1. Chapter 5- Elements Compounds
and Mixtures Examples of non-metals:
5.1 Elements State at Room Examples of non-metals
Temperature
 Element= is the simplest form of matter. It Solid Carbon, phosphorus,
can’t be split up into smaller substances by iodine, sulfur
physical or chemical processes. Liquid Bromine
 Atom= is the smallest particle in a matter. Gas Oxygen, hydrogen,
 Molecule= is made of two or more atoms. nitrogen, neon, argon,
krypton, fluorine,
3 Groups of Elements chlorine, helium, radon
1. Metal=is an element, compound, or alloy Properties of Metals:
that is a good conductor of both electricity Have dull surfaces
and heat. All metals are solid at room Brittle and snap easily
temperature except mercury. Poor heat conductors
Cannot conduct electricity (except carbon)
Examples of metals: Have low melting and boiling points
sodium, copper, iron, aluminum, gold,
silver, lead, calcium, mercury, magnesium, 3. Metalloid= is a chemical element with
platinum and zinc. properties that are in-between metals and non-
metals, or have mixed characteristics.
Properties of Metals:
Have shiny surfaces. Examples of non-metals:
Ductile (can be pulled into wires) boron, silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony
Malleable (can be beaten into many tellurium
shapes)
Good conductors of heat and 5.2 Compounds
electricity
Have high melting and boiling  Compound= is a pure chemical substance
points which is formed when two or more elements
2. Non-metal= one of the elements which do combine chemically in a chemical reaction.
not exhibit metallic properties, generally
located in the corner of the Periodic Table.
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2. Solute= a substance dissolved in
another substance.
5.3 Mixtures
c. Distillation= is used to purify liquids.
Mixture= is made up of two or more
Distillate= a liquid product
substances which are mixed together condensed from vapor
physically ( stirring, mixing, shaking, or during distillation.
dissolving) Liebig condenser= is an
Examples of non-metals: instrument used to condense vapor.
Mixture Component Fractional distillation= is the
Air oxygen, nitrogen, inert separation of a mixture into its
gases, carbon dioxide, component parts, or fractions, such
microorganisms, dust, as in separating chemical
water vapor compounds by their boiling point by
Blood red blood cells, white heating them to a temperature at
blood cells, plasma, which one or more fractions of the
oxygen, carbon dioxide, compound will vaporize.
nutrients, hormones, d. Chromatography= is a method of
water separating and identifying mixtures.
Iced lemon tea water, lemon, sugar, Types of Chromatography:
tea  Paper chromatography= is
used to separate the different
5.4 Separation Techniques colored components in dyes.
a. Filtration= is used to separate a solid from  Liquid chromatography=
liquid. uses a long column packed with
o Residue= solid material remaining absorbent material such as
after a distillation or an evaporation, alumina.
or portion of a larger molecule.  Gas chromatography= uses a
o Filtrate= liquid produced after long tube with an inner gas
filtering a suspension of a solid in a being pumped into it.
 Liquid-liquid extraction= is also
liquid.
known as solvent extraction. It
b. Crystallization= is a method to obtain
involves the separation of two or
pure solid from pure solid. more components due to their
Solvent= is a substance that unequal solubility’s in 2 liquid
dissolves a solute resulting in a phases.
solution.
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3. Chapter 6- Energy and Chemical
Changes
5.5 Radioactive Elements
6.1 Physical and Chemical Changes
Radioactive Elements= are naturally Physical change= one that affects its
unstable. Their nuclei disintegrate and emit physical properties such as its state (liquid,
rays that are harmful to living things. gas, solid). It does not produce new
Geiger counter= a special instrument that substance
Chemical change= always produces one ore
detects radiation.
more new substances which have different
physical and chemical properties compared
Uses of Radioactive Elements: to the original substances.
