PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Casuistry, Cultural Relativism

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Casuistry Cultural Relativism (Biomedical Ethics) Charles Lohman

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\"An ethic of virtue implies that moral relativism is correct, while an action-centered ethic does not.\" Do you agree or disagree? Explain. Solution :An ethic of virtue implies that moral relativism is correct, while an action-centered ethic does not\" This statement is very true. Moral relativism is the view that moral judgments are true or false only relative to some particular standpoint (for instance, that of a culture or a historical period) and that no standpoint is uniquely privileged over all others. It has often been associated with other claims about morality: notably, the thesis that different cultures often exhibit radically different moral values; the denial that there are universal moral values shared by every human society; and the insistence that we should refrain from passing moral judgments on beliefs and practices characteristic of cultures other than our own. Virtue theory is a branch of MORAL PHILOSOPHY that emphasizes character, rather than rules or consequences, as the key element of ethical thinking For many of us, the fundamental question of ethics is, \"What should I do?\" or \"How should I act?\" Ethics is supposed to provide us with \"moral principles\" or universal rules that tell us what to do. Many people, for example, read passionate adherents of the moral principle of utilitarianism: \"Everyone is obligated to do whatever will achieve the greatest good for the greatest number.\" Others are just as devoted to the basic principle of Immanuel Kant: \"Everyone is obligated to act only in ways that respect the human dignity and moral rights of all persons.\" Moral principles like these focus primarily on people\'s actions and doings. We \"apply\" them by asking what these principles require of us in particular circumstances, e.g., when considering whether to lie or to commit suicide. We also apply them when we ask what they require of us as professionals, e.g., lawyers, doctors, or business people, or what they require of our social policies and institutions. In the last decade, dozens of ethics centers and programs devoted to \"business ethics\", \"legal ethics\", \"medical ethics\", and \"ethics in public policy\" have sprung up. These centers are designed to examine the implications moral principles have for our lives. But are moral principles all that ethics consists of? Critics have rightly claimed that this emphasis on moral principles smacks of a thoughtless and slavish worship of rules, as if the moral life was a matter of scrupulously checking our every action against a table of do\'s and don\'ts. Fortunately, this obsession with principles and rules has been recently challenged by several ethicists who argue that the emphasis on principles ignores a fundamental component of ethics--virtue. These ethicists point our that by focusing on what people should do or how people should act, the \"moral principles approach\" neglects the more important issue--what people should be. In other words, the fundamental .

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Module 3 Overview Egoism and Relativism; Pluralism and Pragmatism Welcome to Module Three. Is it wrong to smoke marijuana? Is it unethical to get an abortion? Recently, several states and municipalities have passed ordinances and ballot initiatives legalizing the use of marijuana. Also, some states have severely restricted access to abortion, whereas others have not. Are these actions right or wrong and ethical or unethical depending on physical boundaries or jurisdiction rule? This module will explore egoism, moral relativism, pluralism, and pragmatism in the context of real-world issues. Learning Objectives Upon completion of this module, you should be able to: 2B discuss ‘moral sainthood’ and its role in ethics. 6B describe pluralism and pragmatism as they relate to ethics. 6C analyze the benefits and criticisms of cultural relativism as it relates to ethics. 7A evaluate the different perspectives of egoism as it relates to ethics. 7B discuss sociological and cultural relativism as they relate to ethics. Module 3 Reading Assignment Waller, B. N. (2011). Consider ethics: Theory, readings, and contemporary issues (3rd ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. Chapters 2 and 6. Supplemental Reading Assignments (Required): Häyry, M. (2005). A defense of ethical relativism. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics, 14(1), 7-12. Course Login Instructions If you are a first time user: Please register your Pearson Online Solution s Student Access Code. You can find your Student Access Code in the AAU Course Registration e-mail that came with your text. If you are a returning user: Please visit the Access Code Registration page to log in. You must log in every time you access this course. If you are not logged in, you will not be able to access the premium resources. NOTE: Bookmarking pages in this site, especially the resources you access with the link above, is not recommended. Please view the Online Presentation for Module 3. Egoism and Relativism; Pluralism and Pragmatism Chapter 2 Lecture Notes: Egoism and Relativism Egoism Psychological egoism is the view that all of our behavior is selfish or self-interested as a matter of empirical psychological fact. Although several convincing examples can be given in support of selfish or self-interested behavior, psychological egoism, as a scientific theory, fails the test of falsifiability. If psychological egoism is a scientific account of human behavior, then one should able to state what would count as evidence against the position. But all acts that might count against the theory are immediately reinterpreted in terms of selfishness or self-interest. Thus, psychological egoists tend to espouse a belief and not an empirically testable claim. Additionally, the psychological egoist appears to conflate the notions of selfishness, self-interest, and satisfaction. Ethical egoism is the view that we ought to always act in a way that is self-interested. Unlike psychological egoism, ...

