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Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2nd Ed.
              Nivaldo Tro

 Chapter 1
   Matter,
Measurement,
and Problem
  Solving

  Grand Valley State University Chemistry
    Department- CHM115-60 Fall 2010

                             Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Key Concepts Lecture 1
       Science and Scientific Method (Hypothesis, law,
       theory)
       Matter (solid, liquid, gas)
          Crystalline and Amorphous solids
          Mixture, pure substances,
          Elements and Compounds,
          Heterogeneous and homogenous Mixture
           Properties of Matter (Physical and chemical
          changes )
           Energy Changes in Matter (Kinetic and
          potential energy)
       Unit of measurement (English, Metric and
       International System) Base Units, Temperature
       Units, Derived units
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   2   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Problem Assignments, Tro




               Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Problem Assignments, Tro
• Page 36-41




                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Problem Assignments, Tro
• Page 36-41
• Q37-50




                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Problem Assignments, Tro
• Page 36-41
• Q37-50
• Q51-64




                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Problem Assignments, Tro
•   Page 36-41
•   Q37-50
•   Q51-64
•   Q67, 69, 71, 72




                      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Problem Assignments, Tro
•   Page 36-41
•   Q37-50
•   Q51-64
•   Q67, 69, 71, 72
•   Q73, 75, 78, 81, 84, 85,




                          Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach   4   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Composition of Matter
                               Atoms and Molecules
                                 Scientific Method



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Structure Determines Properties




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   6   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Structure Determines Properties
        • The properties of matter are determined by the
            atoms and molecules that compose it




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   6   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Structure Determines Properties
        • The properties of matter are determined by the
            atoms and molecules that compose it
           carbon monoxide
   1. composed of one carbon
      atom and one oxygen atom
   2. colorless, odorless gas
   3. burns with a blue flame
   4. binds to hemoglobin




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   6   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Structure Determines Properties
        • The properties of matter are determined by the
            atoms and molecules that compose it
           carbon monoxide                                carbon dioxide
   1. composed of one carbon                    1. composed of one carbon
      atom and one oxygen atom                     atom and two oxygen atoms
   2. colorless, odorless gas                   2. colorless, odorless gas
   3. burns with a blue flame                   3. incombustible
   4. binds to hemoglobin                       4. does not bind to hemoglobin




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   6           Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and Molecules




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      7   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and Molecules
   • Atoms




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      7   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and Molecules
   • Atoms
          are submicroscopic particles




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      7   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and Molecules
   • Atoms
          are submicroscopic particles
          are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      7   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and Molecules
   • Atoms
          are submicroscopic particles
          are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter
   • Molecules




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      7   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and Molecules
   • Atoms
          are submicroscopic particles
          are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter
   • Molecules
          are two or more atoms attached together in a specific
           geometrical arrangement




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      7   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and Molecules
   • Atoms
          are submicroscopic particles
          are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter
   • Molecules
          are two or more atoms attached together in a specific
           geometrical arrangement
               attachments are called bonds




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      7   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and Molecules
   • Atoms
          are submicroscopic particles
          are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter
   • Molecules
          are two or more atoms attached together in a specific
           geometrical arrangement
               attachments are called bonds
               attachments come in different strengths




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      7        Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and Molecules
   • Atoms
          are submicroscopic particles
          are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter
   • Molecules
          are two or more atoms attached together in a specific
           geometrical arrangement
               attachments are called bonds
               attachments come in different strengths
          come in different shapes and patterns




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      7        Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atoms and Molecules
   • Atoms
          are submicroscopic particles
          are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter
   • Molecules
          are two or more atoms attached together in a specific
           geometrical arrangement
               attachments are called bonds
               attachments come in different strengths
          come in different shapes and patterns
   • Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand
       the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of
       atoms and molecules

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      7        Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Approach to Knowledge




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      8   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Approach to Knowledge

   • Philosophers try to understand the universe by
       reasoning and thinking about “ideal” behavior




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      8   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Scientific Approach to Knowledge

   • Philosophers try to understand the universe by
     reasoning and thinking about “ideal” behavior
   • Scientists try to understand the universe
     through empirical knowledge gained through
     observation and experiment




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      8   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gathering Empirical Knowledge ─
                      Observation




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      9   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gathering Empirical Knowledge ─
                      Observation
  • Some observations are descriptions of the
      characteristics or behavior of nature ─
      qualitative
         “The soda pop is a liquid with a brown color and a
          sweet taste. Bubbles are seen floating up through it.”




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      9   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gathering Empirical Knowledge ─
                      Observation
  • Some observations are descriptions of the
      characteristics or behavior of nature ─
      qualitative
         “The soda pop is a liquid with a brown color and a
          sweet taste. Bubbles are seen floating up through it.”
  • Some observations compare a characteristic to
      a standard numerical scale ─ quantitative
         “A 240 mL serving of soda pop contains 27 g of sugar.”



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      9   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Observation to Understanding




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      10   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Observation to Understanding

     • Hypothesis – a tentative interpretation or
         explanation for an observation
            “The sweet taste of soda pop is due to the
             presence of sugar.”




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      10   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Observation to Understanding

     • Hypothesis – a tentative interpretation or
         explanation for an observation
            “The sweet taste of soda pop is due to the
             presence of sugar.”
     • A good hypothesis is one that can be tested
         to be proved wrong!
            falsifiable
            one test may invalidate your hypothesis



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      10   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Testing Ideas




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      11    Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Testing Ideas

      • Ideas in science are tested with experiments




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      11    Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Testing Ideas

      • Ideas in science are tested with experiments
      • An experiment is a set of highly controlled
          procedures designed to test whether an idea
          about nature is valid




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      11    Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Testing Ideas

      • Ideas in science are tested with experiments
      • An experiment is a set of highly controlled
        procedures designed to test whether an idea
        about nature is valid
      • The experiment generates observations
        that will either validate or invalidate the idea




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      11    Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Specific to General Observations




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      12   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Specific to General Observations

   • A scientific law is a statement that
       summarizes all past observations and predicts
       future observations
          Law of Conservation of Mass – “In a chemical
           reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.”




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      12   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Specific to General Observations

   • A scientific law is a statement that
       summarizes all past observations and predicts
       future observations
          Law of Conservation of Mass – “In a chemical
           reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.”
   • A scientific law allows you to predict future
       observations
          so you can test the law with experiments




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      12   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Specific to General Observations

   • A scientific law is a statement that
       summarizes all past observations and predicts
       future observations
          Law of Conservation of Mass – “In a chemical
           reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.”
   • A scientific law allows you to predict future
       observations
          so you can test the law with experiments
   • Unlike state laws, you cannot choose to violate
       a scientific law!

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      12   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Specific to General Understanding




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      13   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Specific to General Understanding

   • A hypothesis is a potential explanation for a
       single or small number of observations




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      13   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Specific to General Understanding

   • A hypothesis is a potential explanation for a
     single or small number of observations
   • A scientific theory is a general explanation
     for why things in nature are the way they are
     and behave the way they do




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      13   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Specific to General Understanding

   • A hypothesis is a potential explanation for a
     single or small number of observations
   • A scientific theory is a general explanation
     for why things in nature are the way they are
     and behave the way they do
          models




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      13   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Specific to General Understanding

   • A hypothesis is a potential explanation for a
     single or small number of observations
   • A scientific theory is a general explanation
     for why things in nature are the way they are
     and behave the way they do
          models
          pinnacle of scientific knowledge




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      13   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
From Specific to General Understanding

   • A hypothesis is a potential explanation for a
     single or small number of observations
   • A scientific theory is a general explanation
     for why things in nature are the way they are
     and behave the way they do
          models
          pinnacle of scientific knowledge
          validated or invalidated by experiment and
           observation


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      13   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific Method




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      14   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific Method




    Careful noting and
    recording of natural
    phenomena

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      14   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific Method
                                                Tentative explanation of a
                                                single or small number of
                                                observations




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      14        Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Procedure              Scientific Method
         designed to
         test an idea




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      14   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific Method




                                           Generally observed
                                           occurence in nature


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,        14         Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific Method




                                                General explanation of
                                                natural phenomena




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      14   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Scientific Method




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      14   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Relationships Between Pieces of the
                  Scientific Method




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      15   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                               States of Matter
                      Physical and Chemical Properties
                      Physical and Chemical Changes


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      17   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
       • Matter is anything that occupies space and
           has mass




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      17   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
       • Matter is anything that occupies space and
         has mass
       • We can classify matter based on its state
         and its composition




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      17   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
       • Matter is anything that occupies space and
         has mass
       • We can classify matter based on its state
         and its composition
             whether it’s solid, liquid, or gas




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      17   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
       • Matter is anything that occupies space and
         has mass
       • We can classify matter based on its state
         and its composition
             whether it’s solid, liquid, or gas
             its basic components




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      17   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classifying Matter
                                by Physical State




