Citations of

1. Doctoral
Doctoral
Students
Students
DoctoralNet
Universi3es
Thank
You
for
Coming

2. How You Should Cite
Sources
Harvard, Chicago, and
MLA Styles

3. There are different styles to reference
sources. In this conference, we will focus on
three of them: Harvard, Chicago, and MLA.

4. Harvard style is a widely used format to cite sources
across most subjects. Despite its name, it is not tied to
Harvard University. In fact, no organization sets its
standard and that is why there are different variations of
it. That implies that you should choose a variation and use
it consistently. For example, some variations use a
parenthesis to present the date while others do not.

5. Chicago referencing style is very used in the humanities
(especially in literature, history, and the arts). The Chicago
Manual of Style is published by the University of Chicago Press.
It includes two basic documentation systems: a) author-date
and b) notes and bibliography.
In this conference, we will focus on the former.

6. The Modern Language Association (MLA) referencing style is
most used in the humanities. It uses a system that consists of
two parts: citations in text and the works cited list that is
included at the end of the paper. What makes it different from
other styles is that citations in the text point out (using
numbers) to the works cited list.

7. Citation
Periodicals
1. Journal
2. Newspaper
Books
1. Printed Book
2. Edited Book
3. Ebook

8. Periodicals (I)
Journal Article
•
Harvard basic format
Author’s First (and Year of
Title of
surname, middle)
publication. article.
name
initial.
Title of
Journal,
Volume
number
(Issue or Page(s).
part
Preceded
number), by p. or
pp.
Burik, S. 2009. Opening philosophy to the world: Derrida and education in philosophy.
Educational Theory, 59(3), pp.297-312.

9. Periodicals (II)
Journal Article
Chicago basic format
•
Author’s First
surname, name.
“Title of
Article.”
Title of
Journal
Volume
number,
no. issue
(Year):
Page(s).
Burik, Samuel. “Opening Philosophy to the World: Derrida and Education in Philosophy.”
Educational Theory 59, no. 3 (2009): 297-312.
Be aware that there is no punctuation between the journal title and the volume
number.
If there are two or more authors, reverse the order of “surname, first name” from
the second author on. Use the word “and” before the last author.

10. Periodicals (III)
Journal Article
MLA basic format
•
Author’s First
surname, name.
“Title of
Article.”
Title of
Journal
Volume
number.
Issue
(Year): Page(s). Print
Burik, Samuel. “Opening Philosophy to the World: Derrida and Education in Philosophy.”
Educational Theory 59. 3 (2009): 297-312. Print
No punctuation between the journal title and the volume number.

11. Periodicals (IV)
Newspaper Article
•
Harvard basic format
Author’s
surname,
First (and
middle
name)
initial.
Year of
publication.
Title of
article.
Title of
Newspaper,
Day and
month.
Page(s).
Preceded
by p. or
pp.
Applebaum, B. 2013. Fed looks for other way to aid economy. The New York Times, 21
November. p. B1.
Online newspaper: Follow the basic format and add “Retrieved from http://….”

12. Periodicals
(V)
Newspaper
Article
•
Chicago basic format
Author’s
surname,
First name.
“Title of
Article.”
Title of
Newspaper,
Month, day, and
year.
Applebaum, Bert. “Fed Looks for Other Way to Aid Economy.” The New York Times,
November 21, 2013.
• Online newspaper: Follow the basic format and add the URL
• Add an access date only if required. In that case, use the word “accessed”
• If there are two or more authors, reverse the order of “surname, first name”
from the second author on. Use the word “and” before the last author.

13. Periodicals (VI)
Newspaper Article
•
MLA basic format
Author’s
surname,
First
name.
“Title of
Article.”
Title of
Day,
Page
Newspaper, abbreviated number.
month, year:
Print
Applebaum, Bert. “Fed Looks for Other Way to Aid Economy.” The New York Times, 21
Nov, 2013: B1. Print
• Online newspaper: Follow the basic format, write “web” instead of “print”, and
immediately add the access date following the dd/mm/year format
• If there are two or more authors, reverse the order of “surname, first name”
from the second author on. Use the word “and” before the last author.

