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Joint International Technology Conference (JIST2011)
        Hangzhou, China, December 5, 2011



An Ontological Formulation and
an OPM profile for Causality in
    Planning Applications

       Irene Celino and Daniele Dell’Aglio
      CEFRIEL – Politecnico di Milano, Italy
           daniele.dellaglio@cefriel.it
Summary
   Introduction
   Planning metamodel
   OWL formalization
   OPM mapping
   Inference over the model
   Use case – PANDORA
   Conclusions and future work




5/12/2011                  JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China   2 /16
Planning Problem
   Definition of sequences of actions to reach a desired goal
       Automated planning & scheduling in AI
   The task requires a domain theory – a model with the
    knowledge useful to generate plans
       Agents, actions, causal relationships, etc.
       Defined by a modeller
   Our research focus on helping the modeller in
    checking the coherence and rationality of the domain
    theory



5/12/2011                           JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China   3 /16
Domain theory – core elements 1/2
   Component: physical or logical subsystem of interest for
    the planning
       Controllable vs Uncontrollable
       Agent vs Resource
   Action: temporally tagged event
       Event: an action determined by the planner (related to a
        controllable component)
       Decision: an action taken by an uncontrollable component




5/12/2011                        JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China        4 /16
Domain theory – core elements 2/2
   Planning Rule: representation of actions’ causality –
    specifies the consequences of actions
       Reference Action
       Rule Targets: actions that could be “caused” by the reference
        action
       Rule Conditions: requirements on the actions involved in a
        planning rule, expressed through rule relations:
           Temporal conditions
           Constraints
           Assignments




5/12/2011                         JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China            5 /16
An OWL2 Formulation
Core elements
                                                          actionTriggersAction


                                             Action                 hasActionValue
                        isActionOf


            Component          hasReferenceAction
                                                                         RuleTarget

                                             isRuleEffectActionOf
    hasReferenceComponent
                                                             hasRuleTarget

                                      PlanningRule
                                                                           Rule
                   ruleTriggersRule                  hasRuleCondition    Condition


                                          The whole ontology is available at:
                                     http://swa.cefriel.it/ontologies/tplanning
5/12/2011                                   JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China                6 /16
An OWL2 Formulation
      Rule conditions
     PlanningRule

                               Rule                                      Temporal rule relations
       hasRuleCondition      Condition                                    were modelled using
                                        rdfs:subClassOf
                                                                          Allen’s Interval Algebra
    Assignment              Constraint               Temporal            The three kinds of rule
     Condition              Condition                Condition
                                                                          conditions are defined
   rdfs:subClassOf
                                      rdfs:subClassOf                     extending SPIN
                                                                          vocabulary (SPARQL
        sp:Let                           sp:Filter
                                                                          Inference
sp:variable sp:expression             sp:expression                       Notation, http://spinrdf.
                        sp:arg1,
                                                                          org/)
           ...         sp:arg2, ...
                                       sp:Function

      5/12/2011                                         JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China             7 /16
Open Provenance Model (OPM)
   Model for the tracking of the provenance of artifacts
   Three main concepts:




                                                                                   opmv:wasDerivedFrom
                                               opmv:wasGeneratedBy


              opmv:was
opmv:Agent   ControlledBy
                               opmv:Process                     opmv:Artifact


                                                        opmv:used
                            opmv:wasTriggeredBy

   OPM Profiles
   We mapped using the OPM Vocabulary (OPMV) to define
    an OPM Profile

5/12/2011                          JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China                   8 /16
Mapping the planning metamodel
and OPMV
                                                                opmv:wasDerivedFrom
                                                                      actionTriggersAction


                                                         Action                  hasActionValue
                                isActionOf
                                                              opmv:Artifact
                   Component            hasReferenceAction
                                          opmv:used
                                                                                    RuleTarget
     opmv:Agent                                    opmv:wasGeneratedBy
                                                          isRuleEffectActionOf
              hasReferenceComponent
            opmv:wasControlledBy                          opmv:Process
                                                                                       hasRuleTarget
                                                PlanningRule
                                                                                       Rule
                             ruleTriggersRule                   hasRuleCondition     Condition
                      opmv:wasTriggeredBy