Determining the age of fossils
Producing energy Some of the roles Physical and Chemical changes in
Medical uses daily life:
Physical Changes in Chemical Changes in
Daily Life Daily Life
Evaporation of sweat Photosynthesis in plants
Melting of chocolates Digestion of food in our
body
Dissolving of sugar and Burning of fossil fuels in
salt in water vehicles
Freezing of water to Cooking raw food
form ice
6.2 Chemical Equations
Products= are new formed substances
during chemical reaction.
Reactants= are the original substances that
are reacting together.
Chemical reaction= is a process that leads
to the transformation of one set of chemical
substances to another.
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4. 6.4 Factors Affecting the Rate of a
Reaction
Chemical equation= is the
Temperature
symbolic representation of
Concentration=amount of a specified
a chemical reaction where
substance in a unit amount of another
the reactant entities are given on
substance.
the left hand side and
the product entities on the right Particle size and pressure
hand side. Catalyst= a substance that changes the rate
Chemical symbols= are of reaction without being changed.
abbreviations that are used to
denote a chemical element. 6.5 Chemical Reactions and Chemical
Chemical formula= is the Substances in Everyday Life
combination of the chemical
symbols of the elements in the Combustion of fossil fuels
substance itself. Rusting iron
6.3 Energy and Chemical Reactions Photosynthesis= a natural chemical
reaction that takes place in green plants
Exothermic reaction= the reaction that Respiration= is another natural chemical
release heat to the surroundings. reaction that takes place in all living things to
Endothermic reaction= the reaction that produce energy.
absorb heat from the surroundings.
Examples of exothermic reaction:
Combustion or burning
Neutralization
Reaction between metal and water
Examples of exothermic reaction:
Photosynthesis
Decomposition by heat
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5. Chapter 7- Forces and Motion
Newton's laws of motion
7.1 Understanding Force
1. First law: If an object experiences no net
 Force =is any influence that causes force, then its velocity is constant: the object
an object to undergo a certain change, is either at rest (if its velocity is zero), or it
either concerning its movement, direction, moves in a straight line with constant speed
or geometrical construction.
(if its velocity is nonzero).
Types of Forces: 2. Second law: The acceleration a of a body
Gravitational force= the force of is parallel and directly proportional to the
attraction between all masses in the net force F acting on the body, is in the
universe.
direction of the net force, and is inversely
Magnetic force= attraction or
repulsion that arises proportional to the mass m of the body,
between electrically i.e., F = ma.
charged particles because of their 3. Third law: When a first body exerts a
motion force F1 on a second body, the second body
Electrostatic force= is one simultaneously exerts a force F2 = −F1 on the
between two electric charges first body. This means that F1 and F2 are
Electrostatic friction= is the equal in magnitude and opposite in direction.
force between two surfaces 7.2 Resultant Forces on a Same Plane
(Net Force)
 Spring balance= is one common
instrument to measure force.  Resultant or Net force= is obtained by
 Sir Isaac Newton= a great English computing the vector sum of all of the
scientist and mathematician who sought to applied forces and the constraint forces
describe the motion of all objects using the acting on a body
concepts of inertia and force, and in doing  Parallel forces= are forces whose lines of
so he found that they obey action are parallel.
certain conservation laws.  Non-parallel forces= are vector forces
having an angle other than zero degrees or
180 degrees direction between them.
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6. Chapter 8- Light
7.3 Resultant Forces on Static Objects 8.1 Properties of Light
and Moving Objects with Constant
Velocity Light= is electromagnetic radiation that is
visible to the human eye, and is responsible
Static object= is an object that is at rest,
for the sense of sight.
stationary and not moving.
Moving object with constant velocity=
Properties of light:
it is not acted on by any outside force, and
that's more "Newton-like" than the first
Light is a form of energy.
idea. It does not change speed or direction.
Light travels extremely fast has a speed of
_________________.
Light travels in straight lines within the same
medium.
Light can be reflected when it hits a surface.
Light can be refracted when it travels from
transparent medium to another.
8.2 Reflection of Light
 Reflection of light occurs when light
bounces off to surface of an object.
