this ppt based on Sketching and Lettering and draw .

1. Sketching and Lettering

2.  Arcs
 Axis (axes)
 Composition
 Concentric Circles
 Ellipses
 Gothic Lettering
 Guidelines
 Isometric Lines
 Isometric Sketching
 Lettering
 Line
 Non- Isometric Lines
 Oblique Sketch
 Overlay
 Plane
 Point
 Proportion
 Radius (radii)
 Tangent arcs
 Texture
**** YOU SHOULD WRITE THESE DOWN
and Define them.... Might be on a test!

3. The Design Process

4. The Design Process

5. STEP 1: Identify the Problem -- Students
should state the challenge problem in their
own words. Example: How can I design a
__________ that will __________?

6. The Design Process

7. STEP 2: Identify Criteria and Constraints --
Students should specify the design requirements
(criteria).
Example: Our growth chamber must have a growing
surface of 10 square feet and have a delivery
volume of 3 cubic feet or less. Students should list
the limits on the design due to available resources
and the environment (constraints). Example: Our
growth chamber must be accessible to astronauts
without the need for leaving the spacecraft.

8. The Design Process

9. STEP 3: Brainstorm Possible Solutions --
Each student in the group should sketch his
or her own ideas as the group discusses
ways to solve the problem. Labels and arrows
should be included to identify parts and how
they might move. These drawings should be
quick and brief.

10. The Design Process

11. STEP 4: Generate Ideas -- In this step, each
student should develop two or three ideas more
thoroughly. Students should create new drawings
that are orthographic projections (multiple views
showing the top, front and one side) and isometric
drawings (three-dimensional depiction). These are
to be drawn neatly, using rulers to draw straight
lines and to make parts proportional. Parts and
measurements should be labeled clearly.

12. The Design Process

13. STEP 5: Explore Possibilities -- The
developed ideas should be shared and
discussed among the team members.
Students should record pros and cons of
each design idea directly on the paper next
to the drawings.

14. The Design Process

15. STEP 6: Select an Approach -- Students
should work in teams and identify the
design that appears to solve the problem
the best. Students should write a
statement that describes why they chose
the solution. This should include some
reference to the criteria and constraints
identified above.

16. The Design Process

17. STEP 7: Build a Model or Prototype --
Students will construct a full-size or scale
model based on their drawings. The
teacher will help identify and acquire
appropriate modeling materials and tools.
See the design brief for a sample list.

18. The Design Process

19. STEP 8: Refine the Design -- Students will
examine and evaluate their prototypes or
designs based on the criteria and
constraints. Groups may enlist students
from other groups to review the solution
and help identify changes that need to be
made. Based on criteria and constraints,
teams must identify any problems and
proposed solutions.

20. What is spatial visualization?
Isometric Drawings
Sketching Isometric Drawings
Coded Plans
Visualization of Object
Viewpoints
Examples

21.  The ability to mentally manipulate, rotate,
twist, or invert a pictorially presented object.
 Important skill for scientific & technical fields,
such as:
• Architects & Engineers
• Doctors
• Computer Programmers
• Anyone needing a creative solution to a problem

22. Sketching is drawing freehand without the
aid of any drafting equipment except paper
and pencil. It is a very common form of
visual communication that is used in
virtually ALL areas of work and life.

23.  1. Uses no drafting equipment - freehand
 2. Is an extremely fast form of visual
communication.
 3. Sketches increase clarity and understanding of
concepts, shapes, or directions.
 4. Is very convenient - can be done anywhere.
 5. Is an extremely valuable organizational tool,
which helps to minimize or prevent errors.
 6. Is a collection of all necessary information
required about an object - including detail, size and
shape descriptions.

24. Critical Factors
• A. Key Reasons for Sketching
1) Communicate
2) Organize
3) Realize Ideas
• B. Key Factors while Sketching
1) Speed
2) Accuracy
3) Clarity

25. Construction Lines to Object Lines
1) ALL single lines - NO "fuzzy" art type
lines!
2) Point to Point
3) Dash to Dash
4) Draw Left to Right OR Bottom to Top B.

