Environmental Science

Chanderprabhu Jain College of Higher Studies & School of Law
Plot No. OCF, Sector A-8, Narela, New Delhi – 110040
(Affiliated to Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University and Approved by Govt of NCT of Delhi & Bar Council of India)
BBA (G)
Semester: SIXTH Semester
Name of the Subject:
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
UNIT-1

 ECOSYSTEMS
Meaning:
An ecosystem is a biological environment consisting of all the living organisms
or Biotic component, in a particular area, and the nonliving, or Abiotic
component such as air, soil, water and sunlight with which the organisms
interact.
ABIOTIC
FACTORS
ECOSYSTEM
BIOTIC
FACTORS

 Biotic Factors
• Sunlight
• Temperature
• Precipitation
• Water or Moisture
• Soil or Chemical content
 Abiotic Factors
• Primary Producer
• Herbivorous
• Carnivorous
• Omnivorous
• Detritivorous

TYPES OF ECOSYSTEMS
NATURAL
Fore
st
Aquati
c
Grassla
nd
Dese
rt
ARTIFICIAL
Terrestr
ial
Aquatic
Microbia
l

 FOREST ECOSYSTEM
 Features:
•High rainfall
• Large number of organism
and flora
• Highly diverse population
• Stability of ecosystem is very
sensitive
 Types of Forest Ecosystems:
•Tropical deciduous Forest
• Temperate evergreen Forest
• Tropical Evergreen Forest
• Temperate deciduous Forest
• Taiga

 DESERT ECOSYSTEM
 Features:
• High temperature, intense sunlight
and low water
• Flora and fauna are very poorly
developed and scarce
• Organisms are xeric adaptive
• Scarcely populated
 Types of Desert Ecosystems:
• Sand Desert
• Stony Desert
• Rock Desert
• Plateau Desert
• Mountain Desert
• Cold Desert

 GRASSLAND ECOSYSTEM
Features:
• Marginal Rainfall
• Vegetation is dominated by grasses
• Unimproved wild-plant communities
• Densely populated
 Types of Grassland Ecosystems:
• Tropical Grasslands
• Temperate Grasslands
• Others

 AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
• Low temperature and sunlight
• Soil and vegetation is submerged
• Flora and fauna had adapted
• Densely populated
 TYPES OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM
• Ocean
• Lotic
• Lentic
• Wetland

 GEOSPHERE
 In Earth science or geosciences, the geosphere refers to the parts of our
planet that are solid (like the mantle and crust). The liquid and gaseous parts
are called the hydrosphere and atmosphere. Geosphere, coined in the late 19th
century, was modeled after atmosphere, with the Greek prefix geo-"earth”.
 In modern texts and in Earth system science, geosphere refers to the solid
parts of the Earth; it is used along with atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere
to describe the systems of the Earth (the interaction of these systems with
the magnetosphere is sometimes listed). In that context, sometimes the
term lithosphere is used instead of geosphere or solid Earth. The lithosphere,
however, only refers to the uppermost layers of the solid Earth (oceanic and
continental crustal rocks and uppermost mantle).

 BIOSPHERE
 The biosphere, (from Greek bios = life, sphaira, sphere) is the layer of the
planet Earth where life exists. This layer ranges from heights of up to ten
kilometers above sea level, used by some birds in flight, to depths of the ocean
such as the Puerto Rico trench, at more than 8 kilometers deep. These are the
extremes; however, in general the layer of the Earth containing life is thin: the
upper atmosphere has little oxygen and very low temperatures, while ocean
depths greater than 1000 m are dark and cold. In fact, it has been said that the
biosphere is like the peel in relation to the size of an apple.

 GEOSPHERE
 In modern texts and in Earth system science, geosphere refers to the solid parts
of the Earth; it is used along with atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere to
describe the systems of the Earth (the interaction of these systems with
the magnetosphere is sometimes listed). In that context, sometimes the
term lithosphere is used instead of geosphere or solid Earth. The lithosphere,
however, only refers to the uppermost layers of the solid Earth (oceanic and
continental crustal rocks and uppermost mantle).
 This sphere includes all the stuff that make up the crust and the core of the
earth. It includes everything natural and lifeless that make up the surface of the
earth.

