A small powerpoint on Nuclear Fusion.

1. Joint European Torus
Nuclear Fusion Research Plant

2. Construction
Retired Navy airfield in 1983

3. Caution
Problem
Tokomak uses too much power from main
grid
Solution
Two large flywheel generators were
constructed to provide the necessary power.

4. Flywheel 30 Ton

5. Operating History

6. Economic Scandal
• Originally set up by Euratom (with
discriminatory employment) this meant:
– Non-British staff may be employed at twice the
salary of their British counter parts.

7. Change in Ownership
• International Contract ended (December
1999)
• United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
(UKAEA) took over management

8. New Partnership
• Experimental programme then co-ordinated
by the European Fusion Development
Agreement Close Support

9. Revamping
• Shut down in 2009, improvements made to
the Tokomak included
– Replacing carbon components in the vacuum
vessel with tungsten and beryllium
– Heating power was also increased by 50%
– Diagnostic and control capabilities were improved

10. Equipment and Mathematics

11. Safety
Some useful perks when activating a mini star
– Remote handling Facilities to cope with the
radioactivity produced by deuterium-tritium (fuel)

12. Fusion energy gain factor (Q)
• Ratio of fusion power produced in a nuclear
fusion reactor to produce and maintain the
plasma in steady state.
– Q = 1 is Breakeven
*Q = 0.7 in JET

13. Analyze equation
• Some power comes from the fraction fch of
the fusion power contained in charged
products Pfus which remain in the plasma. This
power may be designated fchPfus.
• The rest, designated Pheat comes from external
sources required for heating, some of which
may also serve additional purposes like
current drive and profile control.

14. The Trick
• All of the energy which is derived from those
processes actually dissipates rather quickly
• The energy is actually produced from the
fraction of the fusion power contained in
Neutrons, (1-fch)Pfus

15. Where are the Neutrons contained?
• Magnetic Confinement Fusion?
– No
• Inertial Confinement fusion
– No
• Absorbed in the surrounding walls
– Yes

16. Let there be electricity
• The neutron power would be used to heat a
working medium such as:
– Helium Gas
– Liquid lithium
• Which is then use to produce electricity at a
high level of efficiency
– ηelec, so that Pelec = ηelec(1-fch)Pfus

17. What about the Reactor?
• A fraction frecirc of the electrical power is
recirculated to run the reactor systems.
• Energy is needed for:
– Pumping
– Producing magnetic fields
– Lighting
• Pheat = ηheatPelec
* ηheat power for
plasma

18. Our beautiful Equations

19. Fusion Reactor

20. Bibliography
• Berry Ritchie, The Story of Tarmac Page 100, Published by
James & James (Publishers) Ltd, 1999
• "Week 20: JET Experiments: sensitive to TV schedules“
• "JET Shutdown Weekly: Week 81: Shutdown finished!". 2011-
05-13. Retrieved 2012-3-2.
• "World’s largest fusion experiment back in operation". 2011-
09-02. Retrieved 2011-12-11.
• JET pages on the EFDA web site
• Culham Centre for Fusion Energy
• The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority
• IAEA's information about JET
• Photos from JET torus hall