1 Emerging Auditing Issues By Week 8 Assignment 4 ACC 571 Emerging Auditing Technologies Instructor Dr. University February 27, 2016 ABSTRACT Following the numerous pre-2002 accounting scandals that bedeviled corporate America, the U.S. Congress passed the Sarbanes-Oxley Law of 2002 (SOX,2002), to prevent and deter future accounting fraud, protect investors and increase confidence in public company financial accounting reporting and ensure confidence in the US stock markets. SOX created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) charged with overseeing public company audits, setting audit standards, and investigating acts of noncompliance by auditors or audit firms. The PCAOB which is set up by the Securities and Exchange Commission under SOX, 2002 has the following responsibilities: registration of public accounting firms that audit publicly traded companies, establishing or adopting auditing, quality control, ethics, independence, and other standards relating to audits of publicly traded companies, inspecting public accounting firms, investigating registered public accounting firms and their employees, conducting disciplinary hearings, and imposing sanctions were justified, performing such other duties as necessary to promote high professional standards among registered accounting firms, and enforcing compliance with the SOX Act, 2002, the rules of the Board, professional standards, and securities laws relating to public company audits.( Kranacher, et, al 2010). In this document attempt is made to evaluate the impact of PCAOB, herein after called the Board, in improving the reliability of audited financial statement of public companies, and assess the impact of the Board’s regulatory role on the accounting profession. The document further evaluates whether or not the Board should issue additional regulations regarding the responsibilities for corporate officers and auditors of financial statements and their impact on financial statement integrity. It looks at the impact of SOX regulation on internal control environment and speculates on the level of testing necessary to provide assurance of completeness and accuracy for CEOs to certify the company’s financial statements. The document assesses how the System Design Life Cycle model would impact the emerging issues, recommend a strategy for dealing with the emerging issues and determine the types of fraud schemes that might go undetected if these recommendations are not implemented. Has PCAOB been effective with improving the reliability of audited financial statement for the public users of the information? The establishment of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) in line with SOX as an independent oversight body of public company audits has ended more than 100 years of self-regulation and improved the quality and integrity of financial reporting. By shifting responsibility for external auditor relationship from.

1. 1
Emerging Auditing Issues
By
Week 8 Assignment 4
ACC 571 Emerging Auditing Technologies
Instructor
Dr.
University

2. February 27, 2016
ABSTRACT
Following the numerous pre-2002 accounting scandals that
bedeviled corporate America, the U.S. Congress passed the
Sarbanes-Oxley Law of 2002 (SOX,2002), to prevent and deter
future accounting fraud, protect investors and increase
confidence in public company financial accounting reporting
and ensure confidence in the US stock markets. SOX created the
Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) charged
with overseeing public company audits, setting audit standards,
and investigating acts of noncompliance by auditors or audit
firms. The PCAOB which is set up by the Securities and
Exchange Commission under SOX, 2002 has the following
responsibilities: registration of public accounting firms that
audit publicly traded companies, establishing or adopting
auditing, quality control, ethics, independence, and other
standards relating to audits of publicly traded companies,
inspecting public accounting firms, investigating registered
public accounting firms and their employees, conducting
disciplinary hearings, and imposing sanctions were justified,
performing such other duties as necessary to promote high
professional standards among registered accounting firms, and
enforcing compliance with the SOX Act, 2002, the rules of the
Board, professional standards, and securities laws relating to
public company audits.( Kranacher, et, al 2010).
In this document attempt is made to evaluate the impact of
PCAOB, herein after called the Board, in improving the

3. reliability of audited financial statement of public companies,
and assess the impact of the Board’s regulatory role on the
accounting profession. The document further evaluates whether
or not the Board should issue additional regulations regarding
the responsibilities for corporate officers and auditors of
financial statements and their impact on financial statement
integrity. It looks at the impact of SOX regulation on internal
control environment and speculates on the level of testing
necessary to provide assurance of completeness and accuracy
for CEOs to certify the company’s financial statements. The
document assesses how the System Design Life Cycle model
would impact the emerging issues, recommend a strategy for
dealing with the emerging issues and determine the types of
fraud schemes that might go undetected if these
recommendations are not implemented.
Has PCAOB been effective with improving the reliability of
audited financial statement for the public users of the
information?
The establishment of the Public Company Accounting Oversight