 BIODIVERSITY
 Biodiversity also refers to the number, or abundance of different species living
within a particular region. It represents the wealth of biological resources
available to us. It’s all about the sustaining the natural area made up of
community of plants, animals, and other living things that is begin reduced at a
steady rate as we plan human activities that is being reduced by habitat
destruction.
 Biodiversity is the variability among living organisms from all sources,
including terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological
complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species , between
species, and of ecosystems.

 MAJOR ISSUES OF BIODIVERSITY
 Climate Change
 Deforestation and Habitat Loss
 Overexploitation of Resources
 Invasive Species
 Pollution
 Urbanization
 Population Increase

 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
 Sustainable development is the organizing principle for meeting human
development goals while at the same time sustaining the ability of natural
systems to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services upon which
the economy and society depend.
 Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
 Gro Harlem Brundtland first introduced the concept of sustainable
development in 1987. He was then the Prime Minister of Norway and chairman
of the World Commission on Environment and Development.

 EMERGENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
 It was the Industrial Revolution that gave rise to modern environmental pollution as it
is generally understood today.
 In the 20th century environmental ideas continued to grow in popularity and
recognition. Efforts were starting to be made to save some wildlife, particularly the
“American Bison”.
 In the 1970s the Chipko Movement was formed in India; influenced by Mahatma
Gandhi, they set up peaceful resistance to deforestation by literally hugging trees
(leading to the term “tree huggers”).

 STOCKHOLM CONFERENCE 1972
 History:
 In1968, UN General Assembly convoked a world conference on human
development.
 The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment was held in
Stockholm, Sweden from 5–16 June in 1972.
 This conference took place with-
113 States
400 NGOs
1500 Journalists
6000 People
19 Inter-governmental Agencies

 United Nations Conference on the Human Environment is also known as
Stockholm Conference and marked as a turning point in the development of
international environmental politics.
 It was the UN’s first major conference on international environmental issues.
 The meeting agreed upon a Declaration
Containing 26 Principles
An Action plan containing 109 Recommendations
A Resolution on institutional and financial arrangements
This was the first step toward “ Sustainability Revolution”.

 AGENDA 21
o Agenda 21 is a non-binding action plan of the United Nations with regard
to sustainable development. It is a product of the Earth Summit (UN Conference
on Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in 1992. It is
an action agenda for the UN, other multilateral organizations, and individual
governments around the world that can be executed at local, national, and global
levels.
o The "21" in Agenda 21 refers to the 21st Century. Although it is also the area
code for Greater Rio de Janeiro, plus Teresópolis and Mangaratiba in
the countryside. It has been affirmed and had a few modifications at subsequent
UN conferences.

Agenda 21 is a 350-page document divided into 40 chapters that have been
grouped into 4 sections:
Section I: Social and Economic Dimensions is directed toward combating
poverty, especially in developing countries, changing consumption patterns,
promoting health, achieving a more sustainable population, and sustainable
settlement in decision making.
Section II: Conservation and Management of Resources for
Development includes atmospheric protection, combating deforestation,
protecting fragile environments, conservation of biological diversity
(biodiversity), control of pollution and the management of biotechnology,
and radioactive wastes.
Section III: Strengthening the Role of Major Groups includes the roles of
children and youth, women, NGOs, local authorities, business and industry, and
workers; and strengthening the role of indigenous peoples, their communities,
and farmers.
Section IV: Means of Implementation includes science, technology
transfer, education, international institutions and financial mechanisms.

 WTO
 The World Trade Organization is the only international institution that
oversees the global trade rules between nations. The WTO is based on
agreements signed by the majority of the world's trading nations. The main
function of the organization is to help producers of goods and services, exporters,
and importers protect and manage their businesses.
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization
that regulates international trade. The WTO officially commenced on 1 January
1995 under the Marrakesh Agreement, signed by 124 nations on 15 April 1994,
replacing the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which
commenced in 1948. It is the largest international economic organization in the
world.

 OBJECTIVES OF WTO
The important objectives of WTO are:
1. To improve the standard of living of people in the member countries.
2. To ensure full employment and broad increase in effective demand.
3. To enlarge production and trade of goods.
4. To increase the trade of services.
5. To ensure optimum utilization of world resources.
6. To protect the environment.
7. To accept the concept of sustainable development

 FUNCTIONS OF WTO:
The main functions of WTO are discussed below:
1. To implement rules and provisions related to trade policy review
mechanism.
2. To provide a platform to member countries to decide future strategies
related to trade and tariff.
3. To provide facilities for implementation, administration and operation of
multilateral and bilateral agreements of the world trade.
4. To administer the rules and processes related to dispute settlement.
5. To ensure the optimum use of world resources.
6. To assist international organizations such as, IMF and IBRD for
establishing coherence in Universal Economic Policy determination.

