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Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of Enzyme Action


Activation Energy (AE) – The energy require
to reach transition state from ground state.



AE barrier must be exceeded for rxn to
proceed.



Lower AE barrier, the more stable the
transition state (TS)



The higher [TS], the move likely the rxn will
proceed.
Mechanisms of enzyme action
S  Ts  P
Mechanisms of enzyme action


Transition state = unstable high-energy
intermediate



Rate of rxn depends on the frequency at which
reactants collide and form the TS



Reactants must be in the correct orientation and
collide with sufficient energy to form TS



Bonds are in the process of being formed and
broken in TS



Short lived (10 –14 to 10 -13 secs)
• Intermediates are stable.
• In rxns w/ intermediates, 2 TS’s are involved.
• The slowest step (rate determining) has the
highest AE barrier.
• Formation of intermediate is the slowest
step.
Mechanisms of enzyme action


Enzyme binding of substrates decrease
activation energy by increasing the initial
ground state (brings reactants into correct
orientation, decrease entropy)



Need to stabilize TS to lower activation energy
barrier.
Mechanisms of enzyme action
ES complex must not be too stable
Raising the energy of ES will increase the
catalyzed rate
•This is accomplished by loss of entropy due to
formation of ES and destabilization of ES by
•strain
•distortion
•desolvation
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
• Equilibrium between ES <-> TS, enzyme
drives equilibrium towards TS
• Enzyme binds more tightly to TS than
substrate
Transition
state analog
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action


Substitutions rxns



Bond cleavage rxns



Redox rxns



Acid base catalysis



Covalent catalysis
Nucleophillic Substitution–

Nucleophillic = e- rich
Electrophillic = e- poor
Direct Substitution

Transition state


Loose e - = oxidation (LEO)



Gain e - = reduction (GER)



Central to energy production



If something oxidized something must be
reduced (reducing agent donates e - to
oxidizing agent)


Oxidations = removal of hydrogen or
addition of oxygen or removal of e -



In biological systems reducing agent is
usually a co-factor (NADH of NADPH)


Heterolytic vs homolytic cleavage



Carbanion formation (retains both e - )
R 3 -C-H  R 3 -C: - + H +



Carbocation formation (lose both e - )
R 3 -C-H  R 3 -C + + H: -



Hydride ion

Free radical formation (lose single e - )
R 1 -O-O-R 2  R 1 -O* + *O-R 2


Accelerates rxn by catalytic transfer of a
proton



Involves AA residues that can accept a
proton



Can remove proton from –OH, -NH, -CH,
Carbanion intermediate


20% of all enzymes employ covalent catalysis
A-X + B + E <-> BX + E + A



A group from a substrate binds covalently to
enzyme
(A-X + E <-> A + X-E)



The intermediate enzyme substrate complex (AX) then donates the group (X) to a second
substrate (B)
(B + X-E <-> B-X + E)
Protein Kinases
ATP + E + Protein <-> ADP + E + Protein-P
1)

A-P-P-P(ATP) + E-OH <-> A-P-P (ADP) + EO-PO 4 -

2)

E-O-PO 4 - + Protein-OH <-> E + Protein-OPO 4 -
The Serine Proteases
Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, thrombin,
subtilisin, plasmin, TPA
• All involve a serine in catalysis - thus the
name
• Ser is part of a "catalytic triad" of Ser, His,
Asp (show over head)


Serine proteases are homologous, but
locations of the three crucial residues
differ somewhat



Substrate specificity determined by
binding pocket
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Chymotrpsin

Trypsin

Elastase
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action
Mechanisms of enzyme action

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Mechanisms of enzyme action

  • 3.  Activation Energy (AE) – The energy require to reach transition state from ground state.  AE barrier must be exceeded for rxn to proceed.  Lower AE barrier, the more stable the transition state (TS)  The higher [TS], the move likely the rxn will proceed.
  • 5. S  Ts  P
  • 7.  Transition state = unstable high-energy intermediate  Rate of rxn depends on the frequency at which reactants collide and form the TS  Reactants must be in the correct orientation and collide with sufficient energy to form TS  Bonds are in the process of being formed and broken in TS  Short lived (10 –14 to 10 -13 secs)
  • 8. • Intermediates are stable. • In rxns w/ intermediates, 2 TS’s are involved. • The slowest step (rate determining) has the highest AE barrier. • Formation of intermediate is the slowest step.
  • 10.  Enzyme binding of substrates decrease activation energy by increasing the initial ground state (brings reactants into correct orientation, decrease entropy)  Need to stabilize TS to lower activation energy barrier.
  • 12. ES complex must not be too stable Raising the energy of ES will increase the catalyzed rate •This is accomplished by loss of entropy due to formation of ES and destabilization of ES by •strain •distortion •desolvation
  • 15. • Equilibrium between ES <-> TS, enzyme drives equilibrium towards TS • Enzyme binds more tightly to TS than substrate
  • 20.  Substitutions rxns  Bond cleavage rxns  Redox rxns  Acid base catalysis  Covalent catalysis
  • 21. Nucleophillic Substitution– Nucleophillic = e- rich Electrophillic = e- poor
  • 23.  Loose e - = oxidation (LEO)  Gain e - = reduction (GER)  Central to energy production  If something oxidized something must be reduced (reducing agent donates e - to oxidizing agent)
  • 24.  Oxidations = removal of hydrogen or addition of oxygen or removal of e -  In biological systems reducing agent is usually a co-factor (NADH of NADPH)
  • 25.  Heterolytic vs homolytic cleavage  Carbanion formation (retains both e - ) R 3 -C-H  R 3 -C: - + H +  Carbocation formation (lose both e - ) R 3 -C-H  R 3 -C + + H: -  Hydride ion Free radical formation (lose single e - ) R 1 -O-O-R 2  R 1 -O* + *O-R 2
  • 26.  Accelerates rxn by catalytic transfer of a proton  Involves AA residues that can accept a proton  Can remove proton from –OH, -NH, -CH,
  • 28.  20% of all enzymes employ covalent catalysis A-X + B + E <-> BX + E + A  A group from a substrate binds covalently to enzyme (A-X + E <-> A + X-E)  The intermediate enzyme substrate complex (AX) then donates the group (X) to a second substrate (B) (B + X-E <-> B-X + E)
  • 29. Protein Kinases ATP + E + Protein <-> ADP + E + Protein-P 1) A-P-P-P(ATP) + E-OH <-> A-P-P (ADP) + EO-PO 4 - 2) E-O-PO 4 - + Protein-OH <-> E + Protein-OPO 4 -
  • 30. The Serine Proteases Trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, thrombin, subtilisin, plasmin, TPA • All involve a serine in catalysis - thus the name • Ser is part of a "catalytic triad" of Ser, His, Asp (show over head)
  • 31.  Serine proteases are homologous, but locations of the three crucial residues differ somewhat  Substrate specificity determined by binding pocket