2. MEDICAL & SURGICAL ASEPSIS
TERMINOLOGY
Acquired immunity-Host receives natural or
artificial antibodies produced by another
source.
Active Immunity -Host produces antibodies in
repose to natural (infectious agents) or artificial
(I.e. vaccines) antigens
Antibodies- Immunoglobulin-defend against
infections
Antigens- Substance that induces a state of
sensitivity or immune responsiveness
(immunity)
Antiseptics - Inhibit the growth of some
microorganisms
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3. Cross infection- infection transmitted between
individuals infected with different pathogenic
organisms.
Carrier- A person who harbours pathogenic
organism of a disease in his body without
showing signs & symptoms of a disease.
Droplet infection- It is the infection of individual
by means of fine particles of saliva & mucous
that are expelled from the nose & mouth of
another person during coughing, sneezing or
talking.
Fomites – Objects which have been in contact
with a contagious disease are capable of
transmitting the disease.
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4. Medical Asepsis- All practices intended to
confine, limit the growth, and transmission of
microorganisms; Clean technique
Asepsis- Freedom from disease-causing
microorganisms
Soiled, contaminated -means likely to contain
microorganisms which may be capable of
producing disease
Surgical asepsis - Pracices that keep an area
free of all microorganisms
Sepsis- State of infection
Septicemia- Systemic infection with bacteria
Acute infection - Appear suddenly, last a short
time www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
5. Disinfectants- Agents that destroy pathogens
other than spores
Infection- Invasion of body tissue by
microorganisms & proliferation there
Disease- Detectable alteration in normal tissue
function
Virulence - Refers to microorganisms ability to
produce disease
Communicable disease - One that can be
transmitted to an individual by direct or indirect
contact.
Infection- Entry & Multiplication of disease
causing organisms in the body.
Fumigation – process of disinfection by
exposure to the fumes of a vapourised
germicide. www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
6. Chronic infection- May occur slowly over
a long period and may last months or
years
Nosocomial infection- Infections develop
during a client's stay in facility or
manifest right after discharge
portal of entry -How microorganisms
enter the body
Bacteriostate – Agent that inhibit the
growth of bacteria
Bactericide – Agent that power to kill the
microorganisms.
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7. Fumigation- Process of disinfection by exposure
to the vapuorised germicide.
Isolation- Separation of infected persons from
the non infected persons for the period of
communicability under conditions which will
prevent transmission of infection to others.
Sterilization- Destruction of all the
microorganisms pathogenic & nonpathogenic
including their spores.
Quarantine- Detention or isolation of well
persons who have come in contact with an
infectious disease for a period of time equal to
the longest incubation period of that disease.
Incubation period- Period between entry of
pathogen & occurrence of symptoms of
disease. www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
8. MEDICAL ASEPSIS
Medical asepsis, sometimes called clean
technique, is based on maintaining
cleanliness to prevent the spread of
infectious diseases and to assure that the
environment is as free of microorganisms
as possible. Medical asepsis involves
confining microorganisms to specific
areas and making objects either clean or
dirty
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9. Cornerstones of Medical Asepsis
* Know what is dirty
* Know what is clean
* Know what is sterile
* Keep these conditions separate
* Remedy contamination immediately
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10. PRINCIPLES
The basic principles of medical asepsis include:
Cleanse hands frequently following CDC’s Hand
Hygiene Guidelines.
Keep soiled items and equipment from touching
clothing.
Do not place soiled bed linens or other items on
the floor.
Avoid having the patient cough, sneeze, or
breathe directly on others.
Move equipment away from you when
sweeping, dusting, or scrubbing articles.
Clean the least soiled items first then the more
soiled ones.
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11. Dispose off soiled or used items directly
into the appropriate containers.
Pour liquids that are to be discarded
directly into the drain to avoid splattering
in the sink and onto you.
Avoid leaning against sinks, supplies, and
equipment.
Avoid touching your eyes, face, and
mouth.
Use practices of personal grooming that
help prevent spreading microorganisms.
Follow your facility’s guidelines for
isolation and barrier techniques.
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12. All body fluids from any patient is
considered contaminated
The healthcare team and the
environment can be a source of
contamination for the patient.
Isolate the disease not the patient.
Medical aseptic practices are involved in
all nursing activities because
microorganisms are always present in
the environment.
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13. Microorganism are located everywhere-
a. in the air
b. in the water
c. in food
d. in clothes
Not all microorganisms are harmful. Some are
used to make medications such as penicillin.
Microorganisms can spread by:
1.touching someone who has an infection.
2.touching the linens or other belongings of a
person who has an infection.