26. Block Technique
1) Establish outer proportions of object(s)
2) Divide into areas of major shapes
3) Add detail as required
4) Add text where necessary to clarify (notes
or
dimensions)

27. Graph Technique (Resizing or Duplicating an
Original)
1) Use original photo or drawing OR a xerox copy.
2) Draw Horizontal & Vertical grid lines on top of
object spaced an exact distance apart (ex. ½",
¼", etc.).
3) On clean sheet of paper reproduce grid at
desired size (enlarge / reduce)
4) Add line detail a block at a time.

28. One View Orthographic Projection
1) Always that view which would be considered the
front of the object.
2) Used when only one view is necessary to provide
shape description.

29. Two View Orthographic Projection
1) Front View and Top View.
2) Used for cylindrical objects when all side views
are identical.

30. Three View Orthographic Projection
1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View
2) Provides the most complete shape and size
description.
3) Is the industry standard for the manufacture of
objects.

31. Enlargement / Reduction (Templates)
1) Use of graph paper to enlarge or reduce grid
size
2) Complete sketch square by square, comparing
individual squares as you proceed.

32. Realize Ideas / Designing
1) Front View, Top View, and Right Side View
2) Clarity is essential, use text notes whenever
necessary.
3) Be sure finished sketch reflects what is in your
mind.

33. The Glass BOX!
• Does it exist?
• If it does….
 How does it work?
 What’s it purpose?

34. The Glass BOX!
• Does it exist? YES
• If it does….
 How does it work? You will see….on next slide
 What’s it purpose? TO Help one visualize all the views
for an object.

35. Imagine that you have an object
suspended by transparent threads inside
a glass box.

36. Then draw the object on each of three
faces as seen from that direction. Unfold
the box (figure 4) and you have the three
views. We call this an "orthographic" or
"multiview" drawing.

37. Figure 5 shows how the three views
appear on a piece of paper after
unfolding the box.

38. Which views should one choose for a
multiview drawing?
The views that reveal every detail about the
object. Three views are not always
necessary; we need only as many views as
are required to describe the object fully.

39. For example, some objects need only two
views, while others need four. The
circular object in figure 6 requires only
two views.
Figure 6 -
An object
needing
only two
orthogonal
views

41. Shows the faces of an object
Faces are parallel to the viewing plane
• Frontal
• Profile
• Horizontal

49. Front view shows height & width
Side view shows height & depth
Top view shows width & depth
Visible edges are solid lines.
Non-visible edges are dashed (hidden)
lines
Views align with each other
Rotation from one view to another
equals 90°

52. A Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.

53. A Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
• An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in
which two of the axes are at right angles (90
degrees) to each other.

54. A Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
• An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in
which two of the axes are at right angles (90
degrees) to each other.

55. A Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
• An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in
which two of the axes are at right angles (90
degrees) to each other.
• An isometric sketch is a type of pictorial sketch
that relies on three axes to show width height and
depth. However , an isometric sketch, shows the
axes spaced equally. (120 degrees)

56. A Pictorial Sketch is a picturelike sketch in
which the width, height, and depth of a
object are shown in one view.
• An oblique sketch is a type of pictorial sketch in
which two of the axes are at right angles (90
degrees) to each other.

57. Used to show 3-Dimensional projection on
a 2-Dimensional surface.
Projected so that width and length are 30°
from horizontal and height is vertical.

62. Shows height of each “cube” stack.
Each corner could be a viewpoint of the
object.
Viewpoint means the direction in which an
observer is viewing the object.
Similar to a top view in an Orthographic
Projection.

63. 2
1
1
V
V = Viewpoint
V
FOR SKECTHING –
DO NOT SHOW EACH
CUBE. SHOW ONLY
VISIBLE SURFACES
AND EDGES, AS IF
CUBES HAVE BEEN
COMBINED.

64. 2
1
1
V
V = Viewpoint
V
Note location of
viewpoint and coded
plan noting height of
object. Click to start
animation.

65. 2
1
2
V
3
1
Click to start animation.

66. Viewpoints can make the object appear
differently.
Example #2 is redrawn with a different
viewpoint.

67. 2
1
2
V
3
1
Click to start animation.

