1. Jonathan R. White
www.cengage.com/cj/white
Chapter 7:
Long Term Separatist Terrorism
Rosemary Arway
Hodges University

2. The Irish Trouble: Vikings
 Irish culture originated with Celtic invasion 300
years before Christ.
o Never united as a single entity under a Celtic ruler or
political authority
o Government was maintained through kinship and
clans
 Viking raiders began attacking Ireland about 800
C.E.
 Brian Boru was declared High King of Ireland in
1014 and successfully revolted against the
Vikings.

3. The Irish Trouble: The Normans
 Normans were attracted to fortifications offered
by Irish cities
o As well as the agricultural wealth of the interior
 Normans were descendants of William the
Conqueror.
o Had ambitions for extending their domains
o Staked territorial claims in Ireland
o Found success due to new methods of warfare
 Normans ruled Ireland from 1171 till
1601.

4. The Irish Trouble: The Normans
 Normans built castles to control Irish cities.
o Irish peasants generally dominated rural areas.
o The Irish maintained cultural and religious
traditions.
 The Irish and English vied for dominance –
Irish maintained tribal customs and clan
structure ending in 1601.
 Irish nobles fled for mainland Europe.
 English and Scottish settlers laid claim to
Ireland.

5. Reformation and Ireland
 Protestant Reformation had tremendous
impact on Ireland.
 King Henry VIII created independent Church of
England in Ireland.
o Irish Catholics revolted.
o Trouble created by Reformation continues today.
 Elizabeth I
o Plantation of Ulster
o Ethnic division in Ireland fueled by religious
differences and animosities.

6. Reformation and Ireland
 Ireland in 1600s dominated by three
major issues:
o First, Plantation of Ulster displaced Irish
peasants.
▪ Conquest not colonization
o Second, English Civil War came to Ireland.
▪ Cromwell slaughtered thousands
o Third, Ireland became base from which to
revolt against William of Orange.
▪ Apprentice Boys

7. Republican Revolutionaries
 Protestants and Catholics joined together for
independence – they called themselves the
Society of United Irishmen.
o Theobald Wolfe Tone:
▪ Member of Church of Ireland
▪ Demanded freedom for Catholics
▪ Demanded the end of Penal laws
▪ Irish independence more important than religious
differences
▪ Led French troops in a revolt
 Facing a French invasion from Ireland, United
Kingdom of Great Britain was formed in 1801.

8. Home Rule
 Act of Union – gave Ireland voice in the British
Parliament
 Home Rule (Daniel O’Connel, Charles Parnell,
John Redmont) – legislative drive for
independence
o Second parliament for Ireland free from direction
British control
o Ireland would remain part of United Kingdom
o Citizens would swear allegiance to British
monarchy
o Exercise autonomy through their own prime
minister and legislative body

9. Home Rule: Unionists
 Protestants in the north were not in favor
of Home Rule; they wanted to remain
under British rule.
o Afraid of Catholics in the south
o Felt they would lose status
o Outnumbered Catholics
o Irish Protestant Unionists began to militarize
their Orange organizations

10. Early Irish Republican Army (IRA)
 Bell: Definitive treatise on origins and
development of IRA.
o Began with campaign of violence by Irish
Republican Brotherhood (IRB) in late 1800s.
o Bombings and assassinations from 1870-
1916.
o IRB activities frightened Irish citizens.
o IRB leadership was dominated by men who
believed each generation produced warriors
who would fight for independence.
o Provided basis for resurgence of Irish culture.

11. The Easter Rising
 British promised home rule to Ireland at
the end of WWI.
 Pearse and Connolly led a revolt in
Dublin on Easter Day 1916.
o They announced revolutionaries had formed
an Irish Republic.
 Britain fought back militarily.
 IRB transformed into IRA.