 Regular reflection occurs if all the light
that hit the surface is reflected regularly,
sharp images will be produced.
 Irregular or Diffuse reflection occurs when a
parallel beam of light hits a rough surface
and that tiny bumps on the surface cause
the reflected light to head up in all direction.
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7. 8.4 Light and Colors
Light reflection application in daily life:
Spectrum= band of colors in certain order.
Plane mirrors are used at home in bedrooms Dispersion= is the splitting or separating of
and bathrooms to help in dressing and white light into its spectrum.
combing. Rainbow= is a natural phenomenon due to
Two plane mirrors are used in a periscope the dispersion of light by the tiny raindrops
to reflect and change the direction of light. in the air.
Periscopes are used in submarines to see
The color of an object depends on:
things above the water.
Kaleidoscope is a tube containing two or the color of the light that shines on the
more plane mirrors to form beautiful object
images. the color of the light that the object absorbs
Convex mirrors produce a wider scope of the color of the light that the object reflects
views which are used as security mirrors,
blind corners on road, car wing mirror.
Concave mirrors produce magnify images
which are used as dental mirrors, cosmetic
mirrors, microscopes, and telescopes.
8.3 Refraction of Light
Refraction= the bending of light when it
travels into a medium of different density as
its speed changes.
Refraction of light makes:
Things to appear to be shallower in the
water
Drinking straw submerged partially in water
appears bent
The sharp images formed on our retina
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8. Chapter 9- Soil
Types of Soil Size range
Sand 0.05 mm to 2 mm
Silt 0.002 mm to 0.05 mm
9.1 Soil
Clay Less than 0.002 mm
Soil= mixtures of inorganic materials,
organic materials, air, water and soil
Soil structure: repeating pattern of peds
organisms.
Inorganic materials= are the weathered
Peds= are the basic unit of soil structure.
rocks which are made up of minerals
combined in different ways. They are small clumps of soil that have
Organic materials= are the decaying formed rock-like clumps.
living matter. It could be plants or animals.
Types of soil structure:
Types of Soil:
Clay soil= is soil with a heavy  Granular
concentration of clay particles  Platy
Loamy soil=soil composed of sand, silt,  Blocky
clay, and organic matter in evenly mixed  Prismatic
particles of various sizes  Columnar
Sandy soil= is a naturally granular
composed of finely Types of soil “structureless” soil:
divided rock and mineral particles
Soil texture=refers to the proportion of  Massive
the sand, silt and clay in the soil.
 Single grain
Soil color:
Soil consistency: refers to the ease with which an
a. Dark colored soil=rich in nutrients and
individual ped can be crushed by the fingers.
usually contains more decomposed organic
matter known as humus.( yet some certain
Moist soil:
conditions- dark colored soil are very poor
soil) loose, friable firm
b. Gray soils= can indicate poor drainage. Wet soil:
c. Red soils= can indicate very poor soils plastic, sticky
(some conditions, it appears rich and Dry soil:
healthy) soft, hard
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9. Weathering= is the process of breaking
down of rocks
Soil Profile: is the vertical display of soil layers.
Types of weathering:
Horizon= refers to each layer of the soil.
Physical weathering= breaks down the rocks
Layers of the Soil:
a. Horizon O= is at the very top of the but what it is made up of stays the same.
profile. Compose of organic matter lying on Chemical weathering= breaks down the
the ground and usually dark in color. rocks but it may change what it is made up
b. Horizon A= the soil beneath the horizon O of.
and known as the topsoil. It’s usually dark
9.3 Soil Uses and Soil Improvement
in color and it’s generally the most
productive layer of the soil.  Soil Improvement= is the process of
c. Horizon B= layer below the horizon A and making the following aspects of soil
known as the subsoil. It’s usually light, favorable for plant growth.
colored, dense and low in organic matter.