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      18   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classifying Matter
                                by Physical State
   • Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas
       based on the characteristics it exhibits




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      18   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classifying Matter
                                by Physical State
   • Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas
       based on the characteristics it exhibits




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      18   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solids




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       19      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solids
  • The particles in a solid are packed
      close together and are fixed in position




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       19      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solids
  • The particles in a solid are packed
      close together and are fixed in position
         though they may vibrate




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       19      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solids
  • The particles in a solid are packed
      close together and are fixed in position
         though they may vibrate
  • The close packing of the particles
      results in solids being incompressible




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       19      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solids
  • The particles in a solid are packed
      close together and are fixed in position
         though they may vibrate
  • The close packing of the particles
      results in solids being incompressible
  •   The inability of the particles to move
      around results in solids retaining their
      shape and volume when placed in a
      new container, and prevents the solid
      from flowing


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       19      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Crystalline Solids




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      20   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Crystalline Solids
  • Some solids have their
      particles arranged in
      patterns with long-range
      repeating order – we call
      these crystalline solids




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      20   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Crystalline Solids
  • Some solids have their
      particles arranged in
      patterns with long-range
      repeating order – we call
      these crystalline solids
         salt




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      20   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Crystalline Solids
  • Some solids have their
      particles arranged in
      patterns with long-range
      repeating order – we call
      these crystalline solids
         salt
         diamonds




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      20   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Crystalline Solids
  • Some solids have their
      particles arranged in
      patterns with long-range
      repeating order – we call
      these crystalline solids
         salt
         diamonds
         sugar




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      20   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Amorphous Solids




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      21   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Amorphous Solids
  • Some solids have their
      particles randomly
      distributed without any
      long-range pattern – we
      call these amorphous
      solids




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      21   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Amorphous Solids
  • Some solids have their
      particles randomly
      distributed without any
      long-range pattern – we
      call these amorphous
      solids
         plastic




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      21   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Amorphous Solids
  • Some solids have their
      particles randomly
      distributed without any
      long-range pattern – we
      call these amorphous
      solids
         plastic
         glass




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      21   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Amorphous Solids
  • Some solids have their
      particles randomly
      distributed without any
      long-range pattern – we
      call these amorphous
      solids
         plastic
         glass
         charcoal


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      21   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Liquids




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      22    Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Liquids
    • The particles in a liquid are
        closely packed, but they have
        some ability to move around




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      22    Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Liquids
    • The particles in a liquid are
        closely packed, but they have
        some ability to move around
    •   The close packing results in
        liquids being incompressible




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      22    Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Liquids
    • The particles in a liquid are
        closely packed, but they have
        some ability to move around
    •   The close packing results in
        liquids being incompressible
    •   The ability of the particles to
        move allows liquids to take the
        shape of their container and to
        flow – however, they don’t have
        enough freedom to escape or
        expand to fill the container

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      22    Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gases




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      23   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gases
   • In the gas state, the particles
       have freedom of motion and are
       not held together




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      23   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gases
   • In the gas state, the particles
       have freedom of motion and are
       not held together
   •   The particles are constantly flying
       around, bumping into each other
       and the container




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      23   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gases
   • In the gas state, the particles
       have freedom of motion and are
       not held together
   •   The particles are constantly flying
       around, bumping into each other
       and the container
   •   In the gas state, there is a lot of
       empty space between the
       particles



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      23   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gases
   • In the gas state, the particles
       have freedom of motion and are
       not held together
   •   The particles are constantly flying
       around, bumping into each other
       and the container
   •   In the gas state, there is a lot of
       empty space between the
       particles
          on average



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      23   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gases




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       24     Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gases
  • Because there is a lot of
      empty space, the particles
      can be squeezed closer
      together – therefore gases
      are compressible




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       24     Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gases
  • Because there is a lot of
    empty space, the particles
    can be squeezed closer
    together – therefore gases
    are compressible
  • Because the particles are
    not held in close contact
    and are moving freely,
    gases expand to fill and
    take the shape of their
    container, and will flow

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       24     Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classifying Matter by Composition




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      25   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classifying Matter by Composition

   • Another way to classify matter is to examine its
       composition




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      25   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classifying Matter by Composition

   • Another way to classify matter is to examine its
     composition
   • Composition includes




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      25   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classifying Matter by Composition

   • Another way to classify matter is to examine its
     composition
   • Composition includes
          types of particles




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      25   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classifying Matter by Composition

   • Another way to classify matter is to examine its
     composition
   • Composition includes
          types of particles
          arrangement of the particles




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      25   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classifying Matter by Composition

   • Another way to classify matter is to examine its
     composition
   • Composition includes
          types of particles
          arrangement of the particles
          attractions and attachments between the particles




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      25   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      26   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      27   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition
   • Matter whose composition does not change from
       one sample to another is called a pure substance




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      27   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition
   • Matter whose composition does not change from
       one sample to another is called a pure substance
          made of a single type of atom or molecule




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      27   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition
   • Matter whose composition does not change from
       one sample to another is called a pure substance
          made of a single type of atom or molecule
          because the composition of a pure substance is always
           the same, all samples have the same characteristics




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      27   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition
   • Matter whose composition does not change from
       one sample to another is called a pure substance
          made of a single type of atom or molecule
          because the composition of a pure substance is always
           the same, all samples have the same characteristics
   • Matter whose composition may vary from one
       sample to another is called a mixture




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      27   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition
   • Matter whose composition does not change from
       one sample to another is called a pure substance
          made of a single type of atom or molecule
          because the composition of a pure substance is always
           the same, all samples have the same characteristics
   • Matter whose composition may vary from one
       sample to another is called a mixture
          two or more types of atoms or molecules combined in
           variable proportions




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      27   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition
   • Matter whose composition does not change from
       one sample to another is called a pure substance
          made of a single type of atom or molecule
          because the composition of a pure substance is always
           the same, all samples have the same characteristics
   • Matter whose composition may vary from one
       sample to another is called a mixture
          two or more types of atoms or molecules combined in
           variable proportions
          because composition varies, different samples have
           different characteristics


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      27   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      28   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition




    1. made of one type of
       particle




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      28   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition




    1. made of one type of
       particle
    2. all samples show
       the same intensive
       properties

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      28   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition




    1. made of one type of                        1. made of multiple
       particle                                      types of particles
    2. all samples show
       the same intensive
       properties

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      28   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Matter
                          by Composition




    1. made of one type of                        1. made of multiple
       particle                                      types of particles
    2. all samples show                           2. samples may show
       the same intensive                            different intensive
       properties                                    properties

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      28   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances 
                  Elements




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      29   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances 
                  Elements
       • Pure substances that cannot be
           decomposed into simpler substances by
           chemical reactions are called elements




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      29   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances 
                  Elements
       • Pure substances that cannot be
           decomposed into simpler substances by
           chemical reactions are called elements
             decomposed = broken down




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      29   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances 
                  Elements
       • Pure substances that cannot be
           decomposed into simpler substances by
           chemical reactions are called elements
             decomposed = broken down
             basic building blocks of matter




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      29   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances 
                  Elements
       • Pure substances that cannot be
           decomposed into simpler substances by
           chemical reactions are called elements
             decomposed = broken down
             basic building blocks of matter
             composed of single type of atom




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      29   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances 
                  Elements
       • Pure substances that cannot be
           decomposed into simpler substances by
           chemical reactions are called elements
             decomposed = broken down
             basic building blocks of matter
             composed of single type of atom
                  though those atoms may or may not be combined
                   into molecules



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      29   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances 
                 Compounds




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      30   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances 
                 Compounds
    • Pure substances that can be decomposed are
        called compounds
           chemical combinations of elements
           composed of molecules that contain two or more
            different kinds of atoms
           all molecules of a compound are identical, so all
            samples of a compound behave the same way




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      30   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances 
                 Compounds
    • Pure substances that can be decomposed are
        called compounds
           chemical combinations of elements
           composed of molecules that contain two or more
            different kinds of atoms
           all molecules of a compound are identical, so all
            samples of a compound behave the same way
    • Most natural pure substances are compounds


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      30   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      31   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances

1. made of one
   type of atom
   (some
   elements
   found as multi-
   atom
   molecules in
   nature)




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      31   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances

1. made of one
   type of atom
   (some
   elements
   found as multi-
   atom
   molecules in
   nature)
2. combine
   together to
   make
   compounds


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      31   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances

1. made of one                                             1. made of one
   type of atom                                               type of
   (some                                                      molecule, or
   elements                                                   an array of
   found as multi-                                            ions
   atom
   molecules in
   nature)
2. combine
   together to
   make
   compounds


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      31   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Pure Substances

1. made of one                                             1. made of one
   type of atom                                               type of
   (some                                                      molecule, or
   elements                                                   an array of
   found as multi-                                            ions
   atom                                                    2. units contain
   molecules in                                               two or more
   nature)                                                    different kinds
2. combine                                                    of atoms
   together to
   make
   compounds


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      31   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a pure substance?