12. 1916 Easter Rising
 Political party of republicanism, Sinn
Fein, had not gathered public support.
o Irish popular opinion favored Home Rule
o Uprising failed
o British overreacted
▪ Death sentences
▪ Prison sentences
o Execution of Pearse and Connelly garnered
public sympathy

13. The Black and Tan War
 Sinn Fein continued its activities in spite of the
failure of the Easter Rising
o Rejection of the home rule
o Demand of a complete free state without British
participation in Irish politic
 Michael Collins:
o Revolution must be systematic, organized, and
ruthless
o Studied tactics of earlier anarchists and terrorists
o Developed selective terrorism:
 After months of planning, recruiting and organizing
Collins launched the IRA

14. The Black and Tan War
 Collins continued campaign of terror
against unionist and the RIC – Royal Irish
Constabulary
 British response was hastily formed
 Military force called the Black and Tans
(because of their mismatched uniforms)
invited Ireland
o Both sides employed tactics of murder and
mayhem.
o Conflict became known as The Black and Tan
War.

15. Separation and Independence
 Seeking to end violence in Ireland,
politicians in Britain and Ireland formulated
steps to grant Irish independence.
 Protestant unionists feared abandonment
by British.
 1921 treaty between Britain and Ireland
(Micheal Collins):
o Ireland would be granted independency.
o Ulster would remain under British protection.
o Southern Ireland became the Free State – the
Republic of Ireland.

16. Separation and Independence
 Civil war broke out
o IRA fought Irish government forces claiming
Irish independence extended to all Irish
people
▪ Eamon De Valera
▪ Murder of Michael Collins
o Rejected British control of the North
o British tightened hold on North granting
special powers to combat the IRA
 Ireland became a divided country.

17. Trends in the IRA to 1985
 1927 – De Valera become Prime Minister
 1930s split in ranks of IRA
o One group of the IRA believed in peaceful
political expression of its ideals (James
Connolly)
o Second group of IRA (Provisional IRA)
believed that purpose of the IRA was to fight
▪ IRA was active in England from 1939 to 1944
▪ IRA launched ineffective terrorist campaign in
Northern Ireland in 1956
▪ Without the public support IRA called off its
offensive in the North in 1962

18. Trends in the IRA to 1985
 In 1969 Catholic civil rights campaign engulfed
Northern Ireland
o Demonstrations grew violent when Catholics
demanded same rights as Protestants in 1969.
 Economic situations in Northern Ireland
favored Protestant Unionists.
o 1922 – 1966 civil rights of Catholics in Northern
Ireland were reduced
o Economic power of Unionists increased
o Civil right workers and demonstrators become very
active.
▪ In 1969 demonstration march from Londonderry to Belfast
turned into fight with RUC (B-Specials)

19. Trends in the IRA to 1985
 British army had little to no appreciation of the
historical circumstances behind the conflict:
o Mistakenly allied itself with one of the extremist
positions in the conflict
o Republicans and Catholics became a subject of British
Army oppression
▪ Feeling oppressed they found help in IRA
 Unionist organization created terrorists enclaves
to terrorize Republicans
o Unionist terror was based on retribution

20. Negotiating an end to terrorism
 Anglo-Irish Peace Accord 1985
o Establishing a joint system of government for the troubled area
 In 1990 IRA announced ceasefire
 In 1998 Belfast Agreement (Good Friday Agreement)
was signed:
o Call for independent human rights investigations, compensation
for the victims of violence, and decommissioning of
parliamentary groups
 In 2005 IRA announced end of its campaign in 2005
 In 2010 the British Government, after conducting
investigation, publicly apologize to the demonstrators
for the Army’s actions in 1972 on Bloody Sunday.

21. The Basque Nation and Liberty (ETA)
 Basque region: located in Spain, extended over the
Pyrenees to France
 After the War of Spanish Succession (1702-1714)
the Basque region was granted semi-autonomy.
 Spanish power gradually enfolded the region in the
20th century, sharpening ethnic and ideological
divisions.
 In the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) Republicans
fought Fascists.
o Gen. Franco (Fascist) campaigned against Basque
national identity; he banned the Basque language and
cultural expression.
o In 1950 Basques formed government in exile in Paris.