5/12/2011                                        JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China                            9 /16
Checking of the domain theories
   Meta-model to represent domain theories
       Vocabulary
       Axioms
   It is possible to model domain theories using the
    ontology
   Inference processes on domain theories are available
   Semi-automated checking to the domain theories
       Extraction of relevant information from the model for the
        modeller




5/12/2011                        JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China         10 /16
Domain theory checking
Orphan elements 1/2
                                                                           Orphan
   Extract from the planning                                            component
    model the orphan elements:




                                                                                         Components
                                                   C2
       Components not involved in                              C4             C5
        any Action                         C1             C3
       Actions not involved in any
        Planning Rule                                                     A4
                                          A1




                                                                                         Actions
   Allow the modeller to check                      A2        A3

    potential lacks or                                                         A5

    shortcomings




                                                                                        Planning
                                                                                          rules
                                                                    P2
                                                P1

                                                                         Orphan
                                                                         action

5/12/2011                       JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China                          11 /16
Domain theory checking
Orphan elements 2/2





5/12/2011         JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China   12 /16
Inference and automated checking
Action reachability
   Reachable action: action with a target role in one or more
    planning rules
   Modeller is interested in finding:
       Unreacheble actions: actions generated by controllable
        components that are never target
       Actions triggered by the unrecheable action

                                          P2                                  An
                   P1                                              Pn
         A1                    A2

                                                      A3
                                                                        triggers
Unreachable Action: A1                                                  reference
A1 dependent actions: A2, A3 ... An                                     target

5/12/2011                             JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China                    13 /16
Use case – Pandora
   Application in Simulation Learning for decision
    making in a scenario of crisis management
   Used in the Pandora EU FP7 project
       Realization of a platform for the training of gold
        commanders
       Planning is used to simulate learning sessions
       Support at the design time for the building of domain
        theories
   Additional info on: http://pandoraproject.eu



5/12/2011                        JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China     14 /16
Conclusions and future work
   Use of Semantic Web in planning:
       Modelling of domain theories
       Semi-automated approach to verify the modelling:
           Tracking causality
           Check of elements involvement
           …
   Future work
       In-depth evaluation
       Relation with PDDL
       Analysis of executed plans



5/12/2011                            JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China   15 /16
Thank you!


      An Ontological Formulation and an OPM profile for
              Causality in Planning Applications

                            Daniele Dell’Aglio
            CEFRIEL – ICT Institute of Politecnico di Milano, Italy
                     e-mail: daniele.dellaglio@cefriel.it
                        web: http://www.cefriel.it



5/12/2011                           JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China        16 /16

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An Ontological Formulation and an OPM profile for Causality in Planning Applications