4. Board (PCAOB) in line with SOX as an independent oversight
body of public company audits has ended more than 100 years
of self-regulation and improved the quality and integrity of
financial reporting. By shifting responsibility for external
auditor relationship from corporate management to a fully
resourced independent audit team, representatives of
shareholder interest, SOX has greatly enhanced the reliability of
financial reporting and quality of audit. According to Steve
Howe, a managing partner for Ernst & Young LLP, the
alignment of the interests of shareholders with independent
audit committees, audit oversight authorities and auditors has
increased transparency necessary to improve audit quality,
maintain investor confidence, and ensure the strength and
competitiveness of U.S. capital markets. In a 2008 audit
committee survey reported by the Center for Audit quality, 90
percent of audit committee members surveyed said that "they
work more closely with the independent auditor".Audit quality
has also improved because of PCAOB inspections and standard
setting.
As of December 31, 2011, over 2,000 audit firms from more
than 80 countries were registered with the PCAOB. In 2011, the
organization conducted inspections of 213 registered audit
firms, and initiated an interim inspection program for broker-
dealers.More audit committees have financial experts. In 2003,
only a small number of audit committee members were financial
experts. Today, almost half of all audit committee members are
identified through proxy statement disclosure as meeting the
definition of a financial expert.
Companies that comply with all of the internal control
provisions in SOX are less likely to issue financial
restatements. A November 2009 study published by Audit
Analytics found the rate of financial restatements was 46
percent higher for companies that did not comply with all of the
SOX internal control provisions.Corporate governance is
stronger. Prior to SOX, the process for the selection and
assessment of the independent auditor typically was controlled

5. by management. Audit committees now play an essential role in
corporate governance framework by overseeing the quality and
integrity of company financial statements.
(http://www.pcaobus.org/News/Speech/Pages/102912_NASBA.
Assessing the impact of the PCAOB to the accounting
profession, given the shift from self-regulation to federally
regulated
The passage of SOX 2002 has brought dramatic changes to an
already dynamic accounting profession. Sections 101-109
establish the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board
(PCAOB) as an independent non-profit body with mandatory
power to register public accounting firms that prepare audit
reports for issuers; establish, adopt auditing, quality control,
ethics, and independence standards for these firms. It prohibits
any person or entity not registered as such from participating in
the preparation, or issuance of any audit report of a public
company. These sections also grant PCAOB the power to adopt
standards issued by professional groups like the American
Institute of Certified and Public Accountants (AICPA). The
PCAOB is ordered under these sections to conduct continuing
inspections of public accounting firms to assess their
compliance with SOX, PCAOB and SEC laws. PCAOB is
authorized to establish fair procedures for investigations and
disciplinary actions for public accounting firms and
accountants. Under these laws foreign accounting firms auditing
U.S. public companies are required to list their securities on
American Stock Markets and be subject to the SOX Act.
External auditors are also required to check the PCAOB website
to be abreast with new rules and regulations.
From 2003, the PCAOB has therefore being meeting its four
main statutory obligations of registration, inspection,
enforcement, and standard setting for public accounting firms.
The Board started with only the four large audit firms (Cohen
et, al 2009) and expanded its inspections to cover 99 and 281
audit firms in 2004 and 2005 respectively. It has, as of now,
registered over 2300 firms, including foreign firms from 85

