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CITY STRATA: Locative Experience Design &
                                                                                         Large-Scale Heritage Apps
                                                                                                   Dr Charlotte Crofts (Digital Cultures Research Centre, UWE Bristol)	

Introduction	

                                                            One of the key features of Bristol City Council’s Know Your Place website is the                The Lost Cinemas of Castle Park App developed out of the second                            Conclusions	

The personal devices which many of us now carry around with us             ability for the public to contribute their own archive. During the Sandbox we have              series of user evaluations, in which we tested multiple sites of interest. The             Mobile technologies enable us to bring the past to life by accessing
everyday enable us to radically transform the ways in which we             undertaken a feasibility study for users to be able to upload audio, text and images            app spans over 100-years of cinema-going in Bristol city centre, featuring 13              dynamic heritage data in the field, transporting digital humanities
interpret and engage with cultural heritage sites utilising a range of     whilst on the move and mocked up a mobile app to demo the user interface: 	

                   cinemas in the park and the immediate area – from the Tivoli which                         scholarship from desk-top bound websites and databases back into
mobile technologies from location-based services to cloud                     	

                                                                                          screened the first moving pictures in 1896 to the Europa which opened in                    the material environment. The key findings of the City Strata project
computing and social media. This represents a subtle paradigm shift        	

                                         Peter Insole: “Community contributions to           1973. The park itself was Bristol’s thriving commercial and leisure centre                 are the challenges of streaming and uploading content to and from a
from the virtual mediation of early digital humanities to one of           	

                                         Know Your Place currently go straight into the      before it was destroyed in the Blitz and none of the cinemas are extant -                  remote database across multiple ‘hotspots’, the need to design both
mediated co-presence: returning digital humanities to the actual           	

                                         Historic Environment Record, they become a          save the 1930s Odeon - presenting the challenge of how to bring the                        for the location and ‘armchair mode’, and the efficacy of social media
spaces and places of culture which have been their object of study.	

     	

                                         material consideration within any planning          invisible history of these buildings to life. We wanted to create a more                   in linking heritage apps to contemporary experience. In terms of
                                                                                                                       considerations and are already being referred
 	

                                                                       	

                                                                                             immersive, cinematic experience and consequently moved away from the                       the Sandbox process, the project has demonstrated the power of
                                                                                                                       to in Planning submissions. In the long term this
City Strata is an app-authoring system for curating mobile                 	

                                         sharing of information will improve our data for    text-heavy interface of the earlier pilot to a greater concentration on audio,             creative knowledge exchange between diverse stakeholders: “the
heritage experiences which allows developers to create different           	

                                         managing physical change in the City and            with pared down images and background map. 	

                                             collaboration between UWE, Calvium and the City Council
                                                                                                                                                                           	

historic ‘layers’ or ways of experiencing the city, that their users can   	

                                         increase the appreciation of the value of our                                                                                                  demonstrates the potential of projects that link data-rich local
then enhance by uploading their own content. As part of the 3-                                                         heritage.” 	

                                      	

                                                                                        authorities with academic and creative partners” (Peter Insole).
                                                                           	

                                                                                                                             Start screen: simple movie poster aesthetic with
month rapid-prototyping REACT ‘Heritage Sandbox’ process, the                                                                                                              	

                             choice between listening in Castle Park in auto mode, or   Given the timescale and resources available, our objectives have
                                                                           	

City Strata team developed the Cinemapping prototype, which maps                                                                                                           	

                             manual / armchair mode, plus a call to action to see
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      been to demonstrate the feasibility of the new platform and
                                                                           The Cinemapping Prototype draws data from the ‘historic cinemas’ layer
Bristol’s historic cinemas, so that users can experience local cinema                                                                                                      	

                             ‘What’s On’ at the nearest cinema, celebrating
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      characterize its limitations and requirements rather than to deploy a
                                                                           extracted from Know Your Place, allowing users to access information about Bristol                                              contemporary cinema-going as much as its heritage.	

history in the places where it actually happened. Behind the scenes,                                                                                                       	

                                                                                        fully working system. What is now needed is further funding for the
                                                                           cinemas past and present in the field. 	

