1. The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 p 141 Color of Wealth

2. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848-1850, P 143 - 145 CoW

4. Zoot Suit Riots May 31, 1943

5. Pachuco/a Subculture: 1930s – 1960s

8. 1898 – Spanish-American War p 148 CoW On April 25, 1898, the United States declared war with Spain. The war followed a Cuban Insurrection, the Cuban War of Independence against Spanish rule and the sinking of the USS Maine in the harbor at Havana.

9. United States takes possession of Puerto Rico, Guam and the Philippines. Foraker Act of 1900 Puerto Rico: “ 10 member upper legislative chamber, all appointed by the U.S. President.” Beginning of a policy known as: “ Dollar Diplomacy” Use of the military to protect U.S. investments

10. Foraker Act of 1900, p 148 CoW “ This period (1900 – 1930) allowed for the massive switch of assets out of Puerto Rican hands and into American industrial control, which by 1930 monopolized at least 60 percent of sugar production, 80 percent of the tobacco industry, 60 percent of all public services and banks, and 100 percent of the maritime lanes.”

13. Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), as well as candidate for President of the United States as a member of the Social Democratic Party in 1900, and later as a member of the Socialist Party of America in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920.

14. Mass immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe causes great deal of fear about losing the nations “ethnic purity” along with anxieties about political radicalism. The derogatory term, WOP for Italian immigrants stands for: With Out Papers

17. Immigration and Naturalization Act of 1965 Limits New Visas to 300,000 170,000 from Eastern Hemisphere 120,000 from Western Hemisphere Effectively overturns 1924 Act

19. Gen. Rafael Trujillo, 1891 - 1961 Military Dictatorship that ruled the Dominican Republic From: 1930 – 1961 Color of Wealth p 153

20. Trujillo: “El Jefe” With Joaquin Balguer With Vice President Richard Nixon

21. Juan Bosch of the Dominican Revolutionary Party and Joaquin Balguer

22. United States Invades the DR 1965 : Click

26. The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a private international organization that oversees the global financial system by following the macroeconomic policies of its member countries, in particular those with an impact on exchange rates and the balance of payments. It is an organization formed to stabilize international exchange rates and facilitate development. It also offers financial and technical assistance to its members, making it an international lender of last resort. Its headquarters are located in Washington, D.C., USA.

27. The Election of 1992 Video Link: Ross Perot and The Election of 1992 Video Link: Ross Perot and Al Gore Debate on Larry King

28. NAFTA North American Free Trade Agreement Goes into effect, January 1, 1994

31. Zapatista Uprising, January 1, 1994 Video Link: EZLN : Our Word is our Weapon

32. Zapatistas

33. Zapatista Community of Chiapas, Mexico Photos by sebastiao salgado

34. Sprawling Barrio: Greater Mexico City, sebastiao salgado

35. Homeless Youth: Mexico City, sebastiao salgado

36. Fallen Electric Lines: Chimaluhacan, Mexico, 1998, sebastiao salgado

37. Garbage Dumps II: Mexico City by sebastiao salgado

38. Garbage Dumps I: Mexico City, sebastiao salgado

39. Young Yanomami Woman, sebastiao salgado “ Each village has 30 to 150 inhabitants…Just under half the 22,000 surviving Yanomami live in Brazil, the rest in Venezuela. In Brazil they live in some 200 communities, spread over a 42,000-square mile territory” “… there is enormous resistance to ‘giving away’ valuable land to Indians, with powerful business groups, mainly cattle ranchers and timber and mining industries, paying off politicians to look after their interests.”

40. Abandoning the Land in Ecuador “ A recent study by Ecuador’s Center for Study of Population and Social Development (CEPAR) shhowed that between 1990 and 1997 around 15 % of the country’s rural population (mainly men) migrated to Ecuador’s cities or left the country. The study said that men leave at a young age (more than half of them are under 20). Another study showed that 19% of the rural population has abandoned the countryside in recent years.” Sheep Farming

41. ECUADOR by sebastiao salgado “ Around the town of Pungala, all the fieldwork is done by women. Twenty years ago, family responsibilities were divided quite differently: women ran the households and men worked the fields. Today, the men have migrated to cities and return here at most once a year, while women are now in charge of both the farming and the community.”

42. The Landless Movement in Brazil: MST Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra

43. MST: Landless peasants takeover the 200,000-acre Giacometti Plantation, the largest private holding in the state of Parana. This occupation climaxed a long struggle for land by the peasants. In the early 1980s, the government decreed the expropriation of the estate as a latifundio, or excessively large unproductive property. However, thanks to the political connections of the Giacometti Group, which owned the land, the expropriation was never carried out. After repeated legal efforts went nowhere, the peasants began applying pressure on the authorities by encircling the disputed land with settlements. With 3,000 families entering the land, they have created a situation that forcees the National Institute of Agrarian Reform to reopen the case.” sebastiao salgado

44. Squatters on the Cuiaba Plantation: May 6, 1996 victory celebration by sebastiao salgado

46. September 11, 2001

47. Signed into Law on October 26, 2001

48. A steep rise in Right Wing Vigilante Groups