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Healthcare Ethics © marekullasz/Shutterstock Ethics is nothing else than the reverence for life. —Albert Schweitzer Learning Objectives The reader, upon completion of this chapter, will be able to: • Describe the concepts of ethics and morality. • Describe how an understanding of ethical theories, principles, virtues, and values are helpful in resolving ethical dilemmas. • Explain the relationship between spirituality and religion. • Discuss situational ethics and how one’s moral character can change as circumstances change. • Explain how one’s reasoning skills influence the decision-making process. • Discuss the purpose of an ethics committee and its consultative role in the delivery of patient care. This chapter provides the reader with an overview of healthcare ethics and moral principles. Ethics and morals are derivatives from the Greek and Latin terms (roots) for custom. The intent here is not to burden the reader with the philosophical arguments surrounding ethical theories, moral principles, virtues, and values; however, as with the study of any new subject, “words are the tools of thought.” Therefore, some new vocabulary is presented to the reader in order to lay a foundation for applying the abstract theories and principles of ethics and making practical use of them. An ethical dilemma arises in situations where a choice must be made among unpleasant alternatives. It can occur whenever a choice involves giving up something good and suffering something bad, no matter what course of action is taken. Ethical dilemmas often require caregivers to make decisions that may break some ethical norm or contradict some ethical value. For example, should I choose life knowing that an unborn child will be born with severe disabilities, or should I choose abortion and thus prevent pain for both parent and child? Should I adhere to my spouse’s wishes not to be placed on a respirator, or should I choose life over death, disregarding her wishes and right to self-determination? How should I allocate scarce financial resources when there is such a wide range of demands for building projects, expanded patient care programs, equipment, staff, and numerous other budget items in competition for limited dollars? 3.1 ETHICS How we perceive right and wrong is influenced by what we feed on. —Author Unknown Ethics is the branch of philosophy that seeks to understand the nature, purpose, justification, and the founding principles of moral rules and the systems they comprise. Ethics deals with values relating to human conduct. It focuses on the rightness and wrongness of actions, as well as the goodness and badness of motives and ends. Ethics seeks to understand and to determine how human actions can be judged as right or wrong. Ethical judgments can be made based on our own experiences or based on the nature of our principles of reason. Ethics encompasses the decision-making process of determining the ultimate actions: What should I do, and is it the ri ...

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SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING OF BEHAVIOR CHP. 1 LEARNING OBJECTIVES · Describe why an understanding of research methods is important. · Describe the scientific approach to learning about behavior and contrast it with pseudoscientific research. · Define and give examples of the four goals of scientific research: description, prediction, determination of cause, and explanation of behavior. · Discuss the three elements for inferring causation: temporal order, covariation of cause and effect, and elimination of alternative explanations. · Define, describe, compare, and contrast basic and applied research. Page 2DO SOCIAL MEDIA SITES LIKE FACEBOOK AND INSTAGRAM IMPACT OUR RELATIONSHIPS? What causes alcoholism? How do our early childhood experiences affect our later lives? How do we remember things, what causes us to forget, and how can memory be improved? Why do we procrastinate? Why do some people experience anxiety so extreme that it disrupts their lives while others—facing the same situation—seem to be unaffected? How can we help people who suffer from depression? Why do we like certain people and dislike others? Curiosity about questions like these is probably the most important reason that many students decide to take courses in the behavioral sciences. Science is the best way to explore and answer these sorts of questions. In this book, we will examine the methods of scientific research in the behavioral sciences. In this introductory chapter, we will focus on ways in which knowledge of research methods can be useful in understanding the world around us. Further, we will review the characteristics of a scientific approach to the study of behavior and the general types of research questions that concern behavioral scientists. IMPORTANCE OF RESEARCH METHODS We are continuously bombarded with research results: “Happiness Wards Off Heart Disease,” “Recession Causes Increase in Teen Dating Violence,” “Breast-Fed Children Found Smarter,” “Facebook Users Get Worse Grades in College.” Articles and books make claims about the beneficial or harmful effects of particular diets or vitamins on one's sex life, personality, or health. Survey results are frequently reported that draw conclusions about our beliefs concerning a variety of topics. The key question is, how do you evaluate such reports? Do you simply accept the findings because they are supposed to be scientific? A background in research methods will help you read these reports critically, evaluate the methods employed, and decide whether the conclusions are reasonable. Many occupations require the use of research findings. For example, mental health professionals must make decisions about treatment methods, assignment of clients to different types of facilities, medications, and testing procedures. Such decisions are made on the basis of research; to make good decisions, mental health professionals must be able to read the research literature in the field and apply it to their professional lives. .