6. jurisdictions, conducted over 1800 inspections in the US and 37
overseas, and established 15 auditing standards (Agrawal &
Chadha, 2005). This shows the impact of PCAOB’s regulatory
role globally.
Since its inception in earnest in 2003, PCAOB has
enhanced the growth and evolution in independent audit
regulation with a positive impact on audit quality and protection
of investors. Through inspection and other oversight activities,
the PCAOB and other regulators have identified and called
attention to weaknesses, risks and challenges in the audit
profession. The annual and periodic reports of the International
Forum of Independent Audit Regulators (IFIAR) continues to
draw attention to common inspection findings around the world
since 2014. ( https://www.ifiar.org/Members-Inspection-
Reports.aspx. ). The PCAOB continues to issue a number of
individual and general reports, staff audit practice alerts and
other public documents that highlight a range of findings that
arise during inspections of registered audit firms.
(http://pcaobus.org/Inspections/Pages/PublicReports.aspx). The
PCAOB has, in response to the demands of investors and other
market participants for improvement in audit practice, revised
auditing standards and taken enforcement actions for violations
of those standards and related laws and regulations. It is safe to
say that the regulatory oversight by the PCAOB has facilitated
the much needed improvements in auditor behavior and
consequently the integrity of audited financial statements.
Should the PCAOB issue additional regulations regarding the
responsibility for corporate officers and auditors of financial
statements? What will be the impact on financial statement
integrity?
Though several sections of SOX 2002 have increased the
responsibilities for corporate officers and auditors of financial
statements and greatly enhanced financial reporting and
financial statement integrity, with changing times, challenges
will come up that might demand the issuing of additional
regulations.

7. Under Section 404, companies were required to establish
internal controls and procedures for financial reporting. Effects
of compliant costs must be done across different sizes of
companies. Small-sized companies will be more negatively
impacted as larger companies enjoy economies of scale in
auditor fees following increasing audit responsibilities with
fixed and variable costs.
Opponents of SOX argue that the cost of implementing SOX far
exceeds the benefits. (Jahmani & Dowling, 2008) argue that a
2005 study by the Financial Executives International (FEI) in an
attempt to determine the cost of compliance with section 404
shows that large cap firms (those with market capitalization
above $750 million) averaged $4.3 million while small cap
firms was tagged at $1 million In addition, cumulatively
compliance of all publicly companies averaged approximately
$7 billion or 1% of their revenue (Koehn & Del Vecchio, 2004).
The increasing number of public companies that were privately
sold, that relocated to foreign lands and many of such
companies relisting on foreign exchanges, especially the
London Stock Exchange which has fewer such regulations,
attest to growing opposition to SOX compliance costs and loss
of investor confidence. It requires both the chief executive and
chief financial officer personally attest that they have reviewed
the auditors’ report.
Section 302 is another section which identifies actual human
beings, holds them responsible and puts them on the spot in the
event of material misstatements of financial statements. It
therefore requires “Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and Chief
Financial Officers (CFOs) to (i) certify that they have reviewed
the quarterly and annual reports their companies have filed with
the SEC, and that based on their knowledge the reports do not
contain any material misstatements and that the financial
statements are fairly presented; (ii) certify that they have
personally established and maintained their company’s internal
financial controls, designed such controls to ensure that relevant
material information is made available to them, and that they

8. have recently evaluated the effectiveness of the internal control
system and that they have presented their conclusions about the
control’s effectiveness; (iii) must also certify that they have
reported to their auditors and audit committees all significant
deficiencies and material weaknesses in the controls and any
fraud, material or otherwise involving any officers of the
company who plays a role in the internal controls and finally
(iv) indicate whether or not there have been any changes in the
internal controls after its evaluation that could significantly
affect the controls.
Critics argue that corporate executive might not have the
requisite technical knowledge to design such controls
personally. As a result such executive allow sub certification by
their subordinates. Will that absorb CEOs and CFOs from
liabilities in the event of certification of inaccurate documents?
Section 301 has far reaching consequences as it places personal
responsibilities on these executives. They cannot pass the buck
anymore. It is therefore not strange that HealthSouth’s CFO,
Winston Smith chose to resign rather than certify the accuracy
of HealthSouth’s financial documents in August 2002
(www.uow.edu). This case exemplifies the impact that section
301 has on companies.
As a human institution, PCAOB definitely needs to review its
regulations with the passage of time to evaluate and reduce the
cost implications of Section 404 of SOX and the technical
demands placed on top corporate officers with its far reaching
liabilities on CEOs and CFOs. As the debate continues and with
the US Congress reevaluating SOX, attention must focus on US
capability to compete globally in terms of relative operational
costs of U.S. corporate bodies. Care must however be taken not
to lose sight of events that led to SOX enactment. There is thus
the need for a breakeven point at which cost of SOX
implementation will be equivalent to its benefits.
It must be noted however, that Sections 404 and 302 have
greatly enhanced the integrity of financial statements as these
regulations puts pressure on identified human beings to ensure

