3. “ the process of passing information and
understanding from one person to another it
is essentially a bridge of meaning between
the people by using the bridge a person can
safely cross the river of miss understanding “
Keith Davis
16. “any information which adversely and seriously
affects an individual's view of his or her future”
What is a bad news??
17. Unfavourable diagnosis
Irreversible, un-treatable, or non-stoppable
diseases (or side effects, or complications)
disease recurrence
spread of disease
revealing positive results of genetic tests
Stigmatization
Late (to treat) stage diseases
End of life decisions
Death
18. Less than 10% patients do not want to know their illness
90% want to know about their illness
30% want to know the exact name of their illness
Almost 100% want to know the “chance of a cure”
20. SPIKES ABCDE BREAKS
Setting and Listening
Skills
Patient Perception
Invitation to Give
Information
Knowledge
Explore Emotions &
Empathize
Strategy and Summarize
A- Advance
Preparation
B- Build environment/
relationship
C- Communicate well
D- Deal with reactions
E- Encourage &
validate emotions
B – Background
R – Rapport
E – Explore
A – Announce
K – Kindling
S – Summarize
21.
22. Arrange for some privacy
Involve significant others (family, relatives)
Sit down
Make connection with the patient
Manage time constrain & interruption
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30. Open-ended questions to create a reasonably
accurate picture of
“how the patient perceives the medical
situation”
31. Would you like me to give you all the
information
Offer to answer any questions they may have
in the future or
To talk to a relative or friend
32. “Unfortunately I’ve got some bad news to
tell you” or “I’m sorry to tell you that…”.
33.
34. Start at the level of comprehension and
vocabulary of the patient
Try to use nontechnical words such as “spread”
instead of “metastasized” and “sample of
tissue” instead of “biopsy”
Avoid excessive bluntness (e.g., “You have very
bad cancer and unless you get treatment
immediately you are going to die”)
Give information in small chunks and check
periodically as to the patient’s understanding
When the prognosis is poor, avoid using phrases
such as “There is nothing more we can do for
you.”
36. 1. Observe for any emotion on the part of the
patient
2. Identify the emotion experienced by the
patient by using open questions to query
the patient as to what they are thinking or
feeling
3. Identify the reason for the emotion
4. Let the patient know that you have
connected the emotion by making a
connecting statement.
37. If the emotion does not diminish shortly, it is
helpful to continue to make empathic
responses until the patient becomes calm
38. Patients who have a clear plan for the future
are less likely to feel anxious and uncertain
Ask the patients if they are ready for such a
discussion
Present treatment options
Share treatment responsibility with patient