle of convexity

165° - 175°

169°

Normal

Sagittal angle

23° + 1°

29°

Convex angle

A:B:C:D

1.0:1.45

1:1.02

Unequal proportion 

       62:66

Increased AUFH

(mild skeletal 
disturbances)
THANK YOU

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Quadilateral analysis

  • 2. History ∗ The quadrilateral analysis was developed by Rocco J.Di.Paolo in 1983 ∗ Initially a clinical verification of lower facial proportion was accomplished using 32 untreated orthodontic cases later along with Chinnapi, Di paolo and Langley expanded it to include 180 untreated cases.
  • 3. ∗ The quadrilateral analysis concerns primarily with the skeletal configurations of the individual dentofacial complex in both the horizontal and the vertical dimensions regardless of dentoalveolar relationships.
  • 4. Comparison with standard methods of measurement ∗ The standard method of anteroposterior jaw measurement was the ANB angle. But this proved to be varied as the positions of the anatomical landmarks greatly influenced the readings. eg-The horizontal and vertical shift of the nasion affected the readings and also the rotation of the jaws. ∗ The WITS appraisal was a more effective means to measure this relationship as it was un affected by the shift in the position of the nasion or the rotation of the jaws. ∗ But the problem with the wits appraisal was that it was unable to determine which jaw was affected or the extent of the variation
  • 5. Skeletal Assesment : ∗ The concept of lower facial proportionality states that in a balanced facial pattern there is a 1:1 proportionality that exists between the maxillary base length and the mandibular base length, also the average of the anterior lower facial height and posterior lower facial height equals these denture base lengths. ∗ Therefore max length =mandibular length=ALFH+PLFH 2 ∗ The standard deviation between the measurement is + or -1.5 mm
  • 6. ∗ The two horizontal facial planes used in the construction of the quadrilateral are the palatal plane(ANS-PNS) and the mandibular plane(GoGN) A measure of anterior upper facial height is established and related to the cranial base(S-N) ∗ Maxillary base length : The maxillary base length is determined horizontally between two points projected on the palatal plane. The anterior limit of Maxillary base length is determined by projecting a perpendicular from point A upward to the palatal plane while posterior limit is determined by projecting a perpendicular from the most inferior portion of the pterygomaxillary fissure down to the palatal plane.
  • 8. ∗ Mandibular base length: The mandibular base length is measured horizontally between two points projected on the mandibular plane. The anterior limit of the mandibular base length is determined by projecting a perpendicular from point B downward to the mandibular plane while posterior limit is determined by projecting a perpendicular from pont j downward to the mandibular plane. ∗ Point J is located at the deepest point of the curvature formed at a junction of the anterior portion of the ramus and corpus of the mandible. This point can also be located by drawing a tangent through the most posterior point of the arc on the anterior border of the ramus. A second line is drawn parallel to the mandibular plane along the alveolar crest of the molar teeth, Angle formed by two lines is bisected. The intersection of this bisector to the inner curvature of the mandible is point J
  • 10. ∗ Anterior lower facial height is measured from the projection of point A onto the palatal plane to the projection of point B onto the mandibular plane. Posterior lower facial height is measured from the projection of PTM onto the palatal plane to the projection of point J onto the mandibular plane. ∗ Anterior upper facial height is measured from the projection of point A onto the palatal plane to the nasion on the cranial base plane a proportional relationship exists between the anterior upper facial height and anterior lower facial height 45:55 ∗ Anterior lower facial height and anterior upper facial height intersect at a point A on the palatal plane. The intersection forms an angle of facial convexity(165-178) This angle relates the quadrilateral to the cranial base and upper face and is a means of establishing a skeletal profile assessment .
  • 12. Dental Assessment: ∗ Pt.A line: maxillary incisor position is determined by drawing a line through Point A parallel to the anterior lower facial height. A measurement is then made by drawing a perpendicular from this line to the most anterior point on the maxillary central incisor.The average measurement is 5 mm. Plus or minus 1 mm. ∗ Pt B line: mandibular incisor position is determined by drawing a line through point B .This line is parallel to the anterior lower facial height.From this line measurement is made by drawing a perpendicular from this line to the most anterior point on the mandible central incisor.The average measurement is 2 mm (+ or -) 1 mm
  • 14. ∗ Pogonion Line: It is constructed by joining a line tangent to pogonion and parallel to anterior facial height.The most anterior point of mandibular central incisor is then related perpendicular to the pogonion line.This measurement will indicate whether the chin is excessive or deficient in size.The average is 2 mm anterior or posterior to the pogonion.
  • 15. Sagittal Ratio: ∗ The sagittal ratio is important in assesing the relative anteroposterior position of the maxillary and the mandibular bony bases. Skeletal malformations of the jaws may be either in the bony bases or located posteriorly. Therefore pinpointing the area of the deformity will have a significant impact on whether or not a certain surgical procedures are indicated. for eg-In a case of mandibular prognathism it would be necessary to determine whether the reduction of the bony base length is required or the mandibular surgery posterior to the bony base area.
  • 16. Method: The lines that are used to measure the bony base lengths in the quadrilateral pattern are extended posteriorly to a point X. This forms the sagittal angle. When the anterior and posterior lower facial heights are parallel and the maxillary and mandibular bony bases are equal a proportional relation exists with the sides A B C D of the similar isoceles triangle. The ratio of A to B and C to D is called the sagittal ratio. Any forward or retroposition of the bony base will cause unequal lengths of the posterior legs(linesA and C).In balanced skeletal patterns the sagittal ratio in adoloscents is 1.0:1.50 + or – 0.05 In adults it is 1.0:1.45 + or – 0.05
  • 18. ∗ Angle of facial convexity is measurement of the skeletal profile: This angle is formed by the intersection of anterior lower facial height with anterior upper facial height and relates the quad to the upper face. The degree of convexity will vary depending upon the skeletal type and the position of the quad pattern as it relates to the upper face.It shows possible areas of cranial facial deflections and bony base discrepancies. ∗ The sagittal angle is 23 + or - 1
  • 20. Facial types: ∗ Type 1 :This face has a normodivergent pattern showing a favorable vertical growth. ∗ In majority of the cases Type 1 cases the maxillary and mandibular basal arch lengths are equal and the average vertical height is equal to the arch length. ∗ Malocclusion in this group are dentoalveolar in origin
  • 22. ∗ Type 2:This face is hypodivergent showing a predominant horizontal growth pattern. There is a reduction in lower facial height with an undesirable growth pattern resulting in a skeletal deep bite. The average vertical height is deficient compared to the denture base length.
  • 23. A deficient average vertical height is associated with any of the followin 1)maxillary and mandibular base lengths are comparable in size. 2)maxillary base length is longer than the mandibular base length. 3) mandibular base length longer than the maxillary base length.
  • 25. ∗ Type 3 : ∗ This face is hyper divergent showing a predominantly vertical growth pattern.Increase in lower facial height with an undesirable vertical growth pattern , resulting in an skeletal open bite.Average vertical height is excessive when compared to the denture base lengths . Posterior alveolar compensation may prevent a dental open bite in some cases. These cases usually present with a deep curve of spee and lack of posterior alveolar development.
  • 27. CONCLUSION Hence the quadrilateral analysis helps not only in determining the skeletal discrepancy but it also helps in locating the defect and determining the extent of the defect. Therefore helps in determining weather the particular case requires orthodontic treatment or a surgical treatment or a combination of both.