  • 1. Joint International Technology Conference (JIST2011) Hangzhou, China, December 5, 2011 An Ontological Formulation and an OPM profile for Causality in Planning Applications Irene Celino and Daniele Dell’Aglio CEFRIEL – Politecnico di Milano, Italy daniele.dellaglio@cefriel.it
  • 2. Summary  Introduction  Planning metamodel  OWL formalization  OPM mapping  Inference over the model  Use case – PANDORA  Conclusions and future work 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 2 /16
  • 3. Planning Problem  Definition of sequences of actions to reach a desired goal  Automated planning & scheduling in AI  The task requires a domain theory – a model with the knowledge useful to generate plans  Agents, actions, causal relationships, etc.  Defined by a modeller  Our research focus on helping the modeller in checking the coherence and rationality of the domain theory 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 3 /16
  • 4. Domain theory – core elements 1/2  Component: physical or logical subsystem of interest for the planning  Controllable vs Uncontrollable  Agent vs Resource  Action: temporally tagged event  Event: an action determined by the planner (related to a controllable component)  Decision: an action taken by an uncontrollable component 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 4 /16
  • 5. Domain theory – core elements 2/2  Planning Rule: representation of actions’ causality – specifies the consequences of actions  Reference Action  Rule Targets: actions that could be “caused” by the reference action  Rule Conditions: requirements on the actions involved in a planning rule, expressed through rule relations:  Temporal conditions  Constraints  Assignments 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 5 /16
  • 6. An OWL2 Formulation Core elements actionTriggersAction Action hasActionValue isActionOf Component hasReferenceAction RuleTarget isRuleEffectActionOf hasReferenceComponent hasRuleTarget PlanningRule Rule ruleTriggersRule hasRuleCondition Condition The whole ontology is available at: http://swa.cefriel.it/ontologies/tplanning 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 6 /16
  • 7. An OWL2 Formulation Rule conditions PlanningRule Rule  Temporal rule relations hasRuleCondition Condition were modelled using rdfs:subClassOf Allen’s Interval Algebra Assignment Constraint Temporal  The three kinds of rule Condition Condition Condition conditions are defined rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:subClassOf extending SPIN vocabulary (SPARQL sp:Let sp:Filter Inference sp:variable sp:expression sp:expression Notation, http://spinrdf. sp:arg1, org/) ... sp:arg2, ... sp:Function 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 7 /16
  • 8. Open Provenance Model (OPM)  Model for the tracking of the provenance of artifacts  Three main concepts: opmv:wasDerivedFrom opmv:wasGeneratedBy opmv:was opmv:Agent ControlledBy opmv:Process opmv:Artifact opmv:used opmv:wasTriggeredBy  OPM Profiles  We mapped using the OPM Vocabulary (OPMV) to define an OPM Profile 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 8 /16
  • 9. Mapping the planning metamodel and OPMV opmv:wasDerivedFrom actionTriggersAction Action hasActionValue isActionOf opmv:Artifact Component hasReferenceAction opmv:used RuleTarget opmv:Agent opmv:wasGeneratedBy isRuleEffectActionOf hasReferenceComponent opmv:wasControlledBy opmv:Process hasRuleTarget PlanningRule Rule ruleTriggersRule hasRuleCondition Condition opmv:wasTriggeredBy 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 9 /16
  • 10. Checking of the domain theories  Meta-model to represent domain theories  Vocabulary  Axioms  It is possible to model domain theories using the ontology  Inference processes on domain theories are available  Semi-automated checking to the domain theories  Extraction of relevant information from the model for the modeller 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 10 /16
  • 11. Domain theory checking Orphan elements 1/2 Orphan  Extract from the planning component model the orphan elements: Components C2  Components not involved in C4 C5 any Action C1 C3  Actions not involved in any Planning Rule A4 A1 Actions  Allow the modeller to check A2 A3 potential lacks or A5 shortcomings Planning rules P2 P1 Orphan action 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 11 /16
  • 12. Domain theory checking Orphan elements 2/2  5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 12 /16
  • 13. Inference and automated checking Action reachability  Reachable action: action with a target role in one or more planning rules  Modeller is interested in finding:  Unreacheble actions: actions generated by controllable components that are never target  Actions triggered by the unrecheable action P2 An P1 Pn A1 A2 A3 triggers Unreachable Action: A1 reference A1 dependent actions: A2, A3 ... An target 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 13 /16
  • 14. Use case – Pandora  Application in Simulation Learning for decision making in a scenario of crisis management  Used in the Pandora EU FP7 project  Realization of a platform for the training of gold commanders  Planning is used to simulate learning sessions  Support at the design time for the building of domain theories  Additional info on: http://pandoraproject.eu 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 14 /16
  • 15. Conclusions and future work  Use of Semantic Web in planning:  Modelling of domain theories  Semi-automated approach to verify the modelling:  Tracking causality  Check of elements involvement  …  Future work  In-depth evaluation  Relation with PDDL  Analysis of executed plans 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 15 /16
  • 16. Thank you! An Ontological Formulation and an OPM profile for Causality in Planning Applications Daniele Dell’Aglio CEFRIEL – ICT Institute of Politecnico di Milano, Italy e-mail: daniele.dellaglio@cefriel.it web: http://www.cefriel.it 5/12/2011 JIST 2011, Hangzhou, China 16 /16