2. 4G TECHNOLOGY
Abstract
There is a great demand of user
needs for accessing more
interactive multimedia application
like video on demand and
seamless connection while
moving from one network from
other without any disturbance and
maintaining the high data rate at
lower cost. Current technologies
are able to provide the services
like multimedia applications but
they failed to provide high data
rate, transmission cost and
seamless connectivity on user
mobility from one network to
another and at the same time
maintaining its Quality of Service
(QoS).
Some groups namely;
3GPP, 3GPP2, and WiMAX are
working to achieve the key
aspects of the 4G technology
which has been defined in IMT
Advance. The major components
of the 4G technology are OFDM
modulation, transmission of data
using MIMO, use of smart
antennas, SDR, IPV6 and IP
Mobility. It is expected that the
groups (3GPP, 3GPP2, and
WiMAX) will achieve key
components and will successfully
deploy 4G technology by 2011.
Contents
1. Introduction mobile and it was considerably
successfully with the standard
Voice communication was the Global System for Mobile
major factor for second-generation Communication (GSM) using
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3. 4G TECHNOLOGY
TDM/FDM technology with 200 of video transmission at anytime
kHz frequency band. The 2G and anywhere at much higher data
technology was designed only for rates than 3G technologies. The
the voice communication and data rate range for 4G will be
internet service for transferring between 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s
user data were not available. Since speeds for both stationary and
both voice and data moving devices with best quality
communications services and high level of security.
including Internet service were
needed and the research on 3G Broadband applications
systems were on the way. The may be like wireless broadband
protocols and standards were access, Multimedia Messaging
developed to allow data Service (MMS), video chat,
transmission over the existing 2G mobile TV, HDTV content,
infrastructure. The first is 2.5G Digital Video Broadcasting
(GPRS, EDGE, and CDMA Phase (DVB) demands high data rate
1) technology that allows data and the quality of service(QoS)
transfer at a better rate than 2G but this type of data rate and QoS
(GSM). Today, data transfer are not available in 3G
applications like video technology. 4G wireless
conferencing, music or video technology will be able to provide
downloads, video, and TV the seamless services as per the
services at high data rate are more requirements which are set by
in demand that force us to third these applications.
generation (3G) deployment
which includes standard UMTS The objectives of the 4G
and CDMA 2000. wireless communication is defined
by the 4G working group which
To increase the speed includes standard a spectrally
various new technologies have efficient system (in bits/s/Hz and
come into picture. And in the bits/s/Hz/site), High network
future, higher speed data capacity: more simultaneous users
transmission with low cost than per cell, Smooth handoff across
3G technology will be important heterogeneous networks, Seamless
factor to enter forward the fourth connectivity and global roaming
generation (4G). Anytime and across multiple networks,
anywhere service and accessing Interoperability with existing
of application, with a high degree wireless standards, an all IP,
of customization and packet switched network.
personalization of user application Still 4G is not clearly
and users can interact with the defined or documented anywhere
other protocol based user devices, what are the basic requirements to
will be another factor. The current build 4G wireless technology, like
3G system works on IP5.0 and 4G 3G is clearly defined in IMT-2000
systems will work on IP6.0 and (International Mobile
the user will be able to receive Telecommunications 2000). IMT-
voice, data and smooth streaming Advanced is the closest where
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4. 4G TECHNOLOGY
some of the 4G requirements can during handoff from one cell to
be found. For supporting high another cell, providing mobile
data rate and high mobility in fast subscriber with always-best-
moving car (60kilometers/hours) connected, and high QoS
or fast moving trains (250 km/hr) broadband experience.
and it is predicted that the new
potential wireless system will
support 100 Mbps on 2. Evolution of 4G wireless
mobility and 1 Gbps Technology
approximately on without
mobility at lower cost. This In order to make smooth transition
potential new wireless system from 3G to 4G the mobile
could be developed by 2010. Its communication companies are
characteristics should be like high promoting Super 3G/LTE. The
degree of commonality of design companies are upgrading 3G
worldwide to provide backward Technology by initializing the
compatibility, compatibility of introduction of High Speed
services within IMT-Advanced Downlink Packet Access
and with the fixed networks, high (HSDPA) service, which increases
quality, and small terminal the downlink data rate of packet
suitable for worldwide use, services, and by finalizing
worldwide roaming capability, specifications for High Speed
capability to run high data rate Uplink Packet Access (HSUPA),
multimedia applications within a which enhances uplink speed.