14. Books (I)
Printed Book
Harvard basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First (and
middle)
name
initial.
Year of
publication.
Title of
book.
City of
publication,
State
initials or
country (if
relevant):
Publisher.
Sullo, B. 2007. Activating the desire to learn. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.
Sommers, C. and Sommers, F. 2004. Vice & virtue in everyday life: Introductory readings
in ethics. London, UK: Thomson.

15. Books (II)
Printed Book
Chicago basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First
name .
Title of Book.
City of
publication:
Publisher,
Year of
publication.
Sullo, Bob. Activating the Desire to Learn. Alexandria: ASCD, 2007.
Sommers, Christina and Fred Sommers. Vice & Virtue in Everyday Life: Introductory
Readings in Ethics. London: Thomson, 2004.

16. Books (III)
Printed Book
MLA basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First
Title of Book. City of
Publisher,
name .
publication:
Year of
publication.
Print.
Sullo, Bob. Activating the Desire to Learn. Alexandria: ASCD, 2007. Print.
Sommers, Christina and Fred Sommers. Vice & Virtue in Everyday Life: Introductory
Readings in Ethics. London: Thomson, 2004. Print.

17. Books (IV)
Edited Book
Harvard basic format
•
Editor’s
surname,
First
(and
middle)
name
initial.
(Ed.). or
(Eds.).
Year of
publication.
Title of
book.
City of
publication.
State
abbreviation:
Publisher.
Noll, J.W. (Ed.). 2011. Taking sides: Clashing views on educational issues. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill.

18. Books (V)
Edited Book
•
Chicago basic format
Editor’s
surname,
First
name,
ed. or
eds.
Title of
book.
City of
publication:
Publisher,
Year of
publication.
Noll, James, ed. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues. New York: McGraw
Hill, 2011.

19. Books (VI)
Edited Book
•
MLA basic format
Editor’s
surname,
First
name,
ed. or eds. Title of
book.
City of
Publisher,
publication:
Year of
publication.
Print.
Noll, James, ed. Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Educational Issues. New York: McGraw
Hill, 2011. Print.

20. Books (VII)
Ebook
Harvard basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First
(middle)
name
initial.
Year of
publicatio
n.
Title of
book.
[Ebook]
City of
publicatio
n:
(if known)
Publisher.
Available
at: URL
[access
date]
day month
year
Denscombe, M. 2010. The good research guide: For small social research projects.
[Ebook] New York: McGraw-Hill. Available at:
http://books.google.com.pa/books/about/The_Good_Research_Guide.html?
id=I6rRC0oyotkC&redir_esc=y [04 December 2013]

21. Books (VIII)
Ebook
Chicago basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First
name.
Title of
Book.
City of
publication:
(if known)
Publisher,
Year of
publication.
Type of edition or
“Accessed date. URL”
Denscombe, Martyn. The Good Research Guide: For Small Social Research Projects. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Accessed December 04, 2013.
http://books.google.com.pa/books/about/The_Good_Research_Guide.html?
id=I6rRC0oyotkC&redir_esc=y
Sullo, Bob. Activating the Desire to Learn. Alexandria: ASCD, 2007. Kindle edition.

22. Books (IX)
Ebook
MLA basic format
•
Author’s
surname,
First
name.
Title of
Book.
City of
publication:
(if known)
Publisher,
Year of
publication.
Database.
Ebook
or
Web.
Access date.
Day month
(abbreviation)
year
Denscombe, Martyn. The Good Research Guide: For Small Social Research Projects. New
York: McGraw-Hill, 2010. Google Book Search. Web. 04 Dec. 2013.

23. Now
You
Know
Basic
Rules
for
Citing:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Journal articles
Newspaper articles
Printed books
Edited books
Ebooks
Using Harvard, Chicago, and MLA
styles.
Any Question?

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25. Thanks
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Coming
Hope you find this conference useful and
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