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a pure substance?


a.sweat




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a pure substance?


a.sweat
b.beef stew




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a pure substance?


a.sweat
b.beef stew
c.coffee




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a pure substance?


a.sweat
b.beef stew
c.coffee
d.apple juice




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a pure substance?


a.sweat
b.beef stew
c.coffee
d.apple juice
e.ice




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      33   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures
      • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have
          uniform composition throughout




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      33   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures
      • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have
          uniform composition throughout
            every piece of a sample has identical characteristics,
             though another sample with the same components
             may have different characteristics




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      33   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures
      • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have
          uniform composition throughout
            every piece of a sample has identical characteristics,
             though another sample with the same components
             may have different characteristics
            atoms or molecules mixed uniformly




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      33   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures
      • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have
          uniform composition throughout
            every piece of a sample has identical characteristics,
             though another sample with the same components
             may have different characteristics
            atoms or molecules mixed uniformly
      • Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that do
          not have uniform composition throughout




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      33   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures
      • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have
          uniform composition throughout
            every piece of a sample has identical characteristics,
             though another sample with the same components
             may have different characteristics
            atoms or molecules mixed uniformly
      • Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that do
          not have uniform composition throughout
            regions within the sample can have different
             characteristics



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      33   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures
      • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have
          uniform composition throughout
            every piece of a sample has identical characteristics,
             though another sample with the same components
             may have different characteristics
            atoms or molecules mixed uniformly
      • Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that do
          not have uniform composition throughout
            regions within the sample can have different
             characteristics
            atoms or molecules not mixed uniformly

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      33   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      34   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures
1. made of
   multiple
   substances,
   whose
   presence can
   be seen




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      34   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures
1. made of
   multiple
   substances,
   whose
   presence can
   be seen
2. portions of a
   sample have
   different
   composition
   and
   properties


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      34   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures
1. made of                                                 1. made of
   multiple                                                   multiple
   substances,                                                substances,
   whose                                                      but appears to
   presence can                                               be one
   be seen                                                    substance
2. portions of a
   sample have
   different
   composition
   and
   properties


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      34   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Classification of Mixtures
1. made of                                                 1. made of
   multiple                                                   multiple
   substances,                                                substances,
   whose                                                      but appears to
   presence can                                               be one
   be seen                                                    substance
2. portions of a                                           2. all portions of
   sample have                                                an individual
   different                                                  sample have
   composition                                                the same
   and                                                        composition
   properties                                                 and properties


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      34   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Changes in Matter




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      35   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Changes in Matter

   • Changes that alter the state or appearance of
       the matter without altering the composition are
       called physical changes




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      35   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Changes in Matter

   • Changes that alter the state or appearance of
     the matter without altering the composition are
     called physical changes
   • Changes that alter the composition of the
     matter are called chemical changes




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      35   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Changes in Matter

   • Changes that alter the state or appearance of
     the matter without altering the composition are
     called physical changes
   • Changes that alter the composition of the
     matter are called chemical changes
          during the chemical change, the atoms that are
           present rearrange into new molecules, but all of the
           original atoms are still present



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      35   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Physical Changes in Matter

                                                   The boiling of
                                                   water is a
                                                   physical change.
                                                   The water
                                                   molecules are
                                                   separated from
                                                   each other, but
                                                   their structure
                                                   and composition
                                                   do not change.


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      36   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chemical Changes in Matter

                                                The rusting of iron is
                                                a chemical change.
                                                The iron atoms in
                                                the nail combine
                                                with oxygen atoms
                                                from O2 in the air to
                                                make a new
                                                substance, rust, with
                                                a different
                                                composition.


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      37      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Properties of Matter




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      38   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Properties of Matter
   • Physical properties are the characteristics of
       matter that can be changed without changing
       its composition




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      38   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Properties of Matter
   • Physical properties are the characteristics of
       matter that can be changed without changing
       its composition
          characteristics that are directly observable




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      38   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Properties of Matter
   • Physical properties are the characteristics of
       matter that can be changed without changing
       its composition
          characteristics that are directly observable

   • Chemical properties are the characteristics
       that determine how the composition of matter
       changes as a result of contact with other matter
       or the influence of energy



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      38   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Properties of Matter
   • Physical properties are the characteristics of
       matter that can be changed without changing
       its composition
          characteristics that are directly observable

   • Chemical properties are the characteristics
       that determine how the composition of matter
       changes as a result of contact with other matter
       or the influence of energy
          characteristics that describe the behavior of matter


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      38   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Physical Changes




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      39   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Physical Changes
   • Processes that cause
       changes in the matter
       that do not change its
       composition




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      39   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Physical Changes
   • Processes that cause
     changes in the matter
     that do not change its
     composition
   • State changes




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      39   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Physical Changes
   • Processes that cause
     changes in the matter
     that do not change its
     composition
   • State changes
          boiling / condensing




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      39   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Physical Changes
   • Processes that cause
     changes in the matter
     that do not change its
     composition
   • State changes
          boiling / condensing
          melting / freezing




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      39   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Physical Changes
   • Processes that cause                         Subliming of dry ice
     changes in the matter
     that do not change its                                               CO2(g)
     composition
   • State changes
                                                Dry Ice
          boiling / condensing
          melting / freezing
          subliming
                                                                          CO2(s)



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      39        Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Physical Changes
   • Processes that cause                           Dissolving of sugar
     changes in the matter C H O (s)
                            12 22 11
     that do not change its
     composition
   • State changes
          boiling / condensing
          melting / freezing
          subliming

   • Dissolving                                 C12H22O11(aq)

Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      39          Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Chemical Changes




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      40   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Chemical Changes

   • Processes that cause
       changes in the matter
       that change its
       composition




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      40   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Chemical Changes

   • Processes that cause
     changes in the matter
     that change its
     composition
   • Rusting




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      40   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Chemical Changes

   • Processes that cause
     changes in the matter
     that change its
     composition
   • Rusting
   • Burning




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      40   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Common Chemical Changes

   • Processes that cause
     changes in the matter
     that change its
     composition
   • Rusting
   • Burning
   • Dyes fading or changing
     color

                                     C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l)


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       40        Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?
• Freezing water to make ice cubes




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?
• Freezing water to make ice cubes
• Dry ice evaporating at room temperature




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?
• Freezing water to make ice cubes
• Dry ice evaporating at room temperature
• Toasting a piece of bread




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?
•   Freezing water to make ice cubes
•   Dry ice evaporating at room temperature
•   Toasting a piece of bread
•   Dissolving sugar in hot coffee




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?
•   Freezing water to make ice cubes
•   Dry ice evaporating at room temperature
•   Toasting a piece of bread
•   Dissolving sugar in hot coffee
•   Crushing an aluminum can




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?
• Freezing water to make ice cubes




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?
• Freezing water to make ice cubes
• Dry ice evaporating at room temperature




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?
• Freezing water to make ice cubes
• Dry ice evaporating at room temperature
• Toasting a piece of bread




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?
•   Freezing water to make ice cubes
•   Dry ice evaporating at room temperature
•   Toasting a piece of bread
•   Dissolving sugar in hot coffee




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following represents a chemical
change?
•   Freezing water to make ice cubes
•   Dry ice evaporating at room temperature
•   Toasting a piece of bread
•   Dissolving sugar in hot coffee
•   Crushing an aluminum can




                                 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?


a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?


a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice
b.melting butter for popcorn




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?


a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice
b.melting butter for popcorn
c.separating sand from gravel




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?


a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice
b.melting butter for popcorn
c.separating sand from gravel
d.hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and
   oxygen




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?


a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice
b.melting butter for popcorn
c.separating sand from gravel
d.hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and
  oxygen
e.ozone is a gas at room temperature



                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?


a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?


a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice
b.melting butter for popcorn




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?


a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice
b.melting butter for popcorn
c.separating sand from gravel




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?


a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice
b.melting butter for popcorn
c.separating sand from gravel
d.hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water
   and oxygen




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is a chemical property?


a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice
b.melting butter for popcorn
c.separating sand from gravel
d.hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water
  and oxygen
e.ozone is a gas at room temperature



                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e            Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy Changes in Matter




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      46   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy Changes in Matter
   • Changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result
       in the matter either gaining or releasing energy




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      46   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy Changes in Matter
   • Changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result
     in the matter either gaining or releasing energy
   • Energy is the capacity to do work




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      46   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy Changes in Matter
   • Changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result
     in the matter either gaining or releasing energy
   • Energy is the capacity to do work
   • Work is the action of a force applied across a distance




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      46   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy Changes in Matter
   • Changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result
     in the matter either gaining or releasing energy
   • Energy is the capacity to do work
   • Work is the action of a force applied across a distance
          a force is a push or a pull on an object