3.Sneezing or coughing
4.Handling or consuming contaminated food,
medications or water.
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14. Essential components of maintaining
medical asepsis include:-
1. Hand washing
2. Utilizing gloves, gown and mask as
indicated
3. Cleaning / Disinfection of equipment
4. Handling linens in ways that prevent
germs from spreading
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15. SURGICAL ASEPSIS
Surgical asepsis, also called sterile
technique, is used in the operating room
delivery room, during surgical
procedures, catheterization, and during
dressing changes.
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16. PRINCIPLES
Basic principles include:
Only a sterile object can touch another sterile
object.
Open sterile packages so that the first edge of
the wrapper is directed away from the worker
to avoid the possibility of a sterile wrapper
touching non-sterile clothing.
Avoid spilling any solution on a cloth or paper
used as a field for sterile set up.
Hold sterile objects above the waist level.
Avoid talking, coughing, sneezing, and reaching
over a sterile field or object.
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17. Never walk away from or turn your back
on a sterile field.
All items brought into contact with
broken skin or used to penetrate the skin
in order to inject substances into the
body, or to enter normally sterile body
cavities, should be sterile
Use dry, sterile forceps when necessary.
Consider the edge (outer 1”) of a sterile
field to be contaminated.
Consider an object contaminated if you
have any doubt as to its sterility.
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18. Remedy contamination immediately
The patient should not be a source of
contamination
The OT Team should not be a source of
contamination- no infection, proper
apparel, no jewelry, no long nails or nail
polish
The surgical scrub must be done
meticulously
The OT Technique of the surgeon is of
utmost importance
Recognize potential environmental
contamination- proper room cleaning,
Doors kept closedwww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
19. Gowns are considered sterile in front from
chest height to the operative level
Sterile persons should keep hands in sight and
keep them at or above waist level
Contamination occurs when sterile gown and
drapes are permeated
Tables are sterile only at the operative level
All items used within the sterile field must be
sterile
Sterile persons touch only sterile items or
sterile areas
Unsterile personnel stay beyond one foot of the
sterile field
When contamination occurs, take care of it
immediately
Break in technique is pointed out and action is
taken to change situation i.e. change gloveswww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
20. Prevent excessive air currents around the
sterile areas. (Moving fast, flapping of the
cloths & drapes )
Keep the sterile field dry
Each sterile supply should be clearly
labeled.
Hold the transfer forceps pointing
downwards.
Transfer forceps & the container should
be sterilized daily.
Do not return the unused sterile objects
to the container , once they have been
taken out.
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21. ELEMENTS OF SURGICAL ASEPSIS
HAND WASHING
OPENING OF STERILEWRAPPED
PACKAGE
USE OF GLOVES
GOWNING
MASKING
STERLISATION OF ARTICLES
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22. Standard precautions
Standard (previously known as universal)
precautions are the practices adopted by
all healthcare workers when potentially
coming into contact with any patient’s
blood or body fluids.
They are a set of principles designed to
minimise exposure to and transmission of
a wide variety of micro-organisms.
Since every patient is a potential infection
risk, it is essential that you apply standard
precautions to all patients at all times.
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23. Standard infection control precautions
include:-
Hand hygiene
Protective clothing and equipment
Isolation nursing (transmission-based
precautions)
The safe disposal of sharps Laundry
management
A clean clinical environment
Decontamination of equipment
Management of exposure to blood and
body fluids
Education of patients, carers and
healthcare workerswww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
24. Standard precautions –
Apply good basic hygiene practices with regular
hand washing after touching body fluids &
contaminated items.
Cover existing wounds or skin lesions with
waterproof dressings.
Avoid carrying out invasive procedures if
suffering from chronic skin lesions on hands.
Avoid contamination of clothes by using
appropriate personal protective equipment.
Protect mucous membranes of eyes, mouth and
nose from splashes of blood or blood-stained
fluids.
Prevent puncture wounds, cuts and abrasions
in the presence of blood or blood-stained body
fluids.
Avoid using sharps wherever possiblewww.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
25. Use safe handling procedures for handling and
disposal of needles and other sharps.
Use approved procedures for sterilisation and
disinfection of instruments and equipment.
Clear spillages of blood and other body fluids
promptly and disinfect contaminated surfaces.
Institute a procedure for safe disposal of
contaminated waste
Follow statutory requirements for the safe
disposal of used and infected linen
Make sure the environment of patients' is
visibly clean and free from dust and dirt.
Wear nonsterile gloves when touching body
fluids & contaminated items.www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.in
26. Ensure that reusable equipments is not
used for the care another patient
Handle & transport body fluids &
contaminated items carefully.
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