wide range of services and HSDPA and HSUPA cover area
terminals. by 3-4 times relative to W-CDMA
The parameter outlined by and by providing the high
the ITU (International transmission rate with low cost
Telecommunication Union) which per bit transmission. The main
required in order to meet the objective of the Super 3G is to
targeted data rate and QoS construct simple, low cost system
(Quality of service) as already by removing the complexity from
discussed above in the main wireless network and mobile
objective of 4G wireless handsets. The 3G provides packet
technology are going to be based and voice services separately
on OFDMA (Orthogonal where as Super 3G is based on
Frequency Division Multiple ALL-IP network covering both
Access) modulation with MIMO packet and voice services. As
(multiple inputs, multiple outputs) from diagram we can infer that by
and other smart antenna the 2010 we would be able to
enhancements. 4G is also called achieve the 1 Gbps in motion at
network of networks like low low speed and 100 Mbps at high
network latency, integration of speed. On December 25, 2006,
mobile broadband heterogeneous NTT DOCOMO became the first
network, smooth sharing of in the world to achieve a packet
networks, seamless connection signal speed of 5 Gbps in an
outdoor test in a low-speed
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5. 4G TECHNOLOGY
environment (10 km/h). The test 2.2 Implementation of MIMO
was undertaken to demonstrate the (multiple inputs, multiple
expected maximum transmission outputs)
speed in an actual cell
2.3 Smart antenna enhancements
environment, taking into account
interference from peripheral cells. 2.4 SDR (Software-Defined
Radio)
2.5 IPv6 and IP mobility
2.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple
Access) modulation
Multipath phenomena in CDMA
can tolerate long delay but it does
not capture the entire energy, only
fraction of the energy of the
multipath signal because of
limited no. of capability of taking
the signal. In OFDM as from the
below figure it can be understand
the long guard band interval is
long enough to absorb all inter-
symbols-interference.
Orthogonal Frequency
Division Multiplexing (OFDM)
We are steadily not only provides clear advantages
approaching towards 4G wireless for physical layer performance,
technologies by upgrading the but also a framework for
current 3G technology by improving layer 2 performance by
increasing the data rate speed and proposing an additional degree of
by reducing the cost of freedom. Using ODFM, it is
possible to exploit the time
transmission which is the main
domain, the space domain, the
objective of 4G wireless frequency domain and even the
technology. code domain to optimize radio
channel usage. It ensures very
There are some key components robust transmission in multi-path
for the successful deployment of environments with reduced
the 4G wireless technology. receiver complexity.
2.1 OFDMA (Orthogonal
Frequency Division Multiple
Access) modulation
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6. 4G TECHNOLOGY
CDMA OFDM
1 CDMA can It captures entire
. tolerate long energy because of
delay but it does capability to absorb
not capture the high no. of OFDM
entire energy, signal subcarriers.
only fraction of In OFDM, as long
the energy of the as guard interval is
In OFDM, a data stream is multipath signal long enough, all
split into Nc parallel lower data because of limited inter-symbol-
streams (a few kHz) that are no. of capability interference is
modulated on separate subcarriers. of taking the absorbed
The split the signal is called signal.
orthogonal subcarriers and these 2 Multipath self- Multipath self-
subcarriers are modulated by . interference interference does
Inverse Discrete Fourier affects CDMA. not affect OFDM.
Transformation (IDFT) and
hence it does not affect the signals 3 CDMA the Only a few tones
on multipath effects. The long . interference are affected or lost
guard band is inserted between affects all in OFDM
each OFDM symbol to absorb all symbols.
inter signal symbols interference.
4 CDMA several OFDM spreads the
This significantly improves the
. symbols may be impulse noise over
physical layer performance. The
lost because of a burst reducing its
OFDM signal is also compatible
impulse noise. effect
with other enhancement
technologies like smart antennas 5 CDMA is very This results in
and MIMO. . sensitive to complex algorithms
timing and and overhead
Multiple access
requires fast unlike OFDM.
technology (Orthogonal
acquisition
Frequency Division Multiple
Access; OFDMA) can also be 6 CDMA rake Implementation of
used for modulation of OFDM. In . receiver is more equalization,
this case, each OFDM signal complex than interference
symbol can transmit information OFDM digital cancellation, and
to/from several users using a front end (FFT). adaptive antenna
different set of subcarriers array algorithms is
(subchannels). This not only simpler in OFDM.