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      46   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy Changes in Matter
   • Changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result
     in the matter either gaining or releasing energy
   • Energy is the capacity to do work
   • Work is the action of a force applied across a distance
          a force is a push or a pull on an object
          electrostatic force is the push or pull on objects that have
           an electrical charge




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      46   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      47   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter

         • All matter possesses energy




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      47   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter

         • All matter possesses energy
         • Energy is classified as either kinetic or
             potential




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      47   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter

         • All matter possesses energy
         • Energy is classified as either kinetic or
           potential
         • Energy can be converted from one form
           to another




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      47   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter

         • All matter possesses energy
         • Energy is classified as either kinetic or
           potential
         • Energy can be converted from one form
           to another
         • When matter undergoes a chemical or
           physical change, the amount of energy
           in the matter changes as well


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      47   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter − Kinetic




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      48   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter − Kinetic

          • Kinetic energy is energy of motion




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      48   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter − Kinetic

          • Kinetic energy is energy of motion
                motion of the atoms, molecules, and
                 subatomic particles




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      48   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter − Kinetic

          • Kinetic energy is energy of motion
                motion of the atoms, molecules, and
                 subatomic particles
                thermal (heat) energy is a form of kinetic
                 energy because it is caused by molecular
                 motion




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      48   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter − Potential




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      49   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter − Potential

         • Potential energy is energy that is stored
             in the matter




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      49   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter − Potential

         • Potential energy is energy that is stored
             in the matter
               due to the composition of the matter and its
                position relative to other things




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      49   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy of Matter − Potential

         • Potential energy is energy that is stored
             in the matter
               due to the composition of the matter and its
                position relative to other things
               chemical potential energy arises from
                electrostatic attractive forces between atoms,
                molecules, and subatomic particles




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      49   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Conversion of Energy




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      50   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Conversion of Energy

       • You can interconvert kinetic energy and
           potential energy




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      50   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Conversion of Energy

       • You can interconvert kinetic energy and
         potential energy
       • Whatever process you do that converts
         energy from one type or form to another,
         the total amount of energy remains the
         same




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      50   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Conversion of Energy

       • You can interconvert kinetic energy and
         potential energy
       • Whatever process you do that converts
         energy from one type or form to another,
         the total amount of energy remains the
         same
             Law of Conservation of Energy




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      50   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spontaneous Processes




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      51   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spontaneous Processes
  • Materials that possess high
      potential energy are less
      stable




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      51   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spontaneous Processes
  • Materials that possess high
      potential energy are less
      stable
  •   Processes in nature tend to
      occur on their own when the
      result is material with lower
      total potential energy




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      51   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Spontaneous Processes
  • Materials that possess high
      potential energy are less
      stable
  •   Processes in nature tend to
      occur on their own when the
      result is material with lower
      total potential energy
         processes that result in
          materials with higher total
          potential energy can occur, but
          generally will not happen without
          input of energy from an outside
          source


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      51   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Changes in Energy




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      52   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Changes in Energy

   • If a process results in the system having less
       potential energy at the end than it had at the
       beginning, the “lost” potential energy was
       converted into kinetic energy, which is released
       to the environment




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      52   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Changes in Energy

   • If a process results in the system having less
     potential energy at the end than it had at the
     beginning, the “lost” potential energy was
     converted into kinetic energy, which is released
     to the environment
   • During the conversion of form, energy that is
     released can be harnessed to do work




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      52   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Potential to Kinetic Energy




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      53   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?




                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?


 • a gaseous pure
   substance




                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?


 • a gaseous pure
   substance
 • a liquid pure substance




                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?


 • a gaseous pure
   substance
 • a liquid pure substance
 • a gaseous mixture




                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?


 • a gaseous pure
   substance
 • a liquid pure substance
 • a gaseous mixture
 • a solid mixture




                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?


 • a gaseous pure
     substance
 •   a liquid pure substance
 •   a gaseous mixture
 •   a solid mixture
 •   none of the above



                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?




                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?


 • a gaseous pure
   substance




                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?


 • a gaseous pure
   substance
 • a liquid pure substance




                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?


 • a gaseous pure
   substance
 • a liquid pure substance
 • a gaseous mixture




                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?


 • a gaseous pure
   substance
 • a liquid pure substance
 • a gaseous mixture
 • a solid mixture




                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is correct for the material
pictured?


 • a gaseous pure
     substance
 •   a liquid pure substance
 •   a gaseous mixture
 •   a solid mixture
 •   none of the above



                                   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?


 a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or
   chemical change.




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?


 a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or
   chemical change.
 b.Systems with low potential energy tend to
   change in a direction of high potential energy
   spontaneously.




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?


 a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or
   chemical change.
 b.Systems with low potential energy tend to
   change in a direction of high potential energy
   spontaneously.
 c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy.



                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?


 a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or
   chemical change.
 b.Systems with low potential energy tend to
   change in a direction of high potential energy
   spontaneously.
 c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy.
 d.Objects with high potential energy are stable.


                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?


 a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or
   chemical change.
 b.Systems with low potential energy tend to
   change in a direction of high potential energy
   spontaneously.
 c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy.
 d.Objects with high potential energy are stable.
 e.Chemical potential energy is a form of kinetic
   energy.
                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?


 a.Energy is always conserved in a physical
   or chemical change.




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?


 a.Energy is always conserved in a physical
   or chemical change.
 b.Systems with low potential energy tend to
   change in a direction of high potential energy
   spontaneously.




                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?


 a.Energy is always conserved in a physical
   or chemical change.
 b.Systems with low potential energy tend to
   change in a direction of high potential energy
   spontaneously.
 c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy.



                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?


 a.Energy is always conserved in a physical
   or chemical change.
 b.Systems with low potential energy tend to
   change in a direction of high potential energy
   spontaneously.
 c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy.
 d.Objects with high potential energy are stable.


                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Which of the following is true?


 a.Energy is always conserved in a physical
   or chemical change.
 b.Systems with low potential energy tend to
   change in a direction of high potential energy
   spontaneously.
 c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy.
 d.Objects with high potential energy are stable.
 e.Chemical potential energy is a form of kinetic
   energy.
                                  Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Standard Units of




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Measurements
   What kind of measurements did you take today?

   Example:

   Checking your weight (Mass)

   Reading your watch ( Time)

   Checking your body temperature ( Temperature)




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   59   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Measurements in Chemistry

              Measurements have two important components
              1)A number
              2)A Unit
              For example mass:

                                                 Unit
         Number
                           70.5 kilograms
         Different units exist in measuring the same quantity


Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   60   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Standards of Measurements
 Measurements require:

 1) Measuring tool ( thermometer, weighing scale)

 2) A standard for comparison ( A kilogram is a mass

 of metal cylinder kept in France.




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   61   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Units in Metric System
      Metric system is a decimal system based on 10
      It is widely used across the world by scientists


      Units is metric system

      Length: Meter (m)
      Volume: Liter (L)
      Mass: gram (g)
      Temperature: Celsius (°C )



Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e   62   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Standard Units




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      63   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Standard Units
   • Scientists have agreed on a set of international
       standard units for comparing all our
       measurements called the SI units




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      63   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Standard Units
   • Scientists have agreed on a set of international
       standard units for comparing all our
       measurements called the SI units
          Système International = International System




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      63   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
The Standard Units
   • Scientists have agreed on a set of international
       standard units for comparing all our
       measurements called the SI units
          Système International = International System




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      63   Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Length




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       64      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Length
• Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       64      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Length
• Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers
      often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances
       between stars) or very short (distances between atoms)




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       64      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Length
• Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers
      often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances
       between stars) or very short (distances between atoms)
• SI unit = meter




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       64      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Length
• Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers
      often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances
       between stars) or very short (distances between atoms)
• SI unit = meter
      about 3.37 inches longer than a yard




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       64      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Length
• Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers
      often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances
       between stars) or very short (distances between atoms)
• SI unit = meter
      about 3.37 inches longer than a yard
           1 meter = distance traveled by light in a specific period of time




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       64      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Length
• Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers
      often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances
       between stars) or very short (distances between atoms)
• SI unit = meter
      about 3.37 inches longer than a yard
           1 meter = distance traveled by light in a specific period of time
• Commonly use centimeters (cm)




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       64      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Length
• Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers
      often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances
       between stars) or very short (distances between atoms)
• SI unit = meter
      about 3.37 inches longer than a yard
           1 meter = distance traveled by light in a specific period of time
• Commonly use centimeters (cm)
      1 m = 100 cm




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       64      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Length
• Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers
      often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances
       between stars) or very short (distances between atoms)
• SI unit = meter
      about 3.37 inches longer than a yard
           1 meter = distance traveled by light in a specific period of time
• Commonly use centimeters (cm)
      1 m = 100 cm
      1 cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       64      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Length
• Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers
      often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances
       between stars) or very short (distances between atoms)
• SI unit = meter
      about 3.37 inches longer than a yard
           1 meter = distance traveled by light in a specific period of time
• Commonly use centimeters (cm)
      1 m = 100 cm
      1 cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm
      1 inch = 2.54 cm (exactly)




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,       64      Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mass




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      65     Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mass
     • Measure of the amount of matter present in
         an object




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      65     Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mass
     • Measure of the amount of matter present in
         an object
            weight measures the gravitational pull on an
             object, which depends on its mass




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      65     Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mass
     • Measure of the amount of matter present in
         an object
            weight measures the gravitational pull on an
             object, which depends on its mass
     • SI unit = kilogram (kg)




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      65     Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mass
     • Measure of the amount of matter present in
         an object
            weight measures the gravitational pull on an
             object, which depends on its mass
     • SI unit = kilogram (kg)
            about 2 lbs. 3 oz.