22. The Basque Nation and Liberty (ETA)
 ETA – Euskadia ta Askatasuna
o Waged a campaign of violence since 1959 and has killed
more than 800 people.
o Was organized by Basque students who were dissatisfied
with the accommodation of the Basque government in exile
(in France).
o Claimed an historical, linguistic, literary, and cultural identity
that distinguishes them from both Spain and France.
▪ Firstly, group did not advocate violence.
▪ Later ETA decided to take an armed revolution.
▪ ETA split in1974 to ETA and ETA-M (militant wing).
 After Gen. Franco death, the Spanish government restored
the Basque language and gave control over education to
local governments.

23. ETA tactics and Spanish Death Squads
 1970s
o ETA began a Marighella- style campaign of
assassination, robbery and banditry.
 1980s
o Most violent year, 92 people killed
o The emergence of the Spanish Death Squads
▪ Marital law failed, and Death Squads become to
torture and murder suspected terrorists and
supporters.
▪ Individual Death Squads evolved into GAL – Anti-
Terrorist Liberation Group.

24. ETA tactics and Spanish Death Squads
▪ 1990s
▪ ETA conducted sporadic bombings
▪ In 1998 ETA agreed to a ceasefire
▪ In 1999 ETA came back to fighting
▪ In 2001 ETA murdered thirty foreign
tourists, attacking Spain’s major industry.
▪ In 2006 ETA signed another ceasefire.
▪ In 2007 bombings reoccurred.
▪ In 2010 ETA signed another ceasefire.

25. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE)
 Tamils are an ethnic minority in southern
India and Sri Lanka.
 LTTE was found in 1976 by Velupillai
Pirapharan.
 LTTE population were bolstered by
religious and ethnic identity.
 LTTE used terrorism as a prelude to
guerilla warfare and to support uniformed
guerillas in field.
 In 2009, Sri Lankan government declared
victory over LTTE.

26. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE)
 History of LTTE struggle:
o After II World War Tamils were represented in
Sri Lanka government.
o In 1955 Sinhalese majority forced the
government to adopt a Singhalese only policy.
o The Ceylon (Sri Lanka) government (Sinhalese
majority) began to target minority Tamils in the
70s and 80s.
o Following Sinhalese rioting in 1983, the LTTE
mounted three on-again, off-again terrorist
campaigns.

27. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE)
 TACTICS:
o Standard guerilla tactics from 1988 to 1992
o Bank robberies, bombings and murder
o In 1987 LTTE pioneered the use of suicide
bombings
o In 1990 LTTE organized Naval force
▪ threatening shipping operations with suicide
boats and other seaborne operations
o In 1994 and 1995 LTTE organized itself as
a uniformed military force

28. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE)
 In 1995 Sri Lanka government signed a
peace agreement with LTTE.
o The peace accord broke down and Sri Lanka
forces launched an all out attack on Tamil
strongholds.
 LTTE returned to the campaign.
 In 2002 ceasefire was renewed.
 In 2005 a LTTE sniper shot dead the Sri
Lankan Foreign Minister.

29. The Liberation Tigers of Tamil Emil (LTTE)
 Fighting resumed in 2006.
 In 2008 Sri Lankan Security Forces began a
major military offense:
o ‘no-fire’ zones were created
o Forces moved to Tamil areas
o Tamil population was given an option:
▪ Stay and fight
▪ Move to no-fire zones
▪ Sri Lanka won, but the International Crisis
Groups notes that there is still a danger that
ethnic violence will restore in the future.

30. Critical Engagement:
Separatist Negotiations
 Neuman:
o Nationalistic separatists present a unique
opportunity for negotiated settlements because
they have recognizable goals.
o The first step in negotiation is recognition of
group attitude toward the use of violence:
▪ Questioning the utility of violence gives chances in
negotiation.
o Secondly, group’s ability to control its own
members must be recognized:
▪ Lack of structure and effective command would
not help negotiation.

31. Critical Engagement:
Separatist Negotiations
 Neuman’s pragmatic guidelines for
negotiation:
o If government appears to eager to
negotiate, it may backfire.
o Agreement on a ceasefire must precede
negotiations.
o Negotiations must address both the political
settlement and the welfare of the terrorists.
o Negotiations must be broadly based.
o Terrorist must agree to become a part of
the democratic process and renounce
violence.