 KYOTO PROTOCOL
• The Kyoto Protocol is an international treaty which extends the 1992 United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that commits state
parties to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, based on the scientific consensus that
(part one) global warming is occurring and (part two) it is extremely likely that
human-made CO2 emissions have predominantly caused it. The Kyoto Protocol was
adopted in Kyoto, Japan on 11 December 1997 and entered into force on 16
February 2005. There are currently 192 parties (Canada withdrew effective
December 2012) to the Protocol.

BBA (G)
UNIT-2

 OVERVIEW
Definition of Pollution.
Types of Pollution.
Air Pollution.
Water Pollution.
Noise Pollution.
Land Pollution.
Radio Active Pollution.

 DEFINITION OF POLLUTION
 When Harmful Substances Contaminate the Environment, it is
called Pollution.
 Pollution refers to the very bad condition of environment in
terms of quantity and quality .

 TYPES OF POLLUTION
There are Five types of Pollution:
Air Pollution
Water Pollution
Noise Pollution
Land Pollution
Radio Active Pollution

 AIR POLLUTION
 What is Atmosphere?
Atmosphere is the life blanket of Earth.
It is therefore essential that we know more about the atmosphere
and the ways in which it is Polluted.
Air is considered safe when it contains no harmful dust and
gases.

 Causes of Air Pollution
 Major Sources of Air Pollution:
Industries.
Automobiles and Domestic fuels.
High Proportion of undesirable gases, such as sulphur dioxide
and carbon monoxide.
Dust (e.g. cement dust, foundry dust and wind blown solid dust)
Mist.
Smoke.
Carbon black.
Aerosols.

 Effects of Air Pollution
 Air Pollution Affects?
Human health.
Animals.
Plants.
The Atmosphere as a whole.
Global Warming.
Ozone Depletion (Ozonehole).
Acid Rain.
Various Respiratory Illnesses.

 How to Avoid Air Pollution
 Yes, we can avoid pollution As Follows:
Use natural Gases, like LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas) Autos.
Don't Burst Crackers.
Useless Amount of Fuel for Vehicles.
Avoid using and use electric stoves (biogas).

WATER POLLUTION
Any physical (temperature, oxygen), chemical (mercury), or
biological (disease, sewage) change to water that adversely affects
its use by alive beings.

 Causes of Water Pollution
About 40% of Deaths worldwide are caused by Water Pollution.
Water Pollution is Caused by organic and inorganic industrial
wastes and effluents discharged into rivers.
Noise also causes anxiety stress reaction and fright.

 Effects of Water Pollution
Diseases like Cholera.
Malaria.
Typhoid (spread during the rainy season).
Aquatic life gets destroyed

 How to Avoid Water Pollution
Rivers should not be used for washing clothes or bathing animals
in.
Harvesting of Rainwater to meet water requirements.
Dams & embankments must be created.
The rivers must not be contaminated.
In rivers the dead bodies shouldn’t thrown.

NOISE POLLUTION
Noise can be simply defined as unwanted sound.
The sound is pleasant or not depends upon its loudness, duration,
rhythm and the mood of the person.
Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger.
Noise Levels : Decibels (dB)
•Intensity
•Frequency
•Periods of exposure and
•Duration

 Causes of Noise Pollution
Traffic Noise.
Aircraft Noise.
Noise from construction and civil engineering works.
Noise from the Industries.
Noise from other sources.

 Effects of Noise Pollution
Hearing Loss.
High Blood Pressure.
Stress.
Sleep Disturbance.
Colour Blindness.

 How to Avoid Noise Pollution
The Government should ensure the new machines that Should be
noise proof.
Airports must be away from residential area.
The Sound horn symbol is to be in School Roads.
Control noise at source by proper choice of equipment, design
modification, mounting and proper layout.
Isolation or use of baffles.
Use of ear protection devices.

 LAND POLLUTION
•One fourth of area is covered by land.
•Land is a earth which is occupied by people for shelter,
occupation, etc.

 Causes of Land Pollution
We can classify major sources in the following Categories:
•Mining, Erosion and Quarrying.
•Household Garbage.
•Urbanization and Concentration of Population.
•Municipal Solid Waste.
•Industrial Waste and Hazardous Waste.
•Uncontrolled Land Treatment.
•Burning open dumps and forest fires.
•Deforestation.