provides additional flexibility for
resource allocation (increasing the 7 CDMA requires Which is not in the
capacity), but also enables cross- . fast and precise case of OFDM.
layer optimization of radio link power control as
usage. it is very sensitive
to received power
2.1.1 Advantages of OFDM fluctuations
over CDMA
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7. 4G TECHNOLOGY
8 CDMA minimum number of antennas in
Which is not in the
. technology is less case of OFDM. the link. The MIMO enables
sensitive to significant increase in the data
capacity throughput and link range with
enhancement by additional bandwidth or transmit
using smart power. It achieves this by higher
antenna spectral efficiency more bits per
techniques than second per hertz of bandwidth)
OFDM and link reliability or diversity
technology (reduced fading). Because of these
because of properties MIMO has become
CDMA intra-cell current theme of wireless
interference research.
behavior.
2.3 Smart antenna
enhancements.
2.2 Implementation of MIMO The main purpose of the radio
(multiple inputs, multiple communication depends on the
outputs). advancements of the antennas
which refer to smart or intelligent
In order to improve the antennas. In early 90s, in order to
communication performance meet growing data rate needs of
between sender and receiver, the the data communication, many
multiple antennas are used at both transmission techniques were
transmitter and receiver end. proposed such as spatial
MIMO multiplex the signals from multiplexing which increases the
the multiple transmitting antennas bandwidth conservation and
as it is suitable for OFDM because power efficiency. Spatial
time symbols can be processed multiplexing provides the
independently after OFDM multiple deployment of antennas
waveform is correctly designed at the transmitting and receiving
for the channel. This aspects of end and then independent streams
OFDM reduces the complexity of data can be transmitted as
while transmission and makes requested by the user can be
processing simple. The signal transmitted simultaneously from
transmitted by m antennas and the all transmitting antennas. Thus
signal received by n antennas and increasing the throughput into
the processing of the received multiple folds with minimum
signal may produce significant number of the transmitting and
performance improvement such as receiving antennas.
range, quality of received signal
and spectrum efficiency. Hence
MIMO is more efficient when
many multiple path signals are
received. The gain in spectrum
efficiency is directly related to the
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8. 4G TECHNOLOGY
2.4 SDR (Software-Defined
Radio)
A basic SDR produces a radio that
is capable of receiving and
transmitting a different form of
radio protocol (sometimes referred
to as a waveform) as per the needs
just by running different
software. A SDR will allow to
increase network capacity at
specific time (e.g. during a sports
There are two types of event) and the operator can
smart antennas which are reconfigure its network by adding
switched beam smart antennas and several modems at a given Base
adaptive array smart antennas. Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR
Switched beam systems have will allow reconfigure network
several available fixed beam structure as per the needs. At the
patterns which help in making present SDR implementation is
decisions as to which beam to done by the infrastructure which
access at any given point of time develops multi-band, multi-
based on the requirements of the standard base stations and
system. While adaptive arrays terminals. SDR can be a powerful
allow the antenna to steer the aid for manufacturer by providing
beam to any direction of interest multi-standard, multi-band
while simultaneously nulling equipment with reduced
interfering signals. development effort and costs
through simultaneous multi-
The reliability in channel processing. Software
transmitting high speed data in the radios have significant utility for
fading channel can be improved the military and cell phone
by using more antennas at the services, both of which must serve
transmitter or at the receiver. This a wide variety of changing radio
is called transmit or receive protocols in real time. In the long
diversity. Both transmit/receive term, software-defined radio is
diversity and transmit spatial expected by its proponents to
multiplexing are categorized into become the dominant technology
the space-time coding techniques, in radio communications.
which does not necessarily require
the channel knowledge at the time 2.5 IPv6 and IP mobility
of transmitting the signals. The
other category is closed-loop 4G wireless technology will be
multiple antenna technologies using mobile IPv6 which allows
which use the channel knowledge assigning more number of
at the transmitter. addresses than IPv4. In IPv6 each
device have own IP address. User
can keep their IP address even if
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9. 4G TECHNOLOGY
user changes the access point. handovers is considered to have
Presently translate IP with each low mobility.