the platform innovates by drawing content that relates to your                                                                                                             	

                                                                                        full implementation of these features. Since the collaboration, Bristol
                                                                           	

specific location from a remote geo-database – in this case the                                                  Apping or mapping: in the first iteration we                Working with production assistant Kieron Gurner, the app has been through                  City Council has won an English Heritage grant to further develop
                                                                           	

historic cinema layer in Bristol City Council’s historic environment                                            combined a cinematic aesthetic (left: landscape            several iterations and user testing with various audiences, including an                   the City Strata platform with Calvium and there are plans for an
                                                                           	

record ArcGIS map, Know Your Place. By storing content in ‘The
                                                                                                                orientation, metaphor of the foyer) with the more          illuminating comparison between GPS and the manual or ‘armchair’ mode,                     international collaborative bid to extend the Cinemapping prototype
                                                                           	

                                  traditional tab-based map interface (below). Following
Cloud’ more information can be accessed locally than can fit into a                                                                                                         designed to make the app accessible for those who are unable to visit the                  to other cities and databases: “The possibility of creating global
                                                                           	

                                  user evaluation we decided to simplify the interface,
normal app, making it scalable for multiple urban, national or even                                                                                                        park. Interestingly, users enjoyed the option of being manually in control                 layers that stitch together locally curated heritage-inspired stories is
                                                                           	

                                  with less emphasis on maps and tabs (bottom).	

global points of interest. 	

                                                                                                                                             even when physically at the site.	

                                                       very exciting” (Jo Reid). 	

                                                                           	

                                                                                             	

	

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   	

	

                                                                        In developing the interface we piloted two key modes: the single point of interest              	

                                                    Mapping the past: kids              Literature cited	

	

                                                                        and multiple cinema sites. The first of these focused on the Grade II listed                     	

	

                                                                                                                                                                                                                               from Fairfield High School           Chion, M. (1994), Audio-Vision: Sound on Screen ed. and trans. by C.
	

                                                                           Whiteladies Picture House where, building on the success of the Curzon Memories                 	

                                                    testing the app sitting roughly         	

Gorbman (New York: Columbia University Press). 	

	

                                                                        App (Crofts, 2011), we wanted to test how a rich single-site experience could be                	

                                                    where the stalls of the Regent
	

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   Crofts, C. (2011), ‘Technologies of Seeing the Past: the Curzon
                                                                           integrated into the wider application. 	

                                                      	

                                                    would have been; the Regent
	

                                                                           	

                                                                                                                                                    before it was bombed in 1940.	

        	

Memories App’ in Electronic Visualisation and the Arts, London
	

                                                                                                                                                                        	

                                                                                            	

Conference Proceedings, British Computing Society.	

	

                                                                        	

                                                                                                                                                                           	

                                                                                        Elsaesser, T. (1998) ‘Specularity and Engulfment: Francis Ford
	

                                                                        	

	

                                                                                                                                                                        The soundtrack became the primary means through which the app attempts                         	

Coppola and Bram Stoker's Dracula’ in S. Neale and M. Smith
                                                                           	

	

                                                                                                                                                                        to bring the world of the park to life relying on the “acousmatic” images                      	

eds., Contemporary Hollywood Cinema (London and New York:
	

                                                                        	

	

                                                                                                                                                                        (Chion, 1994) that sound generates in the users’ imagination, and aiming for                   	

Routledge).	

                                                                           	

	

                                                                                                                                                                        the cinematic “engulfment” (Elaesser, 1998) afforded by a professional sound               Hull, R. (2012), ‘Making Scalable Location-Aware Mobile 	

	

                                                                        	

                                                                                                                                                                           mix. The intention was always to use a blend of voiceover, dramatisation,                      	

Apps’ (Calvium) http://www.calvium.com/making-scalable-	

	

                                                                        	

	

                                                                                                                                                                        oral memories and sound effects at each cinema hotspot. Following user                         	

location-aware-mobile-apps. 	

                                                                           We envisaged two user scenarios: the engaged movie buff interested in cinema
	

                                                                                                                                                                        feedback we introduced additional ambient zones with archive music,                        Reid, J., Hull, R., Cater, K., Fleuriot, C. (2005), ‘Magic Moments in
	

                                                                        history and the casual user. Images and text were streamed from Know Your Place,
	

                                                                                                                                                                        trailers, adverts and incidental cinema anecdotes between hotspots. This                       	

Situated Mediascapes’ in ACM SIGCHI International
                                                                           with additional data stored within the app, incorporating games and trivia with
During the course of the technical Research and Development for                                                                                                            strategy also enables the user to respond directly to the environment                          	

Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment
                                                                           audio memories and in-depth cinema history, such as close ups of what was
the Cinemapping prototype, Calvium explored the challenge of                                                                                                               without concentrating too much on the screen: a key consideration in                           	

Technology (ACE). 	