 Effects of Land Pollution
•The Land Cannot use to build houses.
•Man cannot be farming.
•Ground water will gets Affected.
•Death of the animals that inhabit the land.

 Prevention of Land Pollution
•More and more land should be brought under farming.
•Trees should be planted everywhere.
•Waste matter should be disposed immediately.
•Avoid drilling the Land for more under groundwater.
•Avoid using more fertilizers and Pesticides.
•Integrated Solid Waste Management.
•Good agricultural practices.
•Remediation of polluted soils.
•Prevention of erosion and silting.
•Containment of hazardous waste and waste water treatment us in
gland treatment techniques

RADIO ACTIVE POLLUTION
• Despite the Advantage of nuclear as a clean energy, the big
concern is the resulted from nuclear reaction, which is a form of
pollution called Radioactivity.
• Radiation (Laser-Rays) will from Radioactive Pollution.

 Causes of Radioactive Pollution
 Nuclear power plants ( Ex: Neyveli, Kalpakkam).
 Nuclear Weapons ( Ex: Missiles).
 Disposal of Nuclear Waste.
 Uranium Mining.

 Effects of Radioactive Pollution
 The Diseases include blood in cough.
 Ulcer.
 Swelling of bone joints.
 Cancer.
 Lung Cancer.
 Skin Cancer.
 Bone Cancer.
 Eye Problems.

 How to Prevent of Radioactive Pollution
 Avoid Constructing Nuclear Power Plants.
 Avoid Using Nuclear Weapon.
 Have Proper Treatment for Nuclear Waste.
 Avoid mining for Uranium to a minimal.

 GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
Greenhouse effect, a warming of Earth’s surface and troposphere (the lowest
layer of the atmosphere) caused by the presence of water vapour, carbon
dioxide, methane, and certain other gases in the air. Of those gases, known
as greenhouse gases, water vapour has the largest effect.
 GLOBAL WARMING
Global Warming is an increase in the earth's average atmospheric temperature
that causes corresponding changes in climate and that may result from the
greenhouse effect.

 SOLID WASTE
•Solid waste is the unwanted or useless solid materials generated from human
activities in residential, industrial or commercial areas.
• It may be categorized in three ways. According to its:
a) origin (domestic, industrial, commercial, construction or
institutional)
b) contents (organic material, glass, metal, plastic paper etc)
c) hazard potential (toxic, non-toxin, flammable, radioactive,
infectious etc).

 WASTE MANAGEMENT
Solid Waste Management reduces or eliminates the adverse impact on the
environment & human health.
 A number of processes are involved in effectively managing waste for a
municipality.
 These include monitoring, collection, transport, processing, recycling and
disposal.
 The quantum of waste generated varies mainly due to different lifestyles,
which is directly proportional to socio economic status of the urban population.

BBA (G)
UNIT- 3 & UNIT-4

 ENIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
•Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is the assessment of
the environmental consequences (positive and negative) of a plan, policy,
program, or actual projects prior to the decision to move forward with the
proposed action.
• In this context, the term “Environmental Impact Assessment" (EIA) is
usually used when applied to actual projects by individuals or companies and the
term "strategic environmental assessment" (SEA) applies to policies, plans and
programmes most often proposed by organs of state.
• Environmental assessments may be governed by rules of administrative
procedure regarding public participation and documentation of decision making,
and may be subject to judicial review.

 PURPOSE OF EIA
The primary purpose of the EIA process is to encourage the consideration of
the environmental issues in planning and decision making and to ultimately
arrive at actions which are more environmentally compatible.
 ROLE OF EIA
EIA has two major roles:
1) LEGAL
2) EDUCATIONAL

 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS)
 An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a set of processes and
practices that enable an organization to reduce its environmental impacts and
increase its operating efficiency.
 In other words, we can also define Environmental Management
System (EMS) refers to the management of an
organization's environmental programs in a comprehensive, systematic, planned
and documented manner. It includes the organizational structure, planning and
resources for developing, implementing and maintaining policy
for environmental protection.