change because there are not
enough IP addresses. The 3. Spectral efficiency in 4G
following diagram shows that
each IPv6 packet can have The 4G wireless technology
multiple source addresses and bandwidth efficiency will be
multiple destination measured in terms of spectral
efficiency. Spectrum efficiency
describes that the amount of
information that can be
transmitted over a given
bandwidth in a specific
communication system. It is a
measure of how efficiently a
limited frequency spectrum is
utilized by the physical layer
protocol, and sometimes by the
media access control (the channel
access protocol). Clearly the bit
addresses. rate should be associated with an
amount of spectrum. For mobile
Mobile IP techniques allow use, a good target is a network
network roaming, a device can performance of 5 bit/s/Hz, rising
move from one network to other to 8 bit/s/Hz in nomadic use.
network. IP Mobility is often
termed ‘macro-mobility’ since it For example, a
will be global, and independent of transmission technique using one
mechanisms (such as routing kilohertz of bandwidth to transmit
protocols, link-layers technologies 1000 bits per second has a spectral
and security architectures) of efficiency of 1 (bit/s)/Hz. Also, a
different administrative IP- V.92 modem for the telephone
domains. These methods are network can transfer 56,000 bit/s
applicable to data and probably downstream and 48,000 bit/s
also voice. During handover in IP upstream over an analog
Mobility the OFDM, MIMO telephone network. Due to
allows ‘macro-diversity’ filtering in the telephone
processing with performance exchange, the frequency range is
gains. However, the limited to between 300 hertz and
implementation of macro- 3,400 hertz, corresponding to a
diversity implies that MIMO bandwidth of 3400 − 300 = 3100
processing is centralized and hertz. The spectral efficiency is
transmissions are synchronous. In 56,000/3,100 = 18.1 (bit/s)/Hz
high mobility a device is capable downstream, and 48,000/3,100 =
to cope with more than 10 15.5 (bit/s)/Hz upstream.
handovers per minute. In contrast,
a host performing less than 10 3.1 Spectral efficiency target
9
10. 4G TECHNOLOGY
A simple calculation illustrates the the cellular technology. There are
order of magnitude. The design 3 groups who are working for
target in terms of radio deployment of 4G wireless
performance is to achieve a technology.
scalable capacity from 50 to 500
bit/s/Hz/km2 (including capacity 4.1 3GPP (The Third
for indoor use). The expected best Generation Partnership
performance of 3G is around 10 Project)
bit/s/Hz/km2 using High Speed
Downlink Packet Access 4.2 3GPP2 (The Third
(HSDPA), Multiple-Input Generation Partnership Project
Multiple-Output (MIMO), etc. No 2)
current technology is capable of 4.3 WiMAX
such performance.
3.2 Spectral efficiency objectives
As per the various traffic analyses
by analyzing the transmission and
receiving the data from various
mode of communication, the
Wireless World Initiative (WWI)
has issued target air interface
performance figures. A consensus
has been reached around peak
rates of 100 Mbit/s in mobile
situations and 1 Gbit/s in nomadic
and pedestrian situations, at least
as targets. So far, in a 10 MHz
spectrum, a carrier rate of 20 4.1 3GPP (The 3rd Generation
Mbit/s has been achieved when Partnership Project)
the user is moving at high speed The 3rd Generation Partnership
and 40 Mbit/s in nomadic use. Project (3GPP) is body which is
These values will double after formed by collaborating the
introduction of MIMO. Clearly, groups of the telecommunications
the bit rate should be associated associations to develop upcoming
with an amount of spectrum. For a globally applicable third
mobile use, a good target is a generation (3G) mobile phone
network performance of 5 specification within the scope of
bit/s/Hz, rising to 8 bit/s/Hz in International Mobile
nomadic use. Telecommunications-2000 project
of the International
4. Working groups on 4G Telecommunication Union (ITU).
wireless technology 3GPP standardization major focus
is on Radio, Core Network and
There are many groups who work Service architecture. 3GPP is
together for the enhancement of working to upgrade the mobile
10
11. 4G TECHNOLOGY
communication by increasing the in the WiMAX. As it is shown in
data rate and reducing the cost. As figure in the WiMAX section in
from the figure above it states that 2008 Mobile WiMAX is using
3GPP focus on mobile SISO and 60-65% of SIMO with
communication since 2007 and frequency spectrum of the10MHz.