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      65     Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mass
     • Measure of the amount of matter present in
         an object
            weight measures the gravitational pull on an
             object, which depends on its mass
     • SI unit = kilogram (kg)
            about 2 lbs. 3 oz.
     • Commonly measure mass in grams (g) or
         milligrams (mg)




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      65     Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Mass
     • Measure of the amount of matter present in
         an object
            weight measures the gravitational pull on an
             object, which depends on its mass
     • SI unit = kilogram (kg)
            about 2 lbs. 3 oz.
     • Commonly measure mass in grams (g) or
         milligrams (mg)
            1 kg = 2.2046 pounds, 1 lb. = 453.59 g




Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e
                            Approach,      65     Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 1  lecture 1- chm115
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Chapter 1 lecture 1- chm115

  • 1. Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2nd Ed. Nivaldo Tro Chapter 1 Matter, Measurement, and Problem Solving Grand Valley State University Chemistry Department- CHM115-60 Fall 2010 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 2. Key Concepts Lecture 1 Science and Scientific Method (Hypothesis, law, theory) Matter (solid, liquid, gas) Crystalline and Amorphous solids Mixture, pure substances, Elements and Compounds, Heterogeneous and homogenous Mixture  Properties of Matter (Physical and chemical changes )  Energy Changes in Matter (Kinetic and potential energy) Unit of measurement (English, Metric and International System) Base Units, Temperature Units, Derived units Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 2 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 3. Problem Assignments, Tro Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 4. Problem Assignments, Tro • Page 36-41 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 5. Problem Assignments, Tro • Page 36-41 • Q37-50 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 6. Problem Assignments, Tro • Page 36-41 • Q37-50 • Q51-64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 7. Problem Assignments, Tro • Page 36-41 • Q37-50 • Q51-64 • Q67, 69, 71, 72 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 8. Problem Assignments, Tro • Page 36-41 • Q37-50 • Q51-64 • Q67, 69, 71, 72 • Q73, 75, 78, 81, 84, 85, Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 9. Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 4 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 10. Composition of Matter Atoms and Molecules Scientific Method Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 11. Structure Determines Properties Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 12. Structure Determines Properties • The properties of matter are determined by the atoms and molecules that compose it Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 13. Structure Determines Properties • The properties of matter are determined by the atoms and molecules that compose it carbon monoxide 1. composed of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom 2. colorless, odorless gas 3. burns with a blue flame 4. binds to hemoglobin Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 14. Structure Determines Properties • The properties of matter are determined by the atoms and molecules that compose it carbon monoxide carbon dioxide 1. composed of one carbon 1. composed of one carbon atom and one oxygen atom atom and two oxygen atoms 2. colorless, odorless gas 2. colorless, odorless gas 3. burns with a blue flame 3. incombustible 4. binds to hemoglobin 4. does not bind to hemoglobin Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 6 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 15. Atoms and Molecules Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 16. Atoms and Molecules • Atoms Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 17. Atoms and Molecules • Atoms  are submicroscopic particles Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 18. Atoms and Molecules • Atoms  are submicroscopic particles  are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 19. Atoms and Molecules • Atoms  are submicroscopic particles  are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter • Molecules Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 20. Atoms and Molecules • Atoms  are submicroscopic particles  are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter • Molecules  are two or more atoms attached together in a specific geometrical arrangement Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 21. Atoms and Molecules • Atoms  are submicroscopic particles  are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter • Molecules  are two or more atoms attached together in a specific geometrical arrangement  attachments are called bonds Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 22. Atoms and Molecules • Atoms  are submicroscopic particles  are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter • Molecules  are two or more atoms attached together in a specific geometrical arrangement  attachments are called bonds  attachments come in different strengths Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 23. Atoms and Molecules • Atoms  are submicroscopic particles  are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter • Molecules  are two or more atoms attached together in a specific geometrical arrangement  attachments are called bonds  attachments come in different strengths  come in different shapes and patterns Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 24. Atoms and Molecules • Atoms  are submicroscopic particles  are the fundamental building blocks of ordinary matter • Molecules  are two or more atoms attached together in a specific geometrical arrangement  attachments are called bonds  attachments come in different strengths  come in different shapes and patterns • Chemistry is the science that seeks to understand the behavior of matter by studying the behavior of atoms and molecules Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 7 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 25. The Scientific Approach to Knowledge Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 8 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 26. The Scientific Approach to Knowledge • Philosophers try to understand the universe by reasoning and thinking about “ideal” behavior Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 8 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 27. The Scientific Approach to Knowledge • Philosophers try to understand the universe by reasoning and thinking about “ideal” behavior • Scientists try to understand the universe through empirical knowledge gained through observation and experiment Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 8 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 28. Gathering Empirical Knowledge ─ Observation Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 29. Gathering Empirical Knowledge ─ Observation • Some observations are descriptions of the characteristics or behavior of nature ─ qualitative  “The soda pop is a liquid with a brown color and a sweet taste. Bubbles are seen floating up through it.” Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 30. Gathering Empirical Knowledge ─ Observation • Some observations are descriptions of the characteristics or behavior of nature ─ qualitative  “The soda pop is a liquid with a brown color and a sweet taste. Bubbles are seen floating up through it.” • Some observations compare a characteristic to a standard numerical scale ─ quantitative  “A 240 mL serving of soda pop contains 27 g of sugar.” Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 9 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 31. From Observation to Understanding Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 32. From Observation to Understanding • Hypothesis – a tentative interpretation or explanation for an observation  “The sweet taste of soda pop is due to the presence of sugar.” Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 33. From Observation to Understanding • Hypothesis – a tentative interpretation or explanation for an observation  “The sweet taste of soda pop is due to the presence of sugar.” • A good hypothesis is one that can be tested to be proved wrong!  falsifiable  one test may invalidate your hypothesis Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 10 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 34. Testing Ideas Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 35. Testing Ideas • Ideas in science are tested with experiments Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 36. Testing Ideas • Ideas in science are tested with experiments • An experiment is a set of highly controlled procedures designed to test whether an idea about nature is valid Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 37. Testing Ideas • Ideas in science are tested with experiments • An experiment is a set of highly controlled procedures designed to test whether an idea about nature is valid • The experiment generates observations that will either validate or invalidate the idea Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 11 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 38. From Specific to General Observations Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 39. From Specific to General Observations • A scientific law is a statement that summarizes all past observations and predicts future observations  Law of Conservation of Mass – “In a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.” Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 40. From Specific to General Observations • A scientific law is a statement that summarizes all past observations and predicts future observations  Law of Conservation of Mass – “In a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.” • A scientific law allows you to predict future observations  so you can test the law with experiments Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 41. From Specific to General Observations • A scientific law is a statement that summarizes all past observations and predicts future observations  Law of Conservation of Mass – “In a chemical reaction matter is neither created nor destroyed.” • A scientific law allows you to predict future observations  so you can test the law with experiments • Unlike state laws, you cannot choose to violate a scientific law! Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 12 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 42. From Specific to General Understanding Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 43. From Specific to General Understanding • A hypothesis is a potential explanation for a single or small number of observations Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 44. From Specific to General Understanding • A hypothesis is a potential explanation for a single or small number of observations • A scientific theory is a general explanation for why things in nature are the way they are and behave the way they do Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 45. From Specific to General Understanding • A hypothesis is a potential explanation for a single or small number of observations • A scientific theory is a general explanation for why things in nature are the way they are and behave the way they do  models Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 46. From Specific to General Understanding • A hypothesis is a potential explanation for a single or small number of observations • A scientific theory is a general explanation for why things in nature are the way they are and behave the way they do  models  pinnacle of scientific knowledge Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 47. From Specific to General Understanding • A hypothesis is a potential explanation for a single or small number of observations • A scientific theory is a general explanation for why things in nature are the way they are and behave the way they do  models  pinnacle of scientific knowledge  validated or invalidated by experiment and observation Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 13 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 48. Scientific Method Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 49. Scientific Method Careful noting and recording of natural phenomena Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 50. Scientific Method Tentative explanation of a single or small number of observations Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 51. Procedure Scientific Method designed to test an idea Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 52. Scientific Method Generally observed occurence in nature Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 53. Scientific Method General explanation of natural phenomena Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 54. Scientific Method Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 14 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 55. Relationships Between Pieces of the Scientific Method Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 15 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 56. Classification of Matter States of Matter Physical and Chemical Properties Physical and Chemical Changes Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 57. Classification of Matter Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 17 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 58. Classification of Matter • Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 17 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 59. Classification of Matter • Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass • We can classify matter based on its state and its composition Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 17 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 60. Classification of Matter • Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass • We can classify matter based on its state and its composition  whether it’s solid, liquid, or gas Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 17 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 61. Classification of Matter • Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass • We can classify matter based on its state and its composition  whether it’s solid, liquid, or gas  its basic components Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 17 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 62. Classifying Matter by Physical State Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 18 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 63. Classifying Matter by Physical State • Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas based on the characteristics it exhibits Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 18 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 64. Classifying Matter by Physical State • Matter can be classified as solid, liquid, or gas based on the characteristics it exhibits Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 18 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 65. Solids Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 66. Solids • The particles in a solid are packed close together and are fixed in position Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 67. Solids • The particles in a solid are packed close together and are fixed in position  though they may vibrate Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 68. Solids • The particles in a solid are packed close together and are fixed in position  though they may vibrate • The close packing of the particles results in solids being incompressible Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 69. Solids • The particles in a solid are packed close together and are fixed in position  though they may vibrate • The close packing of the particles results in solids being incompressible • The inability of the particles to move around results in solids retaining their shape and volume when placed in a new container, and prevents the solid from flowing Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 19 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 70. Crystalline Solids Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 20 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 71. Crystalline