                                                                           screening on the cinema hoardings with hyperlinks to the films and stars on
dealing with large scale and dynamic content by caching ‘hotspots’                                                                                                         locative experience design where the aim should be to harness that                         	

                                                                           www.imdb.com. The user won digital souvenirs if they answered the quiz correctly,
within a 1km radius of the user (Hull, 2012). 	

                                                                                                                          serendipitous frisson between user interface, media content and the location               Acknowledgments	

                                                                           such as a link to the first film shown at the cinema, a Mary Pickford silent, Pollyanna
	

                                                                                                                                                                           itself, creating what Reid et al (2005) have termed “magic moments”. 	

                   Funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, REACT is one
	

                                                                        (1921). Two key outcomes of the user evaluation were: firstly that listening to
                                    Cache of Nearest 10                                                                                                                                                                                                               of four UK Knowledge Exchange Hubs for the Creative Economy
	

                                 Hotspots Demo: The green               audio memories at the actual location offers added value; secondly, the ability to
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      and is a collaboration between the University of the West of
	

                                 circle represents the scope of the     share and comment via Facebook and Twitter gives cinema heritage contemporary
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      England, Watershed and the Universities of Bath, Bristol, Cardiff and
	

                                 current ‘radar sweep’, and the red     relevance, particularly when the live feed is available from within the app.	

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                      Exeter. City Strata is a collaboration between Charlotte Crofts,
	

                                 blobs represent the Know Your Place    	

                                    cinema hotspots in that sweep. 	

                                                                                                                                                                                                UWE (charlotte.crofts@uwe.ac.uk | @charlottecrofts), Jo Reid,
	

                                                                        	

                                Extras: users
                                                                                                              (above) testing                                                                                                                                         Calvium (jo@calvium.com | @appfurnace) and Peter Insole, Bristol
	

                                                                        	

                                                                                                              various modes of on-                                                                                                                                    City Council (pete.insole@bristol.gov.uk | @locallearning). 	

Calvium also tested the possibility of using the iOS Significant            	

                                                                                                                                                                                        	

                                                                                                              site interaction such
Location Change Service which automatically ‘wakes-up’ suspended              	

                             as the Whiteladies                                                                                                                                      Further information on this project can be obtained at: 	

iPhone apps when new location data is triggered, but found the             	

                                                                                                   Various stages of interface development:                                             http://www.watershed.co.uk/ished/heritagesandbox/projects/2012/
                                                                                                              Picture House quiz,
                                                                           	

                                                                                                   mapping cinema footprints and layered thumbnail of
service was not yet granular enough to recognise the relatively small                                         the ‘Your Name in                                                                                                                                       city-strata/ | @citystrata	

                                                                                                                                                                                 images (above), paring down to single image (top right)
changes in location required for multiple points of interest               	

                                Lights’ and ‘Remove                                                                                                                                     	

                                                                                                                                                                                 and the live Twitter feed (bottom right).	

concentrated in the city centre. Initial tests suggest a combined          	

                                One Letter Film’                                             	

                                                                                        The Lost Cinemas of Castle Park is available for iPhone, iPod
                                                                           	

                                games, audio                                                                                                                                            Touch and iPad, iOS4.2 or later, just search for “Lost Cinemas” on
strategy of switching between the low-power qualities of cellular                                                                                                          Initially the site for piloting the multiple cinemas mode, it became clear that
                                                                                                                 memories and the                                                                                                                                     iTunes Store or scan the adjacent QR code:	

positioning and the fine-grain accuracy and latency of GPS, plus                                                  facility to comment                                       the Castle Park tour would work better as a spin-off, both available to
leveraging the intermediate characteristics of Wi-Fi positioning                                                 via Facebook and                                          download from within the Cinemapping app and as a standalone                               	

where appropriate, as the user approaches new points of interest. 	

                                            Twitter	

                                                ‘Cinemapping Experience’ in iTunes. 	

                                                    Info: www.www.cinemapping.co.uk | @cinemapping

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City Strata: Locative Experience Design and Large-

