3. Hematopoiesis
• The process through which pluripotent stem
cells differentiate into various types of blood
cells.
• Before birth, this happens in spleen, liver,
lymph nodes, and thymus
• After birth, happens in bone marrow
4.
5.
6. Blood Volume
• 6% of total body weight
• Body can compensate for .5 liters blood loss
• Fluid shift can easily alter amount of blood
• Number of red blood cells remain constant
• Red blood cells confined to vascular space
11. Red Blood Cells
• Erythrocyte- red blood cell
• No nucleus when mature
12. Hemoglobin
• Oxygen-bearing molecule in RBC
• Made up of iron-rich pigment- heme and
protein- globin
• Each hemoglobin has 4 subunits of globin
• Each globin can carry one Oxygen molecule
13. Oxygen Transport
• Normal pO2 is 95 mmHg
• Bohr effect- Uptake of O2 in lungs:
• Alkalosis makes hemoglobin bind to oxygen
more tightly
• Acidosis makes hemoglobin release oxygen
26. White Blood Cells
• Leukocytes
• Many (marginalized) loiter on walls of blood
vessels.
• Demargination- recirculation of WBC in
response to stress, corticosteroids, seizures,
epinephrine, and exercise
30. Blood Clot Destruction
• Plasminogen- released from fibrin clot
• Turned into plasmin…
• Fibrinolyis- plasmin dismantles blood clot
• Takes hour to days
37. Transfusion Reactions
• Facial flushing, hyperventilation, tachycardia,
sense of dread
• Hives, chest pain, wheezing, fever, chills,
cyanosis
38. Patient Assessment
• Petechiae (tiny red dots in skin)
• Purpura (large purplish blothces)- high
bilirubin
• Epistaxis
• Enlarges spleen
• Bleeding from gums
• Arthralgia-pain and swelling in joints
• Bleeding around IV site
39.
40.
41.
42.
43. Diseases of RBC
• Polycythemia- too many
• Anemia- inadequate number of RBC or
inadequate hemoglobin
44. Anemia
• Symptom, not a disease
• Hematocrit < 37 % in women < 40% in men
• Pica- craving of unusual substances as ice or
clay
45. Sickle Cell Disease
• Inherited disorder of RBC production
• Mom Xx Dad Xx
• Babies XX Xx Xx xx
• Xx – carriers of sickle cell trait
• xx have disease
48. WBC Diseases
• Leukopenia – too few (treatment is
supportive)- prevent infection
• Leukocytosis – too many
– Look for neutrophils with segmented nuclei
(bands)
53. Hemophelia
• Disease in which one of the proteins
necessary for blood clotting is missing or
defective
• Hemophelia A- Deficiency in factor VIII (most
common)
• Hemophelia B (Christmas Disease)- Deficiency
if factor IX rarer and more severe
54.
55.
56. Hemophelia
• Sex- Linked
• Normal Dad + Carrier Mom
• XY + Xx
• Children XX Xx (carrier) XY
xY (hemophelia)
59. DIC
• Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
• Caused by systemic activation of the
coagulation cascade
• Widespread thrombosis
• Bleeding due to decreased fibrinogen level,
consumption of coagulation factors,
thrombocytopenia