Solids • Some solids have their particles arranged in patterns with long-range repeating order – we call these crystalline solids Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 20 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 72. Crystalline Solids • Some solids have their particles arranged in patterns with long-range repeating order – we call these crystalline solids  salt Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 20 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 73. Crystalline Solids • Some solids have their particles arranged in patterns with long-range repeating order – we call these crystalline solids  salt  diamonds Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 20 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 74. Crystalline Solids • Some solids have their particles arranged in patterns with long-range repeating order – we call these crystalline solids  salt  diamonds  sugar Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 20 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 75. Amorphous Solids Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 21 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 76. Amorphous Solids • Some solids have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range pattern – we call these amorphous solids Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 21 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 77. Amorphous Solids • Some solids have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range pattern – we call these amorphous solids  plastic Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 21 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 78. Amorphous Solids • Some solids have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range pattern – we call these amorphous solids  plastic  glass Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 21 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 79. Amorphous Solids • Some solids have their particles randomly distributed without any long-range pattern – we call these amorphous solids  plastic  glass  charcoal Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 21 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 80. Liquids Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 22 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 81. Liquids • The particles in a liquid are closely packed, but they have some ability to move around Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 22 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 82. Liquids • The particles in a liquid are closely packed, but they have some ability to move around • The close packing results in liquids being incompressible Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 22 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 83. Liquids • The particles in a liquid are closely packed, but they have some ability to move around • The close packing results in liquids being incompressible • The ability of the particles to move allows liquids to take the shape of their container and to flow – however, they don’t have enough freedom to escape or expand to fill the container Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 22 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 84. Gases Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 23 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 85. Gases • In the gas state, the particles have freedom of motion and are not held together Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 23 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 86. Gases • In the gas state, the particles have freedom of motion and are not held together • The particles are constantly flying around, bumping into each other and the container Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 23 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 87. Gases • In the gas state, the particles have freedom of motion and are not held together • The particles are constantly flying around, bumping into each other and the container • In the gas state, there is a lot of empty space between the particles Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 23 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 88. Gases • In the gas state, the particles have freedom of motion and are not held together • The particles are constantly flying around, bumping into each other and the container • In the gas state, there is a lot of empty space between the particles  on average Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 23 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 89. Gases Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 24 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 90. Gases • Because there is a lot of empty space, the particles can be squeezed closer together – therefore gases are compressible Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 24 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 91. Gases • Because there is a lot of empty space, the particles can be squeezed closer together – therefore gases are compressible • Because the particles are not held in close contact and are moving freely, gases expand to fill and take the shape of their container, and will flow Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 24 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 92. Classifying Matter by Composition Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 25 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 93. Classifying Matter by Composition • Another way to classify matter is to examine its composition Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 25 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 94. Classifying Matter by Composition • Another way to classify matter is to examine its composition • Composition includes Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 25 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 95. Classifying Matter by Composition • Another way to classify matter is to examine its composition • Composition includes  types of particles Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 25 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 96. Classifying Matter by Composition • Another way to classify matter is to examine its composition • Composition includes  types of particles  arrangement of the particles Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 25 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 97. Classifying Matter by Composition • Another way to classify matter is to examine its composition • Composition includes  types of particles  arrangement of the particles  attractions and attachments between the particles Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 25 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 98. Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 26 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 99. Classification of Matter by Composition Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 100. Classification of Matter by Composition • Matter whose composition does not change from one sample to another is called a pure substance Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 101. Classification of Matter by Composition • Matter whose composition does not change from one sample to another is called a pure substance  made of a single type of atom or molecule Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 102. Classification of Matter by Composition • Matter whose composition does not change from one sample to another is called a pure substance  made of a single type of atom or molecule  because the composition of a pure substance is always the same, all samples have the same characteristics Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 103. Classification of Matter by Composition • Matter whose composition does not change from one sample to another is called a pure substance  made of a single type of atom or molecule  because the composition of a pure substance is always the same, all samples have the same characteristics • Matter whose composition may vary from one sample to another is called a mixture Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 104. Classification of Matter by Composition • Matter whose composition does not change from one sample to another is called a pure substance  made of a single type of atom or molecule  because the composition of a pure substance is always the same, all samples have the same characteristics • Matter whose composition may vary from one sample to another is called a mixture  two or more types of atoms or molecules combined in variable proportions Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 105. Classification of Matter by Composition • Matter whose composition does not change from one sample to another is called a pure substance  made of a single type of atom or molecule  because the composition of a pure substance is always the same, all samples have the same characteristics • Matter whose composition may vary from one sample to another is called a mixture  two or more types of atoms or molecules combined in variable proportions  because composition varies, different samples have different characteristics Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 27 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 106. Classification of Matter by Composition Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 28 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 107. Classification of Matter by Composition 1. made of one type of particle Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 28 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 108. Classification of Matter by Composition 1. made of one type of particle 2. all samples show the same intensive properties Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 28 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 109. Classification of Matter by Composition 1. made of one type of 1. made of multiple particle types of particles 2. all samples show the same intensive properties Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 28 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 110. Classification of Matter by Composition 1. made of one type of 1. made of multiple particle types of particles 2. all samples show 2. samples may show the same intensive different intensive properties properties Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 28 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 111. Classification of Pure Substances  Elements Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 29 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 112. Classification of Pure Substances  Elements • Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical reactions are called elements Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 29 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 113. Classification of Pure Substances  Elements • Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical reactions are called elements  decomposed = broken down Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 29 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 114. Classification of Pure Substances  Elements • Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical reactions are called elements  decomposed = broken down  basic building blocks of matter Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 29 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 115. Classification of Pure Substances  Elements • Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical reactions are called elements  decomposed = broken down  basic building blocks of matter  composed of single type of atom Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 29 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 116. Classification of Pure Substances  Elements • Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical reactions are called elements  decomposed = broken down  basic building blocks of matter  composed of single type of atom though those atoms may or may not be combined into molecules Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 29 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 117. Classification of Pure Substances  Compounds Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 30 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 118. Classification of Pure Substances  Compounds • Pure substances that can be decomposed are called compounds  chemical combinations of elements  composed of molecules that contain two or more different kinds of atoms  all molecules of a compound are identical, so all samples of a compound behave the same way Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 30 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 119. Classification of Pure Substances  Compounds • Pure substances that can be decomposed are called compounds  chemical combinations of elements  composed of molecules that contain two or more different kinds of atoms  all molecules of a compound are identical, so all samples of a compound behave the same way • Most natural pure substances are compounds Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 30 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 120. Classification of Pure Substances Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 31 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 121. Classification of Pure Substances 1. made of one type of atom (some elements found as multi- atom molecules in nature) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 31 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 122. Classification of Pure Substances 1. made of one type of atom (some elements found as multi- atom molecules in nature) 2. combine together to make compounds Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 31 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 123. Classification of Pure Substances 1. made of one 1. made of one type of atom type of (some molecule, or elements an array of found as multi- ions atom molecules in nature) 2. combine together to make compounds Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 31 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 124. Classification of Pure Substances 1. made of one 1. made of one type of atom type of (some molecule, or elements an array of found as multi- ions atom 2. units contain molecules in two or more nature) different kinds 2. combine of atoms together to make compounds Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 31 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 125. Which of the following is a pure substance? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 126. Which of the following is a pure substance? a.sweat Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 127. Which of the following is a pure substance? a.sweat b.beef stew Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 128. Which of the following is a pure substance? a.sweat b.beef stew c.coffee Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 129. Which of the following is a pure substance? a.sweat b.beef stew c.coffee d.apple juice Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 130. Which of the following is a pure substance? a.sweat b.beef stew c.coffee d.apple juice e.ice Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 131. Classification of Mixtures Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 132. Classification of Mixtures • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have uniform composition throughout Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 133. Classification of Mixtures • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have uniform composition throughout  every piece of a sample has identical characteristics, though another sample with the same components may have different characteristics Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 134. Classification of Mixtures • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have uniform composition throughout  every piece of a sample has identical characteristics, though another sample with the same components may have different characteristics  atoms or molecules mixed uniformly Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 135. Classification of Mixtures • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have uniform composition throughout  every piece of a sample has identical characteristics, though another sample with the same components may have different characteristics  atoms or molecules mixed uniformly • Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that do not have uniform composition throughout Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 136. Classification of Mixtures • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have uniform composition throughout  every piece of a sample has identical characteristics, though another sample with the same components may have different characteristics  atoms or molecules mixed uniformly • Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that do not have uniform composition throughout  regions within the sample can have different characteristics Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 137. Classification of Mixtures • Homogeneous mixtures are mixtures that have uniform composition throughout  every piece of a sample has identical characteristics, though another sample with the same components may have different characteristics  atoms or molecules mixed uniformly • Heterogeneous mixtures are mixtures that do not have uniform composition throughout  regions within the sample can have different characteristics  atoms or molecules not mixed uniformly Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 33 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 138. Classification of Mixtures Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 34 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 139. Classification of Mixtures 1. made of multiple substances, whose presence can be seen Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 34 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 140. Classification of Mixtures 1. made of multiple substances, whose presence can be seen 2. portions of a sample have different composition and properties Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 34 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 141. Classification of Mixtures 1. made of 1. made of multiple multiple substances, substances, whose but appears to presence can be one be seen substance 2. portions of a sample have different composition and properties Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 34 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 142. Classification of Mixtures 1. made of 1. made of multiple multiple substances, substances, whose but appears to presence can be one be seen substance 2. portions of a 2. all portions of sample have an individual different sample have composition the same and composition properties and properties Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 34 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 143. Changes in Matter Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 144. Changes in Matter • Changes that alter the state or appearance of the matter without altering the composition are called physical changes Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 145. Changes in Matter • Changes that alter the state or appearance of the matter without altering the composition are called physical changes • Changes that alter the composition of the matter are called chemical changes Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 146. Changes in Matter • Changes that alter the state or appearance of the matter without altering the composition are called physical changes • Changes that alter the composition of the matter are called chemical changes  during the chemical change, the atoms that are present rearrange into new molecules, but all of the original atoms are still present Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 35 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 147. Physical Changes in Matter The boiling of water is a physical change. The water molecules are separated from each other, but their structure and composition do not change. Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 36 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 148. Chemical Changes in Matter The rusting of iron is a chemical change. The iron atoms in the nail combine with oxygen atoms from O2 in the air to make a new substance, rust, with a different composition. Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 37 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 149. Properties of Matter Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 38 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 150. Properties of Matter • Physical properties are the characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its composition Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 38 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 151. Properties of Matter • Physical properties are the characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its composition  characteristics that are directly observable Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 38 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 152. Properties of Matter • Physical properties are the characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its composition  characteristics that are directly observable • Chemical properties are the characteristics that determine how the composition of matter changes as a result of contact with other matter or the influence of energy Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 38 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 153. Properties of Matter • Physical properties are the characteristics of matter that can be changed without changing its composition  characteristics that are directly observable • Chemical properties are the characteristics that determine how the composition of matter changes as a result of contact with other matter or the influence of energy  characteristics that describe the behavior of matter Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 38 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 154. Common Physical Changes Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 39 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 155. Common Physical Changes • Processes that cause changes in the matter that do not change its composition Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 39 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 156. Common Physical Changes • Processes that cause changes in the matter that do not change its composition • State changes Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 39 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 157. Common Physical Changes • Processes that cause changes in the matter that do not change its composition • State changes  boiling / condensing Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 39 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 158. Common Physical Changes • Processes that cause changes in the matter that do not change its composition • State changes  boiling / condensing  melting / freezing Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 39 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 159. Common Physical Changes • Processes that cause Subliming of dry ice changes in the matter that do not change its CO2(g) composition • State changes Dry Ice  boiling / condensing  melting / freezing  subliming CO2(s) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 39 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 160. Common Physical Changes • Processes that cause Dissolving of sugar changes in the matter C H O (s) 12 22 11 that do not change its composition • State changes  boiling / condensing  melting / freezing  subliming • Dissolving C12H22O11(aq) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 39 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 161. Common Chemical Changes Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 40 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 162. Common Chemical Changes • Processes that cause changes in the matter that change its composition Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 40 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 163. Common Chemical Changes • Processes that cause changes in the matter that change its composition • Rusting Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 40 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 164. Common Chemical Changes • Processes that cause changes in the matter that change its composition • Rusting • Burning Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 40 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 165. Common Chemical Changes • Processes that cause changes in the matter that change its composition • Rusting • Burning • Dyes fading or changing color C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) → 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(l) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 40 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 166. Which of the following represents a chemical change? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 167. Which of the following represents a chemical change? • Freezing water to make ice cubes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 168. Which of the following represents a chemical change? • Freezing water to make ice cubes • Dry ice evaporating at room temperature Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 169. Which of the following represents a chemical change? • Freezing water to make ice cubes • Dry ice evaporating at room temperature • Toasting a piece of bread Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 170. Which of the following represents a chemical change? • Freezing water to make ice cubes • Dry ice evaporating at room temperature • Toasting a piece of bread • Dissolving sugar in hot coffee Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 171. Which of the following represents a chemical change? • Freezing water to make ice cubes • Dry ice evaporating at room temperature • Toasting a piece of bread • Dissolving sugar in hot coffee • Crushing an aluminum can Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 172. Which of the following represents a chemical change? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 173. Which of the following represents a chemical change? • Freezing water to make ice cubes Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 174. Which of the following represents a chemical change? • Freezing water to make ice cubes • Dry ice evaporating at room temperature Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 175. Which of the following represents a chemical change? • Freezing water to make ice cubes • Dry ice evaporating at room temperature • Toasting a piece of bread Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 176. Which of the following represents a chemical change? • Freezing water to make ice cubes • Dry ice evaporating at room temperature • Toasting a piece of bread • Dissolving sugar in hot coffee Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 177. Which of the following represents a chemical change? • Freezing water to make ice cubes • Dry ice evaporating at room temperature • Toasting a piece of bread • Dissolving sugar in hot coffee • Crushing an aluminum can Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 178. Which of the following is a chemical property? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 179. Which of the following is a chemical property? a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 180. Which of the following is a chemical property? a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice b.melting butter for popcorn Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 181. Which of the following is a chemical property? a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice b.melting butter for popcorn c.separating sand from gravel Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 182. Which of the following is a chemical property? a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice b.melting butter for popcorn c.separating sand from gravel d.hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 183. Which of the following is a chemical property? a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice b.melting butter for popcorn c.separating sand from gravel d.hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen e.ozone is a gas at room temperature Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 184. Which of the following is a chemical property? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 185. Which of the following is a chemical property? a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 186. Which of the following is a chemical property? a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice b.melting butter for popcorn Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 187. Which of the following is a chemical property? a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice b.melting butter for popcorn c.separating sand from gravel Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 188. Which of the following is a chemical property? a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice b.melting butter for popcorn c.separating sand from gravel d.hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 189. Which of the following is a chemical property? a.squeezing oranges to make orange juice b.melting butter for popcorn c.separating sand from gravel d.hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen e.ozone is a gas at room temperature Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 190. Energy Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 191. Energy Changes in Matter Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 46 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 192. Energy Changes in Matter • Changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result in the matter either gaining or releasing energy Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 46 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 193. Energy Changes in Matter • Changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result in the matter either gaining or releasing energy • Energy is the capacity to do work Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 46 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 194. Energy Changes in Matter • Changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result in the matter either gaining or releasing energy • Energy is the capacity to do work • Work is the action of a force applied across a distance Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 46 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 195. Energy Changes in Matter • Changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result in the matter either gaining or releasing energy • Energy is the capacity to do work • Work is the action of a force applied across a distance  a force is a push or a pull on an object Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 46 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 196. Energy Changes in Matter • Changes in matter, both physical and chemical, result in the matter either gaining or releasing energy • Energy is the capacity to do work • Work is the action of a force applied across a distance  a force is a push or a pull on an object  electrostatic force is the push or pull on objects that have an electrical charge Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 46 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 197. Energy of Matter Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 198. Energy of Matter • All matter possesses energy Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 199. Energy of Matter • All matter possesses energy • Energy is classified as either kinetic or potential Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 200. Energy of Matter • All matter possesses energy • Energy is classified as either kinetic or potential • Energy can be converted from one form to another Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 201. Energy of Matter • All matter possesses energy • Energy is classified as either kinetic or potential • Energy can be converted from one form to another • When matter undergoes a chemical or physical change, the amount of energy in the matter changes as well Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 47 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 202. Energy of Matter − Kinetic Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 48 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 203. Energy of Matter − Kinetic • Kinetic energy is energy of motion Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 48 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 204. Energy of Matter − Kinetic • Kinetic energy is energy of motion  motion of the atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 