3GPP is working in that direction And in 2009 WiMAX will be
which will lead to enter in the 4G using SIMO/MIMO and data rate
technology by the 2011. of 23/46 Mbps in downlink and
data rate of 12 Mbps in uplink
4.2 3GPP2 (The 3rd Generation with frequency spectrum of 10
Partnership Project) MHz In 2011 WiMAX will be
Again there is another working able to achieve the 100 Mbps with
group on mobile communication high mobility which is defined in
is called the Third Generation the IMT Advance. In 2011
Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) is WiMAX will fully enter into 4G
formed by collaborating third technology because it is expected
generation (3G) that the WiMAX will using all the
telecommunications major key component of the 4G
specifications-setting project technology. At present WiMAX is
comprising North American and one of the potential candidate for
Asian interests developing global the 4G technology. WiMAX has
specifications for served as a catalyst for 3GPP
ANSI/TIA/EIA-41. Cellular Radio (Third Generation Partnership
telecommunication Intersystem Project) and 3GPP2 to accelerate
Operations network evolution to their next round of innovation,
3G and global specifications for adopting OFDM modulation and
the radio transmission implementing MIMO and other
technologies (RTTs) supported by smart antenna technologies with
ANSI/TIA/EIA-41. 3GPP2 is the high mobility. Both 3GPP and
standardization group focuses on 3GPP2 camps have clearly
CDMA 2000 which includes the defined their paths toward 4G.
set of 3G standard based on earlier
2G CDMA technology.
Mobile WiMAX was
4.3 WiMAX being commercialized in 2007 and
It had been expected that the
As we can see in the above figure
WiMAX will have several
that WiMAX is using the some of
advantages, including throughput,
the major key component of 4G
cost, time-to-market. It does seem
technology which is defined in
to have a time-to-market
IMT-Advance. WiMAX is using
advantage over LTE (Long Term
the OFDM modulation technique
Evolution) and UMB (Ultra
for transmission of the signals but
Mobile Broadband). However, the
other features of the 4G
first generation of mobile
technology such as MIMO, smart
WiMAX technologies without
antennas capabilities and IP
MIMO enhancements will not be
mobility which are not available
11
12. 4G TECHNOLOGY
able to deliver significantly
higher throughput as compare to 5.1 NTT DoCoMo
3.5G technologies such as NTT DoCoMo after successful
HSDPA (High-Speed Downlink experimentation in February 2007
Packet Access), which has already announced the completion of a 4G
been deployed commercially. trial where they achieved a
WiMAX vendor had predicted the maximum packet transmission
cost advantages of the WiMAX. rate of approximately 5Gbps in
Mobile company sprint claims the downlink using 100MHz
that Mobile WiMAX will deliver frequency bandwidth to a mobile
a cost-per-bit performance of 10 station moving at 10km/h. Fourth
times EVDO (Evolution-Data generation (4G) technology
Optimized). The spectral implementation is in the
efficiency of WiMAX is better but laboratory now and also in the
the coverage area of the WiMAX field trials in certain areas of the
is smaller, possibly at only half to world. Some people define the 4G
one-quarter the cell radius of an goal as increasing data transfer
equivalent HSPA (High-Speed rates to 100Mb/sec. Recently,
Packet Access) cell. NTT DoCoMo, the Japanese
telecommunications giant and
Over period of time Japan's largest wireless carrier,
WiMAX will improve by has claimed to achieve a
increasing throughput and lower maximum packet transmission
cost, but 3GPP and 3GPP2 rate of approximately 5Gb/sec in a
technologies are also evolving to downlink transmission. The
support higher throughput, lower transmission used a 100MHz
latency and better economics by channel bandwidth and the target
leveraging MIMO and other smart receiving device was a mobile
antenna technologies, wider device moving at 10km/hour.
spectrum bands and eventually Since the maximum transmission
OFDM modulation. 3GPP and rates closest to commercialization
3GPP2 are still getting stronger today are approaching 10Mb/sec.
support from technology
companies, and they are already 5.2 T-Mobile and Nortel
being integrated into laptops and Networks
other embedded devices.
