Packaging is best described as a coordinated system of
preparing goods for transport, distribution, storage,
retailing, and use of the goods. Contains, Types, Procedure of manufacturing the plastics, Advantages & Disadvantages.
3. Packaging:-
Packaging is best described as a coordinated system of
preparing goods for transport, distribution, storage,
retailing, and use of the goods.
4. PLASTICS
Plastics are group of substances either natural or synthetic origins, consisting
chiefly of polymers of high molecular weight, that can be moulded into a shape
or form by heat and pressure
Different Types of Plastics:
LDPE
HDPE
Polystyrene
Polycarbonate
Poly propylene
PVC
PET
5.
6. Advantages of Plastics
Light weight.
Reduced volume, (these two result in significant savings in warehousing
and distribution costs plus advantages to the consumer).
No corrosion problems.
Good resistance to mould and bacteria.
Generally inert chemically, but be wary of ‘solvents’.
Usually have good impact strength; difficult to break, if breakage
occurs fragments tend to be less hazardous than glass.
Wide design and decorative possibilities.
Offer a wide range of moulding processes.
7. Disadvantages of Plastics
No plastic is totally impermeable to moisture, gases, etc.
May be permeable to, or subject to attack by, organic
substances, particularly solvents.
Subject to adsorption and absorption according to formulation
ingredients.
Fully effective closing systems are sometimes difficult to achieve.
8. Guides offered by the FDA have identified the need for the following information when a
plastic is used for parenterals (now similarly covered by EN 9090/III).
1. Name of manufacturer.
2. Type of plastic.
3. Composition, method of manufacture of the resin and the finished container, plus a full description of
the analytical controls.
4. Physical characteristics (size, dimensions, whether flame treated, etc.).
5. Defect classifications (weight, seams, seals, wall thickness, pin holes, etc.).
6 .Light transmission test, USP (particularly if product is photosensitive).
7. Tests (USP):
• biological
• physico-chemical
• permeation.
8. Vapour transmission test (if appropriate).
9 .Toxicity studies not included in USP:
• sub-acute on extracts
• cell culture.
10 .Tests for leaching and migration.
11. Compatibility.
12. Sampling plan.
13. Acceptance specifications.
10. PERMEATION
Transmission of gases, vapours or liquids
through packing material.
Permeation of oxygen and water vapour
may cause oxidation or hydrolysis of
sensitive drugs.
Increase in temperature and humidity will
make the condition still worst.
11. LEACHING
Migration of contents of the container to the
drug product.
Problems will be with colouring agents
used in plastics.
12. SORPTION
Removal of constituents of the drug product
by packing material.
This may cause serious problem like loss of
potency of drug.
A common problem is loss of preservatives.
Factors influencing: Chemical structure, pH.
Solvent system, temperature, length and area
of contact
21. TESTING OF PLASTICS
General tests on plastics for pharmaceutical
purposes include
Extractive and biological tests,
Chemical tests,
Physical tests and
Toxicity tests.
22. STANDARD TEST PROCEDURES APPLIED TO
PLASTICS.
Density
Melt flow index (MFI)
Appearance—optical properties
Gloss, Haze and transmittance (Clarity), Refractive index, Fastness to light
General physical properties
Tensile properties
Resistance to stress and flexing
Compression, Torsion, Shear, Stress
Impact strength
Tear properties (tear propagation resistance)
Hardness
Abrasion resistance (wear resistance)
Temperature and heat sensitive evaluations (thermal properties)
Heat distortion temperature (or heat deflection temperature)
Melting point (Tm or crystalline melting point)
Vicat softening point
Brittleness temperature
Thermal conductivity
Flammability
Electrical properties
23. APPLICATIONS
Based on the utility of plastics they can be
categorized as
1. Rigid material plastics
2. Flexible material plastics
3. Metallic surface plastics
4. Plastic cements
24. Rigid material plastics
These are the phenolic resines with various
inert filters these are used in the fabrication
of a number of items and it is light in weight
such as gears, pipes, valves, filter
press, pumps, etc…
25. Flexible material plastics
These are thermo plastic materials these
materials can be rigid or flexible depending
upon the amount of plasticizer added these
are used in the fabrication of
tanks,funnels,buckets,etc…
26. Metallic surface plastics
Plastics of polyethylene or poly vinyl chloride
types are used along with plasticizer for the
coating of metallic surface these are used to
protect the metals from corrosion. These
linings are applied on tanks, vessels, bottle
caps etc..