1. Volume 4
Something To
Settle The Nerves!!
(An in depth look into the nervous system through recipes!)
Marisa, Courtney, Nathan, Lindsey, Victoria, & Braxten

2. In this section:
• Endocrine System
• Hormones
• Organs and Glands of the Endocrine System
• Tables

3. Recipe: Endocrine System
(25 & 26)
Ingredients:
1. How do the nervous and endocrine systems work together?
2. What is the method in which the endocrine system undergoes its
functions?
DIRECTIONS:
1. The endocrine system is responsible for releasing and regulating hormones; the nervous
system sends signals to release hormones and chemical messengers known as
neurotransmitters. The master gland is known as the pituitary gland which is known to make
these hormones and control other endocrine glands; it is located at the base of the brain.
(maintain stability of internal environment.)
2. The endocrine system is made up of glands that produce and secrete hormones and
chemicals that regulate the body. Hormones are chemical messengers that transfer
information from one set of cells to another. The major glands in this system are the
hypothalamus: located beneath the thalamus – regulates satiety, metabolism and body
temperature. Next is the pituitary gland – “the master gland” located at the base of the
brain; it produces hormones and controls other glands in the endocrine system. Its mainly
known to secrete growth hormones – located in the neck. It regulates the body’s metabolism
and helps with bone growth and development, blood pressure, heart rate and digestion.
Adrenal gland – located at the top of each kidney. It regulates metabolism, immune system
and help cope with stress. Pineal body – located at the middle of the brain – secretes a
hormone called melatonin which helps aid in sleep. Reproductive glands – sex hormones
development of female and male growth and reproductive functions.

4. Recipe: Hormones
Ingredients:
1. Classify by functions
2. Classify by structure
3. Describe Steroid Hormones
4. Describe Nonsteriod Hormones
5. How do Hormones work?
1. Describe Lock and Key
2. What happens when Hormones combine?

5. DIRECTIONS:
1. Hormone- Hormone molecules can be classified in various useful ways. When classified by
general function, hormones can be identified as tropic hormones, which are hormones that target
other endocrine glands and stimulate their growth and secretion. Sex hormones (hormones that
target reproductive tissues), anabolic hormones (hormones that stimulate anabolism in their
target cells), and many other functional names. In the endocrine system, secreting cells send
hormone molecules by way of bloodstream to signal specific target cells throughout the body.
3. All of many hormones secreted by endocrine tissues can be classified simply as steroid or non-
steroid. Steroid hormone molecules are manufactured by endocrine cells from cholesterol, and
important type of lipid in the human body.
2. (24)

6. DIRECTIONS:
4. Nonsteroid hormones (water soluble) do not enter the cell but bind to plasma
membrane receptors, generating a chemical signal (second messenger) inside the
target cell. Five different second messenger chemicals, including cyclic AMP have been
identified. Second messengers activate other intracellular chemicals to produce the
target cell response.
5. Hormones produce a variety of responses throughout the body and may be grouped
according to their actions, although there is overlap between the groups.
5.1 The endocrine system is a collection of glands that secrete chemical messages we
call hormones. These signals are passed through the blood to arrive at a target organ,
which has cells possessing the appropriate receptor, they will not connect unless they
have the correct receptor, kind of like a lock and key. (22)
5. 2 First there are the metabolic hormones which control the digestion of food, its
storage and use. Second are the hormones which regulate the composition of the
blood, and hence of all the body fluids. Next are the stress hormones, primarily
adrenaline and noradrenaline, which are under the control the autonomic nervous
system. The final major group includes those hormones that control other endocrine
systems, and therefore interact with the other groups. (23)

7. (1) Recipe: Organs and Glands of the Endocrine
System
Ingredients:
1. Prostaglandins 7. Pancreatic Islet
2. Pituitary Gland 8. Gonads
3. Pineal Gland 9. Placenta
4. Thyroid Gland 10. Thymus
5. Parathyroid gland 11. Gastric and intestinal mucosa
6. Adrenal Gland 12. Heart
DIRECTIONS:
1. Group of naturally occurring lipid-based substances that act in a
hormone like way to affect many body functions, including vasodilation,
uterine smooth muscle contraction, and the inflammatory response.
Hormones: 16 different prostaglandins falling into 9 structural classes –
prostaglandins A-I.
2. Neuroendocrine gland located near base of the brain that has
numerous and important regulatory functions; also called the hypophysis.
Consists of two separate glands (adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis.)

8. (1)
DIRECTIONS:
3. Endocrine gland located in the diencephalon and thought to be involved with
regulating the body’s biological clock; produces melatonin.
4. Hormone that accelerates catabolism of glucose. Hormones: Triiodothyronine,
Tertaiodothyronine, and Calcitonin.
5. Endocrine gland located in the neck on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland;
secretes parathyroid hormone. Hormones: Parathyroid Hormone.
6. Endocrine gland that rests on the top of each kidney; made up of cortex and
medulla regions. Hormones: Aldosterone, Cortisol, Adrenal Androgens, Adrenal
Estrogens, Epinephrine, and Norepinephrine.
7. Endocrine portion of the pancreas; made up of alpha and beta cells; among others;
source of insulin and glucagon. Hormones: Glucagon, Insulin, Somatostatin,
Pancreatic Polypeptide.
8. Sex glands in which reproductive cells are formed; ovaries in women, testes in men.
9. Structure that anchors the developing fetus to the uterus and provides a “bridge”
for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and
developing baby.