  • 1. CITY STRATA: Locative Experience Design & Large-Scale Heritage Apps Dr Charlotte Crofts (Digital Cultures Research Centre, UWE Bristol) Introduction One of the key features of Bristol City Council’s Know Your Place website is the The Lost Cinemas of Castle Park App developed out of the second Conclusions The personal devices which many of us now carry around with us ability for the public to contribute their own archive. During the Sandbox we have series of user evaluations, in which we tested multiple sites of interest. The Mobile technologies enable us to bring the past to life by accessing everyday enable us to radically transform the ways in which we undertaken a feasibility study for users to be able to upload audio, text and images app spans over 100-years of cinema-going in Bristol city centre, featuring 13 dynamic heritage data in the field, transporting digital humanities interpret and engage with cultural heritage sites utilising a range of whilst on the move and mocked up a mobile app to demo the user interface: cinemas in the park and the immediate area – from the Tivoli which scholarship from desk-top bound websites and databases back into mobile technologies from location-based services to cloud screened the first moving pictures in 1896 to the Europa which opened in the material environment. The key findings of the City Strata project computing and social media. This represents a subtle paradigm shift Peter Insole: “Community contributions to 1973. The park itself was Bristol’s thriving commercial and leisure centre are the challenges of streaming and uploading content to and from a from the virtual mediation of early digital humanities to one of Know Your Place currently go straight into the before it was destroyed in the Blitz and none of the cinemas are extant - remote database across multiple ‘hotspots’, the need to design both mediated co-presence: returning digital humanities to the actual Historic Environment Record, they become a save the 1930s Odeon - presenting the challenge of how to bring the for the location and ‘armchair mode’, and the efficacy of social media spaces and places of culture which have been their object of study. material consideration within any planning invisible history of these buildings to life. We wanted to create a more in linking heritage apps to contemporary experience. In terms of considerations and are already being referred immersive, cinematic experience and consequently moved away from the the Sandbox process, the project has demonstrated the power of to in Planning submissions. In the long term this City Strata is an app-authoring system for curating mobile sharing of information will improve our data for text-heavy interface of the earlier pilot to a greater concentration on audio, creative knowledge exchange between diverse stakeholders: “the heritage experiences which allows developers to create different managing physical change in the City and with pared down images and background map. collaboration between UWE, Calvium and the City Council historic ‘layers’ or ways of experiencing the city, that their users can increase the appreciation of the value of our demonstrates the potential of projects that link data-rich local then enhance by uploading their own content. As part of the 3- heritage.” authorities with academic and creative partners” (Peter Insole). Start screen: simple movie poster aesthetic with month rapid-prototyping REACT ‘Heritage Sandbox’ process, the choice between listening in Castle Park in auto mode, or Given the timescale and resources available, our objectives have City Strata team developed the Cinemapping prototype, which maps manual / armchair mode, plus a call to action to see been to demonstrate the feasibility of the new platform and The Cinemapping Prototype draws data from the ‘historic cinemas’ layer Bristol’s historic cinemas, so that users can experience local cinema ‘What’s On’ at the nearest cinema, celebrating characterize its limitations and requirements rather than to deploy a extracted from Know Your Place, allowing users to access information about Bristol contemporary cinema-going as much as its heritage. history in the places where it actually happened. Behind the scenes, fully working system. What is now needed is further funding for the cinemas past and present in the field. the platform innovates by drawing content that relates to your full implementation of these features. Since the collaboration, Bristol specific location from a remote geo-database – in this case the Apping or mapping: in the first iteration we Working with production assistant Kieron Gurner, the app has been through City Council has won an English Heritage grant to further develop historic cinema layer in Bristol City Council’s historic environment combined a cinematic aesthetic (left: landscape several iterations and user testing with various audiences, including an the City Strata platform with Calvium and there are plans for an record ArcGIS map, Know Your Place. By storing content in ‘The orientation, metaphor of the foyer) with the more illuminating comparison between GPS and the manual or ‘armchair’ mode, international collaborative bid to extend the Cinemapping prototype traditional tab-based map interface (below). Following Cloud’ more information can be accessed locally than can fit into a designed to make the app accessible for those who are unable to visit the to other cities and databases: “The possibility of creating global user evaluation we decided to simplify the interface, normal app, making it scalable for multiple urban, national or even park. Interestingly, users enjoyed the option of being manually in control layers that stitch together locally curated heritage-inspired stories is with less emphasis on maps and tabs (bottom). global points of interest. even when