8. 8
Magnetic Units
SI System:
M
V
Am2
m3
A
m e M
H
A
m
m
A
1
Solid State Physics: M as Moment/Mass
Magnetisation defined as Moment / Volume
M
m Am2
kg
J
T.kg
e M
H
Am2
kg
m
A
m3
kg
or m3
mol
B 0H M
10. 10
CGS System: BM G; H Oe
Magnetisation defined as Moment / Volume
M
V
Gcm3
cm3
emu
cm3
G e M
H
G
Oe
1
e M
H
Gcm3
Oe g
cm3
g emu
g
Moment/Mass
M
m Gcm3
g emu
g
M: 1 Am2
kg
1 Gcm3
g emu
g
e: m3
kg
1000
4
cm3
g emu
g
B H 4M
16. 16
dt
d
NtU )(
•N...number of windings
•A...winding area
•C...coupling factor
dMdHCµAN
dBCAN
dt
d
dtNdttUM
geometrycoil
beshould 0
0
..
..)(
N1 A1 – N2 A2 10-3
17. 17
MdttUC )(
T,H
He
M (T,H)
Extraction magnetometer
H
t
Sensitivity: 10-3 – 10-4 emu
Movement: 3cm with 0.5 - 1Hz
Sample mass 0.1 -10g
Field 0 - 15T
Measurement @ H = const.
Temperature 2K - 300K
18. 18
Vibrating Sample Magnetometer,
Foner Magnetometer
Lock-In
Amplifier
82 Hz
Oscillator
Laudspeaker
82Hz Vibration
Lock-In: links the 82Hz sample
movement with the
P.U. coil signal (82Hz),
M
Sensitivity 10-4 - 10-8 emu
Field 0- 17T
Sample movement 1mm, 82Hz
Temperature 2 - 400K (800 K)
Sample mass: 0.05 - 0.5g
24. 24
Superconductivity
SQUID Superconducting Quantum Interference Device
2) Meissner - Ochsenfeld
effect : Field expulsion
Bintern = 0
3) Flux quantisation:
= BF = n 0
0 = h/2e = 2,07.10-15 Vs
But only in multiply
connected SC!
n 0
25. 25
Flux in the SC ring: int = ext + LI S
External flux is compensated by the flux expulsion
LIS until IS = IC ; we set LIC = 0 / 2
ext / 0
int /
0
IS
ext / 0
IS
1 2
IC
31. 31
RF und DC SQUID Elektronik
Flux Locked Mode:
Additional to the external flux,
Flux with opposite sign
is coupled via the modulation
Coil into the SQUID that the
total flux
is kept constant
The deviation is measured with
a PSD amplified with an
Integrator coupled back
to the system