1. Deniz İspirli
Organizational Behavior
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2. Presentation Outline
Gender and Sex
Origins of Gender and Gender Behavior
Gender Roles
Gender in Culture and Media
Gender at Workplace
Segregation of Labor Market
Gender (In)Equality
Sexual harassment and discrimination at
workplace
Gender Statistics
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3. Gender and Sex
Gender refers to the way members of the two
sexes are perceived, evaluated, and expected
to behave
Sex (sexual dimorphism) refers to the
physiological differences between men and
women
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4. What Makes Men and Women
Different?
 Biological Determinism: The idea that certain
characteristics are inherently distinct as a result
of biological factors.
 Gendering: The process by which individuals
take on gender identities, behaviors, and
actions.
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5. How do we develop our gender
roles?
 Psychoanalytic Theories
 Social-Learning Theory
 Cognitive Development Theory
 Gender-Schema Theory
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6. Gender Roles
Man for the field and woman for the heart:
Man for the sword and for the needle she:
Man with the head and woman with the heart:
Man to command and woman to obey;
All else confusion
Lord Alfred Tennyson, 19th century
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8. Patriarchy
Exploitation of women’s labor by their
husbands
Gender relations within paid labor
The role of male violence
Patriarchal relations in the state
Patriarchal relations in culture and cultural
institutions
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10. Gender Stereotyping
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11. Culture and Media
Stereotypical images of women and men in
media
Objectification of bodies
TV series and ads: women as passive victims
of social forces; men as hyper-masculine
heroes
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12. Segregated Labor Market
Horizontal Segregation: Gender segregation
across occupations
Vertical Segregation: Gender segregation
within an occupation
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13. Gender Inequality at Workplace
 Primary labor markets consists of work in large
corporations, industries or governments agencies.
Workers receive relatively high wages and enjoy
good job security.
 Secondary labor markets include forms of
employment, which are unstable, where job security
and wages are low and there are fewer opportunities
for promotion.
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14. Gender Inequality at Workplace
Contd.
 Sex Segregation (Sexual division of labor)
 Differences in Promotion
 Differences in Authority
 Differences in Earnings
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15. Reasons for GI
 Cultural beliefs – Gender ideologies
Men’s actions
Employers 'actions
Workers 'own preferences and abilities-
Human Capital Theory
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16. Workplace Values
Men
 Pay and Benefits
 Achievement and Success
 Status and Authority
Strengths of Men at Work
Goal orientation
Tangible Accomplishments
Problem Solving
Singleness of Purpose
Responsiveness to Challenge
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17. Workplace Values
Strengths of WoMen at Work
 Harmony, balance, nurturance, serenity, creativity, vision
 Teamwork and collaboration
 Detail oriented
WoMen
Friends at Work and Relationships
Recognition and Respect
Communication and Collaboration
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18. Styles side by side
Report Style
 More direct
 Longer meeting talk
 Task-oriented
 Independence
 Sports, politics talk
 Downplay doubts
 Verbal opposition
 Solve problems when stg is
wrong
 Independent decision-
maker
Rapport Style
 Less direct
 Disclaimers, Succinct
meeting talk
 Relationship-oriented
 Personal talk
 Downplay certainty
 Ritual apology
 Give praise when stg is right
 Collaborative decision-
maker
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19. Equality
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20. OECD Gender Initiative 2012
 Girls significantly outperform boys in reading in all OECD
countries. Boys are ahead in mathematics, but the gender gap
is small compared to reading.
 At university, women and men choose different fields of
study.
 Women do more unpaid work than men.
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21. OECD Gender Initiative 2012 Cont.
Although the gender wage gap has narrowed over time, it
is still large.
Women are still under-represented in top corporate jobs
Women are less likely than men to own a business and
employ others.
Women’s presence in national parliaments has increased,
but gender gaps are still large.
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22. Where is Turkey?
Global Gender Gap Index 2012: overall 124th
(total 135)
TurkStat 2011
29,4 % of total workforce are women
28,8 % of women in workforce (15+)
71,7 % of men in workforce (15+)
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29. Sex Discrimination
Sex discrimination at work is the use of
irrelevant characteristics such as sex, race, age
or appearance to make employment related
decisions. Sex discrimination is related to sex
segregation, sex differences in promotions,
authorities and earnings.
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30. Sexual Harassment
Sexual harassment involves unwanted
attention of a sexual nature, whether through
acts of a physical, verbal, or otherwise
suggestive nature. In many cases of sexual
harassment organizational power is a factor,
where the women is bothered by an
organizationally more powerful male.
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