Mobile operator T-Mobile and
Nortel Networks after successfully
5. Demonstration of 4G wireless
testing a new high-speed wireless
technology technology, designed to make
There are companies who have mobile connections as fast as
successfully tested and fixed fiber links. A connection
implemented the 4G technology. was maintained while driving in a
The companies are NTT car in range of three cell sites on a
DoCoMo, Mobile and Nortel highway in Bonn, Germany at an
Networks, and Nokia Siemens average speed of 67 kmph. The
Networks. experiment achieved data rates of
12
13. 4G TECHNOLOGY
up to 170 Mbit/s for downloads technology, which is based on the
and up to 50 Mbit/s for uploads, use of multiple antennae. Mobile
the operator said, about three WiMAX’s recent inclusion to the
times faster than the new high- 3GPP family of standards has
speed broadband technology raised the possibility of both
VDSL it is currently rolling out technologies becoming part of
across the country. If the Long- what will be known as 4G.
Term Evolution (LTE) technology
proved promising in more In its announcement,
everyday situations, the Bonn- Nokia Siemens Networks said it
based company would consider had completed the world’s first
upgrading its network with it, said multiuser field trial of LTE in an
Philipp Humm, head of T-Mobile urban environment. The trial,
Germany. A decision would be which was in Berlin, utilized
made within six months. There is 20MHz of bandwidth in the
increasing urgency for fourth- 2.6GHz spectrum, which is set for
generation (4G) wireless a hotly contested auction in the
networks, where growing demand U.K. next year. The trial
for mobile data is driven by such confirmed that LTE performance
tools as smart phones and requirements can be met using
embedded laptops. 3GPP standardized technologies
and it realized data rates of more
Canada’s Nortel Networks than 100Mbps over distances of
has said it sees LTE as the most several hundred meters, while
likely upgrade path for about 80 maintaining excellent throughput
percent of the world’s existing at the edge of typical urban
mobile phone providers, with mobile radio cells, the company’s
others going for WiMAX. statement read. Calling the trial an
important initial proof of concept
5.3 Nokia Siemens Networks for LTE, Nokia Siemens
Nokia Siemens Network Networks’ chief technology
announced after testing that officer, Stephan Scholz, said that
achieved theoretical data rates of LTE would further the company’s
up to 173 megabits per second, goal of connecting 5 billion users
LTE is in something of a race to by 2015, due to LTE’s efficient
market with mobile WiMAX, use of spectrum.
which only promises around
70Mbps but has a significant head 6. Conclusion
start. The fastest currently There has been constant
available mobile broadband, development in the cellular as we
HSDPA, offers around 7.2Mbps. have seen in 2G technology to 3G
technology which includes GSM,
Both LTE and mobile GPRS, EDGE, CDMA,
WiMAX use the OFDM CDMA200, HSPDA, WiMAX
modulation scheme and multiple- etc. 2G only supports the voice
input multiple-output (MIMO) communicate and 2.5G supports
13
14. 4G TECHNOLOGY
voice and data communication EVDO: Evolution-Data
and 3G supports voice and data Optimized
communication but at higher rate HSPA : High-Speed Packet
as compare to the 2.5G. But today Access
there is high demand of
multimedia applications like IMT: International Mobile
online video, video conferencing. Telecommunications
And there is need of better quality
ITU: International
of service (QoS) and device
Telecommunication Union
mobility from one network to
network at high speed. There is LTE : Long Term Evolution
strong need of technology better MIMO : Multiple Input
than 3G. Multiple Output
OFDM : Orthogonal
A 4G technology which is
Frequency Division
an upgraded version of 3G
technology, will be introduced in Multiplexing
the market by 2011 which will SDR : Software Defined Radio
meet the needs which were not
found in the 3G technology while UMB: Ultra Mobile Broad Band
maintaining its backward WiMAX: Worldwide
compatibility. As we have seen in Interoperability for
the working group of 4G Microwave Access
technology namely 3GGP,
3GGP2 and WiMAX technologies
will continue to evolve and B. Bibliography
enhance its capability, with a Websites
clear roadmap of reaching 1 Gbps Tech News World: Who Will Win
in motion at low speed and 100 the 4G Race?
Mbps at high speed at lower cost. Date: 10/10/2008
The successful demonstration of http://www.technewsworld.com/
the 4G technology has been done story/58256.html
by the companies such as NTT
DoCoMo, Mobile and Nortel Frequently Asked Questions on
Networks, and Nokia Siemens 4G By Zahid Ghadialy
Networks. Date: 10/10/2008
http://www.3g4g.co.uk/4G/faq.h
A. Abbreviations tml
(Alphabetically Arranged)
3GGP : The Third Generation
Partnership
Project
3GGP2 : The Third
Generation Partnership
Project2
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