1. Integrated Principles of Zoology, 14/e
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.
Larry S. Roberts
Allan Larson
Helen I'Anson
David Eisenhour
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2. CHAPTER 1
Life: Biological
Principles and the
Science of Zoology
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3. The Uses of Principles
Zoology:
The scientific study of animal life
Knowledge of the animal world is gained
by actively applying important guiding
principles to our investigations
Exploration of the animal world depends
critically on our questions, methods, and
principles
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4. The Uses of Principles
Principles of modern zoology are derived from:
Laws of physics and chemistry
Scientific method
Because life shares a common evolutionary
origin, principles learned from the study of one
group often pertain to other groups as well
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5. General Properties of Living
Systems
Complexity and Hierarchical Organization:
Living systems demonstrate a unique and
complex hierarchical organization
In living systems there exists a hierarchy of
levels that includes:
Macromolecules
Cells
Organisms
Populations
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Species
7. General Properties of Living
Systems
Metabolism:
Living organisms maintain themselves by
acquiring nutrients from their environments
Metabolic processes include:
Digestion
Energy production (Respiration)
Synthesis of required molecules and
structures by organisms
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8. General Properties of Living
Systems
Development:
All organisms pass through a
characteristic life cycle
Development describes the characteristic
changes that an organism undergoes from its
origin to its final adult form
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10. General Properties of Living
Systems
Environmental Interaction:
All animals interact with their environments
Ecology: The study of organismal interaction
with an environment
All organisms respond to environmental
stimuli, a property called irritability
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12. General Properties
of Living Systems
Movements even at the cellular level are
required for:
Reproduction
Growth
Responses to stimuli
Development in multicellular organisms
On a larger scale:
Entire populations or species may disperse from
one geographic location to another over time
Movement of nonliving matter “moves” the living:
Not precisely controlled by the moving objects
Often involves external forces
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13. Zoology As Part of Biology
Animals originated in the Precambrian
seas over 600 million years ago
Characteristics of Animals:
Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane-enclosed
nuclei
Heterotrophs: Not capable of directly
manufacturing their own food and must rely
on external food sources
Cells lack cell walls
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14. Principles of Science
Nature of science:
Science is guided by natural law
Science has to be explained by reference to natural law
Science is testable against the observable world
The conclusions of science are tentative and therefore
not necessarily the final word
Science is falsifiable
SCIENCE DOES NOT PROVE
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15. Principles of Science
The scientific method may be
summarized as a series of steps:
1. Observation
2. Question Your project
3. Hypothesis Formation could follow
this format !
4. Empirical Test
Controlled Experiment
Includes at least 2 groups
Test Group
Control Group
5. Conclusions
Accept or reject your hypothesis
5. Publications
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16. CHAPTER 2
The Origin and
Chemistry of Life
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17. Organic Molecular Structure of
Living Systems
Living things are composed of the
following organic macromolecules:
Carbohydrates 6 CH2OH
Lipids
5C O
H H
H
C C
4 1
OH H
Proteins HO
3
C
H
2
C
OH
OH
C6H12O6
Nucleic Acids
Recall your prior knowledge base
What biomolecule of life is the this ?
How do you know that you know ?
20. What atom identifies this as newly synthesizing protein ?
In the text box, what information is there that gives clues ?
What type of chemical reaction is occurring ?
Reactions are reversible, what is the name of the reverse reaction ?
21. GUANINE
(C)
base with a
double-ring
What is this ?
structure
Better answers ???
23. Cell Concept
Cell Theory
All living organisms are composed of cells
All cells come from pre-existing cells -
remember this is a theory
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24. Mitosis and Cell Division
All cells arise from the division of preexisting cells
Cell division - KARYOKINESIS & CYTOKINESIS
Division of the nucleus (karyokinesis)
Mitosis (somatic cells) Fig 3.65
Meiosis (sex cells)
Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
In most multicellular organisms, all cells originate
from the zygote
Single cell resulting from union of an egg and a sperm
(gametes)
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26. Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed
Energy can change from one form to another
Total amount of energy remains the same
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27. Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Concerned with the transformation of energy
A closed system moves toward increasing
disorder (entropy) as energy is dissipated
from the system
Living systems are open systems
Maintain organization and increase it during
development
What is “entropy” ?
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28. Energy and the Laws of
Thermodynamics
Cellular Metabolism
The chemical processes that occur within
living cells
Concept of energy fundamental to all life
processes
Energy cannot be seen
Can be identified only by how it affects matter
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29. Chemical Energy Transfer
by ATP
Endergonic reactions are coupled with
exergonic reactions by the energy rich
molecule, ATP.