physically at the site. very exciting” (Jo Reid). In developing the interface we piloted two key modes: the single point of interest Mapping the past: kids Literature cited and multiple cinema sites. The first of these focused on the Grade II listed from Fairfield High School Chion, M. (1994), Audio-Vision: Sound on Screen ed. and trans. by C. Whiteladies Picture House where, building on the success of the Curzon Memories testing the app sitting roughly Gorbman (New York: Columbia University Press). App (Crofts, 2011), we wanted to test how a rich single-site experience could be where the stalls of the Regent Crofts, C. (2011), ‘Technologies of Seeing the Past: the Curzon integrated into the wider application. would have been; the Regent before it was bombed in 1940. Memories App’ in Electronic Visualisation and the Arts, London Conference Proceedings, British Computing Society. Elsaesser, T. (1998) ‘Specularity and Engulfment: Francis Ford The soundtrack became the primary means through which the app attempts Coppola and Bram Stoker's Dracula’ in S. Neale and M. Smith to bring the world of the park to life relying on the “acousmatic” images eds., Contemporary Hollywood Cinema (London and New York: (Chion, 1994) that sound generates in the users’ imagination, and aiming for Routledge). the cinematic “engulfment” (Elaesser, 1998) afforded by a professional sound Hull, R. (2012), ‘Making Scalable Location-Aware Mobile mix. The intention was always to use a blend of voiceover, dramatisation, Apps’ (Calvium) http://www.calvium.com/making-scalable- oral memories and sound effects at each cinema hotspot. Following user location-aware-mobile-apps. We envisaged two user scenarios: the engaged movie buff interested in cinema feedback we introduced additional ambient zones with archive music, Reid, J., Hull, R., Cater, K., Fleuriot, C. (2005), ‘Magic Moments in history and the casual user. Images and text were streamed from Know Your Place, trailers, adverts and incidental cinema anecdotes between hotspots. This Situated Mediascapes’ in ACM SIGCHI International with additional data stored within the app, incorporating games and trivia with During the course of the technical Research and Development for strategy also enables the user to respond directly to the environment Conference on Advances in Computer Entertainment audio memories and in-depth cinema history, such as close ups of what was the Cinemapping prototype, Calvium explored the challenge of without concentrating too much on the screen: a key consideration in Technology (ACE). screening on the cinema hoardings with hyperlinks to the films and stars on dealing with large scale and dynamic content by caching ‘hotspots’ locative experience design where the aim should be to harness that www.imdb.com. The user won digital souvenirs if they answered the quiz correctly, within a 1km radius of the user (Hull, 2012). serendipitous frisson between user interface, media content and the location Acknowledgments such as a link to the first film shown at the cinema, a Mary Pickford silent, Pollyanna itself, creating what Reid et al (2005) have termed “magic moments”. Funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council, REACT is one (1921). Two key outcomes of the user evaluation were: firstly that listening to Cache of Nearest 10 of four UK Knowledge Exchange Hubs for the Creative Economy Hotspots Demo: The green audio memories at the actual location offers added value; secondly, the ability to and is a collaboration between the University of the West of circle represents the scope of the share and comment via Facebook and Twitter gives cinema heritage contemporary England, Watershed and the Universities of Bath, Bristol, Cardiff and current ‘radar sweep’, and the red relevance, particularly when the live feed is available from within the app. Exeter. City Strata is a collaboration between Charlotte Crofts, blobs represent the Know Your Place cinema hotspots in that sweep. UWE (charlotte.crofts@uwe.ac.uk | @charlottecrofts), Jo Reid, Extras: users (above) testing Calvium (jo@calvium.com | @appfurnace) and Peter Insole, Bristol various modes of on- City Council (pete.insole@bristol.gov.uk | @locallearning). Calvium also tested the possibility of using the iOS Significant site interaction such Location Change Service which automatically ‘wakes-up’ suspended as the Whiteladies Further information on this project can be obtained at: iPhone apps when new location data is triggered, but found the Various stages of interface development: http://www.watershed.co.uk/ished/heritagesandbox/projects/2012/ Picture House quiz, mapping cinema footprints and layered thumbnail of service was not yet granular enough to recognise the relatively small the ‘Your Name in city-strata/ | @citystrata images (above), paring down to single image (top right) changes in location required for multiple points of interest Lights’ and ‘Remove and the live Twitter feed (bottom right). concentrated in the city centre. Initial tests suggest a combined One Letter Film’ The Lost Cinemas of Castle Park is available for iPhone, iPod games, audio Touch and iPad, iOS4.2 or later, just search for “Lost Cinemas” on strategy of switching between the low-power qualities of cellular Initially the site for piloting the multiple cinemas mode, it became clear that memories and the iTunes Store or scan the adjacent QR code: positioning and the fine-grain accuracy and latency of GPS, plus facility to comment the Castle Park tour would work better as a spin-off, both available to leveraging the intermediate characteristics of Wi-Fi positioning via Facebook and download from within the Cinemapping app and as a standalone where appropriate, as the user approaches new points of interest. Twitter ‘Cinemapping Experience’ in iTunes. Info: www.www.cinemapping.co.uk | @cinemapping