1. Photography
By:
Donte Lewis
Nestor Tuazon , Alicia Donohue, Jeffrey Phelps
Kevin Lao

2. How Film Affects Your
Picture
 The most important ingredient is the reducing
agent, or developing agent.
 Each crystal contains silver atoms combined with a
halogen such as bromine, chlorine, or iodine in
light-in light-sensitive compounds like silver
bromine.
 After development, fixer makes the image on the
film permanent.

3. Continued
 The longer the development time, the darker and
more contrasty the negative becomes.
 Three other factors also influence the amount of
development, which in turn controls contrast and
density.
 A higher temperature of the developer solution,
more concentration of developing agent in the
solution, and greater agitation-all will increase
development.

4. Exposure and Development
 A correctly exposed and properly developed
negative will make your next step-scanning or
darkroom printing-much easier.
 Changing the development time has little effect on
shadow areas, but it has a strong effect on highlight
areas.
 Changing the exposure affects both highlight and
shadow areas.

5. Black-and-White Printing
 Darkrooms for printing are set up with a dry side
and a wet side.
 Dust is a common problem on the dry side.
 Contamination can cause a plague of spots, stains,
and weakened chemicals.
 The most noticeable difference between diffusion
and condenser enlargers in in contrast.

6. Continued
 The focal length of the enlarger lens must be
matched to the size of the negative.
 Condensers must be matched to the lens for even
illumination.
 The light source in an enlarger is usually a tungsten
or quartz-halogen bulb.
 A stable and correctly aligned enlarger is a vital link
in the printing process.

7. Printing Papers
 Black-and-White printing papers vary in texture,
color, contrast, and other characteristics.
 Variable-contrast paper is more economical than
graded-contrast paper because you have to
purchase only package of paper.
 Resin-Coated (RC) papers require much less
washing time than fiber-base papers.

8. A Contact Sheet
 A contact sheet, or proof, is useful when you want
to choose a negative to enlarge.
 The back of the contact sheet is a good place to keep
notes.
 Contact sheets are easy to make.
 Makin a test strip will help you determine the
correct exposure for your first contact prints.

9. Setting Up an
Enlargement
 Personal judgments are important when selecting
negatives for enlargement when you have many
shots of the same scene.
 Standardized exposure exposure and development
of your contact sheets will help you evaluate the
individual frames.
 A standardized contact sheet can also help you
estimate what filter to use with variable-contrast
paper or what contrast grade of graded paper to
use.

10. A Test Strip for Your Print
 A test strip will give you some exposure choices for
your final print.
 Stop down the enlarger lens a few stops from its
widest aperture.
 Due to the intermittency effect, five separate
exposures of 5 seconds each may not produce
exactly the same effect as a single 25-second
exposure.

11. Evaluating Density and
Contrast in a Print
 Prints are judged-and adjusted-for density and
contrast.
 Density refers to the overall darkness or lightness of
the print.
 Contrast is the difference in brightness between
light and dark areas within the print.