68. Different look
Optical illusion of height
Viewpoints can show or exclude details

69. 2
1
2
V
3
1
2
1
2
V
3
1

70. ISOMETRIC DRAWING ORTHOGRAPHIC DRAWING

71. Spatial Visualization is an important skill
Coded plans help you visualize a solid
object
Viewpoints change look of object and can
hide details

73. Sketches are not usually made to scale
(exact measurement).
• It is important to still show proportions, so that
each part of the drawing is roughly the right size in
relation to other parts of the drawing.

74. First what is a dimension?
• Dimensioning is a way of enhancing the shape
description provided by the drawing. By
dimensioning the drawing, you are providing a
size description to enhance the shape description
provided.

75. When dimensioning a drawing, the drafter
must keep in mind the final object.
Therefore, all information must be included
such as sizes and the processes required
to make the final piece.

76. All drawings must be made to scale, with
that scale indicated either in the title block,
or below the detail's title on the sheet.

77. There are many standards or "rules" for
dimensioning a drawing. These may differ
depending on the type of drawing and the
accepted business standards for that
discipline.

78. Rough Sketch
Refined Sketch
Presentation Sketch
Temporary Sketch
Permanent Sketch
The Overlay

79. Paper and Pencil

80. ISO A Drawing Sizes
(mm)
A4 210 X 297
A3 297 X 420
A2 420 X 594
A1 594 X 841
A0 841 X 1189

81. U.S. Customary
Drawing Sizes
A 8.5" X 11"
B 11" X 17"
C 17" X 22"
D 22" X 34"
E 34" X 44"

82. 9H 8H 7H 6H 5H 4H 3H 2H H F
H
B
B 2B 3B 4B 5B 6B 7B 8B 9B
Hardest → Medium → Softest

83. Tone U.S. World
#1 B
#2 HB
#2½ * F
#3 H
#4

87.  Lettering is used on drawings to give dimensions
and other pertinent information needed to fully
describe the item.
 The lettering must be neat and legible if it is to
be easily read and understood.

88. A drawing will be improved by good
lettering.
However, a good drawing will look sloppy
and unprofessional if the lettering is poorly
done.

89.  The American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
recommends that the Single-Stroke Gothic Alphabet be
the accepted lettering standard

90.  It can be drawn rapidly and is highly legible because each
part of every letter is made by a single stroke.

91.  This is because there are no serifs on the letters of this
alphabet.
• A serif is like a tiny foot on a letter; alphabets that have serifs
are more difficult to letter by hand. An alphabet without serifs is
always called a san serif alphabet.

92.  Today, because of computers,
there are many different alphabet
styles (also called fonts).
• When lettering a drawing, if the
single stroke Gothic alphabet is
not available, choose a san serif
font and use only upper case
letters.

93.  Use guide lines
• Guide lines should be drawn so lightly they will not show up on
a print made from the drawing
• Vertical guide lines may be used to assure that the letters will
be vertical
• Inclined guide lines are drawn at 67 1/20 to the horizontal line
when inclined lettering is to be used.
INCLINED GUIDE LINES HELP KEEP
INCLINED LETTERING UNIFORM

94.  Only one form of lettering should appear on a drawing.
AVOID COMbINING
SEVERAL fORMS
Of LETTERING.

95.  Spacing:
• Proper spacing of the letters is important.
• The letters should be placed so spaces between the letters
appear to be about the same.
SPACED VISUALLY
SPACED BY MEASURING

96. Designing new products, adapting or
altering existing designs or creating
something brand new is always a
challenging task. However, if we can
follow a process or a plan, we can often
times shorten the time required to
complete the project as well as ensure
that we have not missed any necessary
elements or crucial steps.

97.  Task
 Using any available source, research and then write a one page
summary / explanation of "the design process." Be sure to
include the recommended steps that should be followed.
 Use the design process to create a new or original product
 Create 'several' brainstorming sketches as you attempt to work
out the final version of your product
 Sketch a FINAL three view orthographic projection of your
finished design. Be sure to include a title and as much detail
(and labels) as necessary to communicate your idea to another
person.
 Self evaluate...
 Staple your papers (Research report, Brainstorming sketches &
Final sketch) together and turn in.


98. Assignments starting Page 58
Problems 1, 3, 6, 9,10
Due in ONE WEEK
Complete on Graph paper