9. (1) DIRECTIONS:
10. Endocrine gland located in the mediastinum; vital part of the body’s
Immune system. Hormones: Thymosin and Thymopoietin.
11. The mucosa lining of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, like the pancreas,
contains cells that produce both endocrine and exocrine secretions.
Hormones: Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin-pancreozymin (CCK), and
others, have important regulatory roles in coordinating the secretory and
motor activities involved in the digestive process.
12. Organ of circulatory system that pumps the blood; composed of
cardiac muscle tissues, a specific area in its wall contains some hormone-
producing cells. The cells produce a hormone called atrail natriuretic
hormone.

10. (8)
(17) Prostaglandins

11. (18) Intestinal Mucosa
(18) Gastric

12. Charts
Hormone Source Target Principal Action
Growth Hormone- Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates
releasing hormone (somatotrophs) secretion of growth
(GRH) hormone
Growth Hormone- Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Inhibits secretion of
inhibiting hormone (Somatotrophs) growth hormone
(GIH)
Corticotrophin- Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates release
releasing hormone of
(CRH) adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)
Thyrotrophin- Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates the
releasing hormone release of thyroid
(TRH) stimulating
hormone (TSH)
Gonadotropin- Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates the
releasing hormone release of
(GNRH) gonadotropins
(FSH and LH)
Prolactin- releasing Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Stimulates
hormone (PRH) secretion of
prolactin
Prolactin- inhibiting Hypothalamus Adenohypophysis Inhibits secretion of
hormone (PIH) prolactin
Growth hormone Adenohypophysis General Promotes growth
(GH) (somatotropin (somatotrophs) by stimulating
(STH)) protein anabolism
and fat mobilization
Prolactin (PRL) Adenohypophysis Mammary glands Promotes milk
(lactogenic (lactotrophs) secretion
hormone)
Thyroid stimulating Adenohypophysis Thyroid gland Stimulates
hormone (TSH) development and
secretion in the
thyroid gland
Adrenocorticotropic Adenohypophysis Adrenal cortex Promotes
hormone (ACTH) development and
secretion in the
adrenal cortex
Follicle- stimulating Adenohypophysis Gonads (Primary Female: promotes
hormone (FSH) sex organs) development of
ovarian follicle;
stimulates estrogen
Males: promotes

13. Luteinizing Adenohypophysis Gonads Female: triggers
hormone (LH) ovulation;
promotes
development of
corpus luteum
Charts Continued....
Male: stimulates
production of
testosterone
Antidiuretic Neurohypophysis Kidney Promotes water
hormone (ADH) retention by
kidney tubules
Oxytocin (OT) Neurohypophysis Uterus and Stimulates uterus
mammary glands contractions;
stimulates ejection
of milk into
mammary ducts
Triidothyroninie Thyroid gland General Increase rate of
(T3) (follicular cells) metabolism
Tetraiodothyronine Thyroid gland General Increase rate of
(T4) of thyroxine (follicular cells) metabolism
(usually converted
to T3 first)
Calcitonin (CT) Thyroid gland Bone tissue Increase calcium
(parafollicular storage in bone,
cells) lowering blood
Ca++ levels
Parathyroid Parathyroid glands Bone tissue and Increase calcium
hormone (PTH) kidney removal from
storage in bone
and produces the
active form o
vitamin D in the
kidneys, increasing
absorption of
calcium by
intestines and
increasing blood
Ca++ levels

14. Charts Continued....
Aldosterone Adrenal cortex Kidney Stimulates kidney
tubuals to conserve
sodium, which, in
turn, triggers the
release of ADH and
the resulting
conservation of
water by the kidney
Cortisol Adrenal cortex General Influences
(hydrocortisone) metabolism of food
molecules; in large
amounts, it has an
anti-inflammatory
effect
Adrenal androgens Adrenal cortex Sex organs, other Exact role
effectors uncertain, but may
support sexual
functions
Adrenal estrogens Adrenal cortex Sex organs Thought to be
physiologically
insignificant
Epinephrine Adrenal medulla Sympathetic Enhances and
effectors prolongs the
effects of the
sympathetic
division of the
autonomic nervous
system
Norepinephrine Adrenal medulla Sympathetic Enhances and
effectors prolongs the
effects of the
sympathetic
division of the
autonomic nervous
system
Glucagon Pancreatic General Promotes
isles(alpha cells or movement of
A cells) glucose from
storage and into
the blood

15. Charts Continued....
Insulin Pancreatic islets General Promotes
(beta cells or B movement of
cells) glucose out of the
blood and into cells
Somatostin Pancreatic isleta Pancreatic cells Can have general
(delat cells or D and other effectors effects in the body,
cells) but primary role
seems to be
regulation of
secretion of other
pancreatic
hormones
Pancreatic Pancreatic Intestinal cells and Exact function
polypeptide polypeptide (PP) other effectors uncertain, but
or F cells seems to influence
absorption in the
digestive tract