1.
Tips on using my ppt.
1. You can freely download, edit, modify and put your
name etc.
2. Don’t be concerned about number of slides. Half the
slides are blanks except for the title.
3. First show the blank slides (eg. Aetiology ) > Ask
students what they already know about ethology of
today's topic. > Then show next slide which enumerates
aetiologies.
4. At the end rerun the show – show blank> ask questions >
show next slide.
5. This will be an ACTIVE LEARNING SESSION x
three revisions.
6. Good for self study also.
7. See notes for bibliography.

2.
TNM Classification

3.
TNM Classification
• T

4.
TNM Classification
• TX -
• T0 -
• Tis -
• T1 -
• T2 -
• T3 -
• T4 -

5.
TNM Classification
• TX - Primary tumor cannot be assessed or depth of
penetration not specified
• T0 - No evidence of primary tumor
• Tis - Carcinoma in situ (mucosal); intraepithelial or
invasion of the lamina propria
• T1 - Tumor invades submucosa
• T2 - Tumor invades muscularis propria
• T3 - Tumor invades through the muscularis propria into
the subserosa or into non-peritonealized pericolic or
perirectal tissue
• T4 - Tumor directly invades other organs or structures
and/or perforates the visceral peritoneum

6.
TNM Classification
• N- Regional lymph nodes

7.
TNM Classification
N- Regional lymph nodes
• NX -
• N0 -
• N1 -
• N2
• N3

8.
TNM Classification
N- Regional lymph nodes
• NX - Regional lymph nodes cannot be
assessed
• N0 - No regional lymph node metastasis
• N1 - Metastasis in 1-3 pericolic or perirectal
lymph nodes
• N2 - Metastasis in 4 or more pericolic or
perirectal lymph nodes
• N3 - Metastasis in any lymph node along
the course of a named vascular trunk

9.
TNM Classification
M- Metastasis-
• MX -
• M0 -
• M1 -

10.
TNM Classification
M- Metastasis-
• MX - Presence of metastasis cannot be
assessed
• M0 - No distant metastasis
• M1 - Distant metastasis

11.
TNM Classification
• Stage I -T1-2 N0 M0
• Stage II
• A-T3 N0 M0
• B-T4 N0 M0
• Stage III
• A- T1-2 N1 M0
• B-T3-4 N1 M0
• C-T1-4 N2 M0
• Stage IV
• T1-4 N0-2 M1

12.
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13.
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