The document summarizes the risks associated with surgical bleeding and blood transfusions. It discusses how bleeding can lead to hypovolemia and anemia, and the compensatory mechanisms the body employs. It then outlines the risks of transfusions, including transfusion reactions, infections transmitted through blood-borne pathogens, transfusion-related immune modulation that can increase infection risk and mortality, and the storage effects on red blood cells that are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. It notes that leukoreduction of blood products reduces some of these transfusion risks.