The following module provides a brief history of Egypt and describes the Mummification Process in Ancient Egypt.

3. Table of Contents

4. Instructions

5. The following keys will help you navigate through the Instructional Module Will take you back to the first page Will take you to the Instructions Will take you to the previous slide Will take you to the Table of Contents Will take you to the next slide Will take you to the answer key slide

6. Introduction

14. Pre-Test cont… 4. Mummification was a 5. The ___________often caused natural mummification 6. The process of mummification would last often over 7. The scribes role was to a. s hort and Cheap process b. long and costly process c. simple process a. cold climate b. tropical climate c. dry, hot climate a. two months b. five months c. three months a.recite poems b. oversee the cutting of the body c.clean

15. Pre-Test cont… 8. The process of mummification has 9. It is important to remove the organs during the mummification process because they are the first part of the body to 10. The _________________ was the first person to begin the mummification process You have just completed your pre-test. b.five stages a. one stage c. two stages c. get sick b. get lost a. decompose a. scribe b.embalmers c. cutter

16. Pre-Test Answer Key 1). a 2.) b 3.) b 4.) b 5.) c 6.) a 7.) b 8 . ) c 9.) a 10.) b

19. Egypt Information and History cont..

20. Definition A mummy is a dead body whose skin and flesh have been preserved by either intentional or incidental exposure to chemicals , extreme cold, very low humidity , or lack of air when bodies are submerged in bogs .

21. Vocabulary dead body skin flesh chemicals incidental humidity bogs . cadaver remains hide tissue bayou swamp substance compound minor secondary moisture dampness

22. Introduction to Egyptian Mummification Egyptians believed that the body was the connection to a spiritual existence in the afterlife. The body was mummified so the spirit could get the basic needs in the afterlife. In case the body was destroyed or damaged, supernatural spells were placed on a sculpture of the deceased so the soul could continue to have their needs met.

23. Since the Middle Kingdom, the beliefs about eternity with Osiris continued to control religious beliefs among both the dignity and the masses of Egypt. There were changes in the beliefs about the after life and also a change in the burial practices. During the Old Kingdom period, pyramids were often used to keep the pharaoh's body and possessions Introduction to Egyptian Mummification cont …

24. Mummification Process in Ancient Egypt Mummification was a long and costly process. A person would need to have a tomb built, collect necessary objects to place in the tomb, and their son or a priest would have to be chosen to bring offering for the sick on a daily basis. In the Old Kingdom, it was a process reserved mainly for the Pharaoh and his top advisors. In the Middle and New Kingdoms, the Egyptians came to believe that the afterlife expanded to the general population. The cost still restricted full procedure to those who were financially well off in the society. For the poor, a low grave near the desert was common. The dry, hot climate often caused natural mummification.

25. This procedure was considered unclean, which limited the cutters position in society. The embalmer was a class of priest which would then remove the internal organs and prepare the body. The mummification would take place in a workshop often near the site of the tomb. The process of mummification would last often over two months, approximately 70 days. Mummification Process in Ancient Egypt cont …

26. It was reserved for the richest and most powerful in Egyptian. There were three main people who took part in this process; the scribe, the cutter, and the embalmer. The scribes role was to oversee the cutting of the body. The incision was made by the cutter. Mummification Process in Ancient Egypt cont…

27. The process of mummification has two stages. First, the embalming of the body. Then, the wrapping and burial of the body. Embalming the body First, his body is taken to the tent known as 'ibu' or the 'place of purification'. There the embalmers wash his body with good-smelling palm wine and rinse it with water from the Nile.

28. One of the embalmer's men makes a cut in the left side of the body and removes many of the internal organs. It is important to remove these because they are the first part of the body to decompose . A long hook is used to smash the brain and pull it out through the nose. The liver, lungs, stomach and intestines are washed and packed in natron which will dry them out. The heart is not taken out of the body because it is the centre of intelligence and feeling and the man will need it in the afterlife

29. The body is now covered and stuffed with natron which will dry it out. All of the fluids, and rags from the embalming process will be saved and buried along with the body. After forty days the body is washed again with water from the Nile. Then it is covered with oils to help the skin stay elastic. The dehydrated internal organs are wrapped in linen and returned to the body. The body is stuffed with dry materials such as sawdust, leaves and linen so that it looks lifelike. Finally the body is covered again with good-smelling oils. It is now ready to be wrapped in linen.

30. In the past, when the internal organs were removed from a body they were placed in hollow canopic jars . Over many years the embalming practices changed and embalmers began returning internal organs to bodies after the organs had been dried in natron. However, solid wood or stone canopic jars were still buried with the mummy to symbolically protect the internal organs. The body has been cleaned, dried and rubbed with good-smelling oils. Now it is ready to be wrapped in linen. Wrapping the mummy First the head and neck are wrapped with strips of fine linen. Then the fingers and the toes are individually wrapped.

31. The arms and legs are wrapped separately. Between the layers of wrapping, the embalmers place amulets to protect the body in its journey through the underworld. A priest reads spells out loud while the mummy is being wrapped. These spells will help ward off evil spirits and help the deceased make the journey to the afterlife. The arms and legs are tied together. A papyrus scroll with spells from the Book of the Dead is placed between the wrapped hands.

32. More linen strips are wrapped around the body. At every layer, the bandages are painted with liquid resin that helps to glue the bandages together. A cloth is wrapped around the body and a picture of the god Osiris is painted on its surface. Finally, a large cloth is wrapped around the entire mummy. It is attached with strips of linen that run from the top to the bottom of the mummy, and around its middle. A board of painted wood is placed on top of the mummy before the mummy is lowered into its coffin. The first coffin is then put inside a second coffin The funeral is held for the deceased and his family mourns his death.

35. Learning Activities Learning Activity #1 Learning Activity #2 Learning Activity #3 Learning Activity #4

39. Learning Activity #4

41. Answer Key Natron was harvested directly as a salt mixture from dry lake beds in ancient Egypt and has been used for thousands of years as a cleaning product for both the home and body Canopic jars were used by ancient Egyptians, and were commonly made of limestone, pottery, wood, or bronze. These jars were used by ancient Egyptians from the period of the Old Kingdom onwards to store various internal organs removed during the process of mummification.

43. Instructions: Read each question carefully and select the best answer . Post-Test a. Northeast Africa b. southwest Africa c. Northwest Africa a. famous person b. dead body c. profession a. Old Kingdom b. Middle kingdom c. New Kingdom

44. b. long and costly process a. short and Cheap process Post-Test cont… 4. Mummification was a 5. The ___________often caused natural mummification 6. The process of mummification would last often over 7. The scribes role was to a. cold climate b. tropical climate a. two months b. five months c. three months a.recite poems b. oversee the cutting of the body c.clean c. dry, hot climate c. simple process

45. Post-Test cont… 8. The process of mummification has 9. It is important to remove the organs during the mummification process because they are the first part of the body to 10. The _________________ was the first person to begin the mummification process. You have just completed your post-test. a. one stage c. two stages b.five stages a. decompose b. get lost c. cutter c. get sick a. scribe b.embalmers

46. Post-Test Answer Key 1). a 2.) b 3.) b 4.) b 5.) c 6.) a 7.) b 8 . ) c 9.) a 10.) b

49. ¡Correct Answer! Very Good

50. ¡Incorrect Answer! Try Again

51. REFERENCES . http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/mummification.htm http://travel.nationalgeographic.com/places/countries/country_egypt.html http://historylink101.net/egypt_1/religion_mummification_process.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummy http://scoop.demarque.com/res/scenarios/1842/images/02-% Harcourt Brace (2002). USA, Harcourt, Inc

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