9. compliance of the law.
The impact of SOX regulation on the internal control
environment and the level of testing necessary to provide
assurance of completeness and accuracy for CEOs to certify the
company’s financial statements
The Sarbanes-Oxley, 2002 Law has greatly impacted on the
effectiveness of the internal control environment. The Act
addresses auditor independence and the relationship between
auditors and the public companies they audit. The act requires
public companies to assess the effectiveness of their internal
control over financial reporting and for their external auditors
to report on management’s assessment and the effectiveness of
internal controls.
The act also contains provisions intended to make chief
executive officers (CEO) and chief financial officers (CFO)
more accountable, improve the oversight role of boards of
directors and audit committees, and provide whistleblower
protection. It makes it far more difficult for a repeat of the pre-
2000 corporate scandals. The Act created the Public Company
Accounting Oversight Board to police the accounting profession
and set auditing standards. It shored up the role of the audit
committee, making it independent and responsible for hiring,
firing and overseeing external auditors, removing that authority
from management. Under Section 404, companies were required
to establish internal controls and procedures for financial
reporting whilst section 302 mandated that both the chief
executive and chief financial officer personally attest that they
have reviewed the auditors’ report and that it does not contain
any material untrue statements or material omission or anything
that could be considered misleading.
Before the enactment of SOX 2002, most CEOs and CFOs had
signed their annual and quarterly certifications — which are
included in the financial statements filed with the SEC on Form
10-Q as required by Section 302 of Sarbanes-Oxley — without a
rigorous examination of internal controls. Now that Section 404
is in force, management should be integrating its quarterly and

10. annual assessment processes. Although management is not
required to test all its key controls every quarter, they should
perform some degree of testing each quarter to support the
quarterly Section 302 certification. At a minimum, the Section
302 certification process should include a consideration of the
status of the Section 404 project, the results of testing, the
severity of any identified control deficiencies, and
management’s corrective action plans.
Assessing how the System Design Life Cycle model would
impact the emerging issue.
The PCAOB has reorganized auditing standards to make the
audit process more efficient. It has in addition identified several
emerging issues during its November 2015 meeting that needs
special attention. One such issue is the need to keep auditing
standards relevant in light of technological advancement.
http://www.weaver.com . An example of technology is the
Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), a conceptual model
that describes the eight stages of an information system project
development. These stages are the systems planning stage,
systems analysis stage, conceptual design stage, systems
selection stage, detailed design, systems implementation, and
program systems maintenance stage. SDLC is of immense
significance to accountants and auditors because the “quality of
accounting information rests directly on the SDLC activities
that produce Accounting Information Systems (Hall, J.A.,
2011).
In order to provide an expert opinion regarding the fair
presentation of the financial statements, the auditor must
perform certain audits. The accuracy and integrity of a client’s
database and its application programs directly affect its
financial data. A materially flawed financial application can
corrupt financial data which are then incorrectly reported in the
financial statements. The SDLC‘s systems development and
maintenance process establish the accuracy of new applications
and preserve their integrity of new applications and preserve
their integrity throughout the period under review. The auditor’s

11. objective in testing controls over these process is to establish
application and thus limit the tests of application controls and
substantive testing that needs to be done. (Hall, J.A., 2011).
The SDLC, though efficient in meeting a technological
emerging need has as an electronic financial reporting system
raised issues of privacy and security that should addressed.
Security technologies such as firewalls, encryption, intrusion
detection and antivirus software should be implemented to
mitigate the privacy and security issues (Kranacher, et al.
2010).
Recommend a strategy for dealing with the emerging issue and
determine the types of fraud schemes that might go undetected
if your recommendations are not implemented.
Strengthening of internal control systems and implementation of
a fraud prevention and detection plan is a potentially effective
strategy to deal with the emerging issue of enhancing the
integrity of financial reporting using appropriate accounting
applications.
Compliance with SOX 2002, SEC, and PCAOB regulations will
enhance auditor independence, good corporate governance and
responsibility, disclosure requirements and enforce penalties for
fraud and other violations which will help strengthen internal
control systems. A strong internal control system can eliminate
such fraud schemes like asset misappropriation, skimming, cash
larceny, billing schemes, check tampering, payroll fraud, , and
noncash fraud such as theft or misuse of victim organization’s
noncash assets. These fraud schemes can however go undetected
if the internal control system and fraud prevention and detection
plan are not effective and efficient.
References