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
Drives energetically unfavorable reactions
Formed primarily in mitochondria
Most free energy in ATP resides in two
phosphoanhydride (high-energy) bonds between the
three phosphate groups
There are four biomolecule types of life.
What type of biomolecule of life is ATP ?
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31. Chromosomal Basis of
Inheritance
Meiosis: Reduction Division of Gametes
Sex cells (gametes) transmit genetic
information from parents to offspring in
sexually reproducing organisms
Chromosomes occur in pairs: homologs
One member or the pair is donated by the mother,
the other by the father
Homologs
Contain similar genes encoding the same set of
characteristics
Usually have the same size and shape
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32. Chromosomal Basis of
Inheritance
Meiosis Fig 5.12
Special type of nuclear division
Associated with gamete production
Genetic material replicates once followed by 2
successive nuclear divisions
Produces 4 daughter cells
Each with only 1 member of each homologous
chromosome pair or 1 set of chromosomes
(haploid)
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33. Sources of Phenotypic
Variation
Sources of Phenotypic Variation
The creative force of evolution is natural
selection acting on biological variation
Without variation
No continued adaptation to a changing
environment
No evolution
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35. Darwinian Evolutionary Theory:
The Evidence
Evolutionary Trends
Trends are directional changes in features and
diversity of organisms
Fossil record allows observation of evolutionary
change over broad periods of time.
Animals species arise and become repeatedly
extinct.
Animal species typically survive 1–10 million years
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36. What are some take home messages ?
6-36 What would the insect graph look like ?
38. Nature of the Reproductive
Process
Reproduction is one of the ubiquitous properties
of life
Evolution is inextricably linked to reproduction
Two modes of reproduction are recognized
Asexual
Sexual
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39. Nature of the Reproductive
Process
Asexual Reproduction
Involves only one parent
No special reproductive organs or cells
Genetically identical offspring are produced
Production of offspring is simple, direct, and
rapid
Widespread in bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes
and many invertebrate phyla
Ensures rapid increase in numbers
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40. Nature of the Reproductive
Process
Asexual Reproductive Methods
Binary Fission
Common among bacteria and protozoa
The parent divides by mitosis into two parts
Each grows into an individual similar to the parent
Binary fission can be lengthwise or transverse
Multiple Fission
Nucleus divides repeatedly
Cytoplasmic division produces many daughter cells
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41. Nature of the Reproductive
Process
Sporogony (Spore Formation)
Form of multiple fission in parasitic
protozoa (like Plasmodium / malaria)
Budding
Unequal division of an organism
Bud is an outgrowth of the parent
Develops organs and then detaches
Occurs in cnidarians and several other
animal phyla
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42. Nature of the Reproductive
Process
Fragmentation
Multicellular animal breaking into many
fragments that become a new animal
Many anemones and hydroids
Starfish examples are known
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43. Nature of the Reproductive
Process
Sexual Reproduction
Generally involves two parents
Special germ cells unite to form a zygote
Sexual reproduction recombines parental
characters
A richer, more diversified population results
In haploid asexual organisms
Mutations are expressed and selected quickly
In sexual reproduction
Normal gene on the homologous chromosome may
mask a gene mutation
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44. Nature of the Reproductive
Process
Hermaphroditism
Both male and female organs in the same individual
(monoeicious, hermaphrodites)
Many sessile, burrowing and/or endoparasitic
invertebrates and some fish
Most avoid self-fertilization
Exchange gametes with member of same species
Each individual produces eggs
Hermaphroditic species could potentially produce twice as
many offspring as dioecious species
Sequential Hermaphroditism
A genetically programmed sex change occurs with an
individual organism - clownfish example !
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45. Nature of the Reproductive
Process
Parthenogenesis
Development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg
Male and female nuclei fail to unite after fertilization
Avoids the energy and dangers of bringing two sexes
together
Narrows the diversity available for adaptation to new
conditions
Ameiotic Parthenogenesis
No meiosis occurs
Egg forms by mitosis
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46. Nature of the
Reproductive Process
Meiotic Parthenogenesis
Haploid ovum formed by meiosis
Develops without fusion with male nucleus
Sperm may be absent
or
May only serve to activate development
In some species, the haploid egg returns
to a diploid condition by chromosomal
duplication or autogamy (rejoining of haploid
nuclei)
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47. Nature of the Reproductive
Process
Haplodiploidy - can determine sex
Occurs in bees, wasps and ants
Queen controls whether the eggs are
fertilized or unfertilized
Fertilized eggs
Become female workers or queens
Unfertilized eggs become drones
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