Leaching= is the removal of Examples: organic matter, natural fertilizers and
minerals that have dissolved in improving its pH value
water
Soil Uses:
d. Horizon C= is below horizon B and consists Supports the roots of the plants and supplies
mostly of big rocks which after weathering, nutrients to the plants.
gives rise to the horizon above it. Soil contains minerals such as metals and
petroleum that can be used to make things.
9.2 Soil Formation Soil prevents floods and droughts by
absorbing water and releasing it later.
Factors of soil formation: Soil is the habitat for many living things.
Parent material ( texture, structure, Soil will loose its fertility and usefulness due
chemical, and rock composition) to human and natural factors.
Climate
Topography
Biotic (plants and animals)
Time
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10. Chapter 10- The Earth
b. Sedimentary Rocks= are rocks formed
10.1 Layers of the Earth by consolidated sediment deposited in layers.
a. Crust= is the thinnest layer and is made up
They contain fossils. Examples: (limestone,
of rocks and minerals.
conglomerate, sandstone)
b. Mantel= is the thickest and is made up of
silicon, oxygen, aluminum and iron Sediment= is a naturally occurring
c. Outer core= is made up of molten iron and material that is broken down by
nickel processes of weathering and is
d. Inner core= is made up of solid iron. subsequently transported by the
action of wind, water, or ice, and/or
10.2 Rocks
by the force of gravity acting on the
particle itself.
Rocks =are a naturally occurring solid
aggregate of one or more minerals or c. Metamorphic Rocks= are formed due to
mineraloids. great pressure and heat. Examples; (slate,
marble)
Types of Rocks:
Weathering= the process that breaks down
a. Igneous rocks= are formed when magma,
rocks into smaller pieces.
the molten rock, cools and solidifies.
Magma= is made up of melted
2 types of weathering:
minerals
1. Mechanical weathering= breaks
Intrusive igneous rock= are
down rocks without changing their
formed from magma that cools and
chemical composition.
solidifies within the crust of a
2. Chemical weathering= involves
planet. Example: granite
chemical reaction. It’s the process by
Extrusive igneous rocks= form
which rocks are decomposed, dissolved
when magma makes its way to
or loosened by chemical processes to
Earth's surface. The molten rock
form residual materials.
erupts or flows above the surface
as lava, and then cools
forming rock. Examples: Obsidian,
Basalt, Pumice
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11. 10.4 Fossil Fuels
Fossil fuels= are hydrocarbon compounds
formed from the decay of organic matter
Erosion= is a process that wears down
over 300 years ago.
rocks and moves them away to other Coal= is a type of fossil fuel, from decayed
places. plants in swampy areas which were
Major erosion agents are: subjected to great pressure and heat for
wind, waves, running water, glaciers million of years.
4 types of Coal:
Rock cycle= is the cycle in which rocks are a. Bituminous coal
b. Anthracite coal
formed, broken down and formed again.
c. Sub-bituminous coal
d. Lignite coal
10.3 Minerals Petroleum= is a type of fossil fuel from
decayed animals and plants in the oceans
Minerals= is a naturally occurring, which were subjected to great pressure and
inorganic solid crystals with definite heat for million years.
chemical composition. Oil shale= is sedimentary rocks that contain
Native minerals= are minerals which are solid bituminous materials that released as
composed of only one element. petroleum-like liquid when they are
Gems= are rare and expensive minerals processed.
which are jewelry.
Ore= contain minerals that can be used to 10.5 Fossil Fuels
make useful substances. Water=is the most essential element to life
on Earth.
Physical properties of Minerals: Hydrosphere= is the total water system
surrounding our planet.
Color Underground water= is water that comes
Luster= is the way a minerals reflects light. from the ground.
Streak= is the color of the mineral when it Water table= is the level underground
is rubbed across a hard surface. which is saturated with water.
Cleavage occurs when a mineral breaks to Aquifer= a large deposit of underground
form smooth flat surfaces. water.
Specify gravity of a mineral= is the Surface water= are waters in lakes in
relative weight compared to an equal rivers or oceans.
volume of water.
Hardness= is the measures of how easy a
mineral can be scratched.
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