48 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 205. Energy of Matter − Kinetic • Kinetic energy is energy of motion  motion of the atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles  thermal (heat) energy is a form of kinetic energy because it is caused by molecular motion Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 48 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 206. Energy of Matter − Potential Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 49 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 207. Energy of Matter − Potential • Potential energy is energy that is stored in the matter Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 49 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 208. Energy of Matter − Potential • Potential energy is energy that is stored in the matter  due to the composition of the matter and its position relative to other things Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 49 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 209. Energy of Matter − Potential • Potential energy is energy that is stored in the matter  due to the composition of the matter and its position relative to other things  chemical potential energy arises from electrostatic attractive forces between atoms, molecules, and subatomic particles Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 49 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 210. Conversion of Energy Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 50 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 211. Conversion of Energy • You can interconvert kinetic energy and potential energy Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 50 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 212. Conversion of Energy • You can interconvert kinetic energy and potential energy • Whatever process you do that converts energy from one type or form to another, the total amount of energy remains the same Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 50 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 213. Conversion of Energy • You can interconvert kinetic energy and potential energy • Whatever process you do that converts energy from one type or form to another, the total amount of energy remains the same  Law of Conservation of Energy Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 50 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 214. Spontaneous Processes Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 51 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 215. Spontaneous Processes • Materials that possess high potential energy are less stable Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 51 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 216. Spontaneous Processes • Materials that possess high potential energy are less stable • Processes in nature tend to occur on their own when the result is material with lower total potential energy Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 51 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 217. Spontaneous Processes • Materials that possess high potential energy are less stable • Processes in nature tend to occur on their own when the result is material with lower total potential energy  processes that result in materials with higher total potential energy can occur, but generally will not happen without input of energy from an outside source Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 51 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 218. Changes in Energy Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 52 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 219. Changes in Energy • If a process results in the system having less potential energy at the end than it had at the beginning, the “lost” potential energy was converted into kinetic energy, which is released to the environment Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 52 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 220. Changes in Energy • If a process results in the system having less potential energy at the end than it had at the beginning, the “lost” potential energy was converted into kinetic energy, which is released to the environment • During the conversion of form, energy that is released can be harnessed to do work Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 52 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 221. Potential to Kinetic Energy Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 53 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 222. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 223. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? • a gaseous pure substance Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 224. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? • a gaseous pure substance • a liquid pure substance Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 225. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? • a gaseous pure substance • a liquid pure substance • a gaseous mixture Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 226. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? • a gaseous pure substance • a liquid pure substance • a gaseous mixture • a solid mixture Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 227. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? • a gaseous pure substance • a liquid pure substance • a gaseous mixture • a solid mixture • none of the above Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 228. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 229. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? • a gaseous pure substance Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 230. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? • a gaseous pure substance • a liquid pure substance Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 231. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? • a gaseous pure substance • a liquid pure substance • a gaseous mixture Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 232. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? • a gaseous pure substance • a liquid pure substance • a gaseous mixture • a solid mixture Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 233. Which of the following is correct for the material pictured? • a gaseous pure substance • a liquid pure substance • a gaseous mixture • a solid mixture • none of the above Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 234. Which of the following is true? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 235. Which of the following is true? a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 236. Which of the following is true? a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change. b.Systems with low potential energy tend to change in a direction of high potential energy spontaneously. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 237. Which of the following is true? a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change. b.Systems with low potential energy tend to change in a direction of high potential energy spontaneously. c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 238. Which of the following is true? a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change. b.Systems with low potential energy tend to change in a direction of high potential energy spontaneously. c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy. d.Objects with high potential energy are stable. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 239. Which of the following is true? a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change. b.Systems with low potential energy tend to change in a direction of high potential energy spontaneously. c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy. d.Objects with high potential energy are stable. e.Chemical potential energy is a form of kinetic energy. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 240. Which of the following is true? Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 241. Which of the following is true? a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 242. Which of the following is true? a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change. b.Systems with low potential energy tend to change in a direction of high potential energy spontaneously. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 243. Which of the following is true? a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change. b.Systems with low potential energy tend to change in a direction of high potential energy spontaneously. c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 244. Which of the following is true? a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change. b.Systems with low potential energy tend to change in a direction of high potential energy spontaneously. c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy. d.Objects with high potential energy are stable. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 245. Which of the following is true? a.Energy is always conserved in a physical or chemical change. b.Systems with low potential energy tend to change in a direction of high potential energy spontaneously. c.Thermal energy is a form of potential energy. d.Objects with high potential energy are stable. e.Chemical potential energy is a form of kinetic energy. Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 246. Standard Units of Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 247. Measurements What kind of measurements did you take today? Example: Checking your weight (Mass) Reading your watch ( Time) Checking your body temperature ( Temperature) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 59 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 248. Measurements in Chemistry Measurements have two important components 1)A number 2)A Unit For example mass: Unit Number 70.5 kilograms Different units exist in measuring the same quantity Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 60 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 249. Standards of Measurements Measurements require: 1) Measuring tool ( thermometer, weighing scale) 2) A standard for comparison ( A kilogram is a mass of metal cylinder kept in France. Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 61 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 250. Units in Metric System Metric system is a decimal system based on 10 It is widely used across the world by scientists Units is metric system Length: Meter (m) Volume: Liter (L) Mass: gram (g) Temperature: Celsius (°C ) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach, 2/e 62 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 251. The Standard Units Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 63 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 252. The Standard Units • Scientists have agreed on a set of international standard units for comparing all our measurements called the SI units Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 63 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 253. The Standard Units • Scientists have agreed on a set of international standard units for comparing all our measurements called the SI units  Système International = International System Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 63 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 254. The Standard Units • Scientists have agreed on a set of international standard units for comparing all our measurements called the SI units  Système International = International System Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 63 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 255. Length Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 256. Length • Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 257. Length • Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers  often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances between stars) or very short (distances between atoms) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 258. Length • Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers  often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances between stars) or very short (distances between atoms) • SI unit = meter Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 259. Length • Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers  often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances between stars) or very short (distances between atoms) • SI unit = meter  about 3.37 inches longer than a yard Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 260. Length • Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers  often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances between stars) or very short (distances between atoms) • SI unit = meter  about 3.37 inches longer than a yard 1 meter = distance traveled by light in a specific period of time Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 261. Length • Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers  often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances between stars) or very short (distances between atoms) • SI unit = meter  about 3.37 inches longer than a yard 1 meter = distance traveled by light in a specific period of time • Commonly use centimeters (cm) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 262. Length • Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers  often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances between stars) or very short (distances between atoms) • SI unit = meter  about 3.37 inches longer than a yard 1 meter = distance traveled by light in a specific period of time • Commonly use centimeters (cm)  1 m = 100 cm Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 263. Length • Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers  often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances between stars) or very short (distances between atoms) • SI unit = meter  about 3.37 inches longer than a yard 1 meter = distance traveled by light in a specific period of time • Commonly use centimeters (cm)  1 m = 100 cm  1 cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 264. Length • Measure of the two-dimensional distance an object covers  often need to measure lengths that are very long (distances between stars) or very short (distances between atoms) • SI unit = meter  about 3.37 inches longer than a yard 1 meter = distance traveled by light in a specific period of time • Commonly use centimeters (cm)  1 m = 100 cm  1 cm = 0.01 m = 10 mm  1 inch = 2.54 cm (exactly) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 64 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 265. Mass Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 65 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 266. Mass • Measure of the amount of matter present in an object Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 65 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 267. Mass • Measure of the amount of matter present in an object  weight measures the gravitational pull on an object, which depends on its mass Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 65 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 268. Mass • Measure of the amount of matter present in an object  weight measures the gravitational pull on an object, which depends on its mass • SI unit = kilogram (kg) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 65 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 269. Mass • Measure of the amount of matter present in an object  weight measures the gravitational pull on an object, which depends on its mass • SI unit = kilogram (kg)  about 2 lbs. 3 oz. Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 65 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 270. Mass • Measure of the amount of matter present in an object  weight measures the gravitational pull on an object, which depends on its mass • SI unit = kilogram (kg)  about 2 lbs. 3 oz. • Commonly measure mass in grams (g) or milligrams (mg) Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 65 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
  • 271. Mass • Measure of the amount of matter present in an object  weight measures the gravitational pull on an object, which depends on its mass • SI unit = kilogram (kg)  about 2 lbs. 3 oz. • Commonly measure mass in grams (g) or milligrams (mg)  1 kg = 2.2046 pounds, 1 lb. = 453.59 g Tro: Chemistry: A Molecular Approach 2/e Approach, 65 Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.

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