12. Agrawal, A, & Chadhia, S. (2005). Corporate governance and
accounting scandals. Journal of Law and Economics, 48(2),
371-406
Cohen, J, Krishnamoorty, G., & Wright, A. (2010). Corporate
Governance in the Post-Sarbanes-Oxley Era: Auditor’s
Experiences. Contemporary Accounting Research, 27(3), 751-
786
Financial Executive International, (FEI) 2004, 2006. Section
404 Cost Survey. Retrieved from
http://www.financialexecutives.org, 02/25/2016
Hall, J.A., (2011). Information Technology Auditing and
Assurance. 3rd Edition. Mason: South-Western Cengage
Learning
HealthSouth: The Richard Scrushy Fraud Trial. Retrieved from
https://www.uow.edu.au/~bmartin/dissent/documents/health/hea
lthsouth_scr_trial.html . 01/16/2016
International Forum of Independent Auditing Regulators:
International Auditing and Assurance Board Meeting Report,
Brussels 03/18/2015.(Retrieved from
https://www.ifiar.org/Members-Inspection-Reports.aspx
02/27/2016
Jahmani, Y. & Dowling, W.A., (2008). The Impact of Sarbanes-
Oxley Act. Journal of Business & Research-October 2008, Vol.
6, number 10.
Koehn, J. & Del Vecchio, S. (2004). Ripple effects of the
Sarbanes-Oxley Act, CPA Journal 74(2), 36-40. Retrieved
02/26/2016 from Source Premier Database.
Student Guide to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act: What Business Needs
to Know Now that it is Implemented. Mason: South-Western
Cengage Learning. Retrieved from
https://blackboard.strayer.edu/bbcswebdav/institution/ACC/574/
ACC574_StudentGuideToSOX.pdf . 02/24/2016
The Impact of Financial Regulation: Current Policy Issues
Impacting the Audit Profession. 03/14/2007. Retrieved from
http://pcaobus.org/News/Pages/03142007_OslonCapitalMarkets
Summit.aspx. 02/26/2016.

13. Weaver. (2016). Audit Update: Sneak, Peake into New
Standards and Emerging Issues. Retrieved from
http://www.weaver.com/blog/audit-update-sneak-peek-new-
standards-and-emerging-issues . 02/27/2016.
1
Emerging Auditing Issues
By
Week 8
Assignment
4

14. ACC 57
1 Emerging Auditing Technologies
Instructor
Dr
.
University
February 27, 2016
1

15. Emerging Auditing Issues
By
Week 8 Assignment 4
ACC 571 Emerging Auditing Technologies
Instructor
Dr.
University
February 27, 2016

16. Assignment_Emerging Auditing Issues
DUE: November 09, 2018 by 6:00 pm / 18:00 hrs
Search the Internet for hot topics and emerging issues of
financial statement fraud and other fraudulent act committed by
publically traded companies, including those identified by the
PCAOB. Consider the topics, trends, and longevity of those
issues identified.
Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper:
1. Create an argument in agreement or disagreement that the
creation of the PCAOB has been effective with improving the
reliability of audited financial statement for the public users of
the information. Provide support for your position.
2. Assess the impact of the PCAOB to the accounting
profession, given the shift from self-regulation to federally
regulated. Provide a rationale for your assessment.
3. Evaluate whether or not the PCAOB should issue additional
regulations regarding the responsibility for corporate officers
and auditors of financial statements, indicating the resulting
impact to financial statement integrity. Provide support for your
rationale.
4. Determine the impact that SOX regulation has on the internal
control environment. Speculate on the level of testing
necessary to provide assurance of completeness and accuracy
for CEOs to certify the company’s financial statements. Provide

17. support for your rationale.
5. Assess how the System Design Life Cycle model would
impact the emerging issue. Provide support for your rationale.
6. Recommend a strategy for dealing with the emerging issue
and determine the types of fraud schemes that might go
undetected if your recommendations are not implemented.
Provide support for your recommendation.
Use at least five (5) quality resources in this assignment.
NOTE: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as
quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
· Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size
12), with 1” margins on all sides; citations and references must
follow APA format.
· The cover page and the reference page are not included in the
required assignment page length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this
assignment are:
· Evaluate auditing procedures and techniques to audit the
revenue and expense cycles to meet various business
requirements.
· Use technology and information resources to research issues in
emerging auditing technologies.
· Write clearly and concisely about emerging auditing
technologies using proper writing mechanics.

18. · Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality,
logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing
skills.
Assignment
_
Emerging Auditing Issues
DUE: November 09, 2018 by
6:00 pm / 18:00 hrs
Search the Internet for hot topics and emerging issues of
financial statement fraud and other
fraudulent act committed by publically traded companies,
including those
identified by the PCAOB.
Consider the topics, trends, and longevity of those issues
identified.
Write a six to eight (6
-
8) page paper:
1.
Create an argument in agreement or disagreement that the
creation of the PCAOB has been
effective with improving the re
liability of audited financial statement for the public users of
the

19. information. Provide support for your position.
2.
Assess the impact of the PCAOB to the accounting profession,
given the shift from self
-
regulation to federally regulated. Provide a
ratio
nale for your assessment.
3.
Evaluate whether or not the PCAOB should issue additional
regulations regarding the
responsibility for corporate officers and auditors of financial
statements, indicating the resulting
impact to financial statement integrity. Pro
vide support for your rationale.
4.
Determine the impact that SOX regulat
ion has on the internal control
environment.
Speculate
on the level of testing necessary to provide assurance of
completeness and accuracy for
CEOs to certify the company’s financial

20. statements. Provide support for your rationale.
5.
Assess how the System Design Life Cycle model would impact
the emerging issue. Provide
supp
ort for your rationale.
6.
Recommend a strategy for dealing with the emerging issue and
determine the types of fraud
s
chemes that might go undetected if your recommendations are
not implemented. Provide
s
upport for your recommendation.
Use at least
five
(
5)
quality resources in this assignment.
NOTE
:
Wikipedia and similar Websites do no
t qualify as quality resources.

21. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
·
Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size
12), with
1”
margins on all sides;
citations and references must follow APA format.
·
The cover page and the reference page are not
included in the r
equired assignment page
length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this
assignment are:
·
Evaluate auditing procedures and techniques to audit the
revenue and expense cycles to meet
various business requirements.
·
Use
technology and information resources to research issues in

22. emerging auditing
technologies.
Assignment_Emerging Auditing Issues
DUE: November 09, 2018 by 6:00 pm / 18:00 hrs
Search the Internet for hot topics and emerging issues of
financial statement fraud and other
fraudulent act committed by publically traded companies,
including those identified by the PCAOB.
Consider the topics, trends, and longevity of those issues
identified.
Write a six to eight (6-8) page paper:
1. Create an argument in agreement or disagreement that the
creation of the PCAOB has been
effective with improving the reliability of audited financial
statement for the public users of the
information. Provide support for your position.
2. Assess the impact of the PCAOB to the accounting
profession, given the shift from self-
regulation to federally regulated. Provide a rationale for your
assessment.
3. Evaluate whether or not the PCAOB should issue additional
regulations regarding the
responsibility for corporate officers and auditors of financial
statements, indicating the resulting
impact to financial statement integrity. Provide support for your
rationale.
4. Determine the impact that SOX regulation has on the internal
control environment. Speculate

23. on the level of testing necessary to provide assurance of
completeness and accuracy for
CEOs to certify the company’s financial statements. Provide
support for your rationale.
5. Assess how the System Design Life Cycle model would
impact the emerging issue. Provide
support for your rationale.
6. Recommend a strategy for dealing with the emerging issue
and determine the types of fraud
schemes that might go undetected if your recommendations are
not implemented. Provide
support for your recommendation.
Use at least five (5) quality resources in this assignment.
NOTE: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as
quality resources.
Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements:
12), with 1” margins on all sides;
citations and references must follow APA format.
he reference page are not included in the
required assignment page
length.
The specific course learning outcomes associated with this
assignment are:
revenue and expense cycles to meet
various business requirements.

24. in emerging auditing
technologies.