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2.1 Approaches to Sociological Research Derived from Approaches to Sociological Research by OpenStax Get This Book! Page by: OpenStax Summary · Define and describe the scientific method · Explain how the scientific method is used in sociological research · Understand the function and importance of an interpretive framework · Define what reliability and validity mean in a research study When sociologists apply the sociological perspective and begin to ask questions, no topic is off limits. Every aspect of human behavior is a source of possible investigation. Sociologists question the world that humans have created and live in. They notice patterns of behavior as people move through that world. Using sociological methods and systematic research within the framework of the scientific method and a scholarly interpretive perspective, sociologists have discovered workplace patterns that have transformed industries, family patterns that have enlightened family members, and education patterns that have aided structural changes in classrooms. The crime during a full moon discussion put forth a few loosely stated opinions. If the human behaviors around those claims were tested systematically, a police officer, for example, could write a report and offer the findings to sociologists and the world in general. The new perspective could help people understand themselves and their neighbors and help people make better decisions about their lives. It might seem strange to use scientific practices to study social trends, but, as we shall see, it’s extremely helpful to rely on systematic approaches that research methods provide. Sociologists often begin the research process by asking a question about how or why things happen in this world. It might be a unique question about a new trend or an old question about a common aspect of life. Once the sociologist forms the question, he or she proceeds through an in-depth process to answer it. In deciding how to design that process, the researcher may adopt a scientific approach or an interpretive framework. The following sections describe these approaches to knowledge. The Scientific Method Sociologists make use of tried and true methods of research, such as experiments, surveys, and field research. But humans and their social interactions are so diverse that these interactions can seem impossible to chart or explain. It might seem that science is about discoveries and chemical reactions or about proving ideas right or wrong rather than about exploring the nuances of human behavior. However, this is exactly why scientific models work for studying human behavior. A scientific process of research establishes parameters that help make sure results are objective and accurate. Scientific methods provide limitations and boundaries that focus a study and organize its results. The scientific method involves developing and testing theories about the world based on empirical evidence. It is defined by its commitment to system.

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By Paul J. Hoehner Throughout the land, arising from the throngs of converts to bioethics awareness, there can be heard a mantra, “...beneficence…autonomy…justice…” It is this ritual incantation in the face of biomedical dilemmas that beckons our inquiry (Clouser & Gert, 1990, p. 219). Ethics as a theological discipline is the auxiliary science in which an answer is sought in the Word of God to the questions of the goodness of human conduct. As a special elucidation of the doctrine of sanctification it is reflection on how far the Word of God proclaimed and accepted in Christian preaching effects a definite claiming of man. (Barth, 1981, p. 3) Essential Questions · What are the four elements of a Christian worldview and how do they influence a Christian approach to medicine, healing, and medical ethics? · What are the four principles of medical ethics and how are they defined? How can a Christian appropriately use these four principles? · What is meant by specifying, balancing, and weighing the principles? How does a Christian worldview influence how one defines and uses each of these four principles? · What is the four-boxes approach to organizing an ethical case study? What is the difference and the relationship between the four-boxes approach, and the four principles of medical ethics? · What are the four ethical topics that compose the four-boxes approach and what questions does each topic entail? How does the four-boxes approach help solve ethical dilemmas in a case study? Introduction Biomedical ethics, or bioethics, is a subfield of ethics concerned with the ethics of medicine and the ethical issues involving the life sciences, particularly those raised by modern technologies, such as stem cell research and cloning. The term medical ethics is closely related to biomedical ethics but is primarily focused on ethical issues raised in the practice of medicine and medical research, such as abortion, euthanasia, and medical treatment decisions (World Medical Association, 2015). Because the terms biomedical ethics and medical ethics are closely related and involve a great deal of overlapping subject area, they will be used interchangeably to avoid confusion. The study of biomedical ethics and medical ethics presents some of the most complex and controversial challenges in applied ethics. The complexities of dealing with individual patients and the intricacies of modern health care, coupled with the rapid advances being made in medical science, present formidable challenges. For many health care workers, clinical ethical dilemmas will often challenge their own settled positions, especially if they have not taken the opportunity to reflect critically on their own moral presuppositions and how their own intuitive ethical positions may be justified. When one encounters the many ways the world and even portions of the Christian church respond to ethical issues, it is easy to be tempted to think there are no right or wrong answers. The complexity o ...

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