 DEVELOPING OF EMS
• Create an environmental policy
• Set objectives and targets
• Implement a program to achieve objectives
• Monitor and measure its effectiveness
• Correct problems
• Review the system to improve it and overall environmental
performance

 ISO 14000
1979: ISO 9000 – management standards for quality management
and quality assurance systems
1991: Investigation into whether an international environmental
standard could:
 Promote a common approach to environmental
management
 Enhance an organization’s ability to attain and measure
improvements in environmental performance
 Facilitate trade and remove trade barriers
1993: Preparation of separate ISO after concluded that the
knowledge

 ISO 9000
 ISO 9000 is a set of international standards on quality management
and quality assurance developed to help companies effectively document
the quality system elements to be implemented to maintain an efficient
quality system. They are not specific to any one industry and can be
applied to organizations of any size.
 ISO 9000 can help a company satisfy its customers, meet regulatory
requirements, and achieve continual improvement.
However, it should be considered to be a first step, the base level of a
quality system, not a complete guarantee of quality.

 ISO 9000 Principles of Quality Management
The ISO 9000:2015 and ISO 9001:2015 standards are based on seven quality
management principles that senior management can apply for organizational
improvement:
 Customer focus
 Leadership
 Engagement of people
 Process approach
 Improvement
 Evidence-based decision making
 Relationship management

 INTRODUCTION TO INDIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
The following are the laws that come under it. They are:
1) Indian Penal Code
2) Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972
3) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974
4) Environment (Protection) Act 1986
5) Air (Prevention & Control) Act 1981
6) Delhi Environment Law

1) Indian Penal Code
- Passed in 1860, penalizes person(s) responsible for causing defilement of water
of a public spring or reservoir with imprisonment or fines.
- The interpretation of the Code has been viewed as a conservative attempt at
enforcement. This is because punishment and fines have been characterized as
meager.
- Polluters must "voluntarily", "with intent", or "knowingly" discharge damaging
effluents, making successful prosecution problematic in a court of law.

2) Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972
- An Act of the Parliament of India enacted for protection of plants and
animal species.
- The Act established schedules of protected plant and animal species;
hunting or harvesting these species was largely outlawed.
- The Act provides for the protection of wild animals, birds and plants; and
for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto.
- It extends to the whole of India, except the State of Jammu and
Kashmir which has its own wildlife act. It has six schedules which give varying
degrees of protection

3) Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974
- The legislation establishes a Central Pollution Control Board, and State
Pollution Control Boards for Assam, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh,
Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, Tripura
and West Bengal, as well as the Union Territories.
- Each board, Central or state, consists of a chairman and five members, with
agriculture, fisheries and government-owned industry all having representation.
- To maintain and restore the ‘wholesomeness’ of our aquatic resources.
- Sewage or pollutants cannot be discharged into water bodies including lakes
and it is the duty of the state pollution control board to intervene and stop such
activity.

- Some of the main responsibilities of the Central Board, pursuant to
promoting cleanliness and pollution abatement of streams and wells,
include:
(i) coordinating activities of state boards and resolving disputes among them;
providing technical assistance; conducting investigations;
(ii) opening laboratories for analysis of samples;
(iii) establishing fees for different types of sample testing;
(iv) researching issues and problems;
(v) training personnel; conducting media and public awareness campaigns;
(vi) collecting and disseminating data on water pollution; and
(vii) working with state boards to set standards by stream or well.

4) Environment (Protection) Act 1986
- Under this measure, the central government has responsibility for deciding
standards, restricting industrial sites, laying down procedures and safeguards for
accident prevention and handling of hazardous waste, oversight of investigations
and research on pollution issues, on-site inspections, establishment of
laboratories, and collection and dissemination of information. Samples collected
by central government officials can be admissible in court.
- The Department of Environment, Forests and Wildlife, which is within the
Ministry of Environment and Forestry, was designated as the lead agency for
administration and enforcement.

5) Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1981
- The legislation designated the Central Board and state boards, which
governed water pollution duties, to also be empowered with the same authority
and administrative functions for the Air Act.
- The Central Board sets national ambient air standards. In addition, the state
boards have the power to petition local magistrates to restrain polluters from
exceeding specified standards. This legislation, however, does not supersede
provisions of an earlier law, the Atomic Energy Act of 1962, which addressed
radioactive air pollution.

6) Delhi Environment Law
This law came into existence on the Earth Day 2013 in order to protect the
environment of Delhi , control the pollution levels in the city and to check the
implementation of various environmental laws. The following points were
brought into the notice during its implementation:
1) Ban on cutting of trees without seeking proper permission from the
appropriate authority
2) Ban on burning of leaves in Delhi
3) Ban on installing bore holes/ bore wells without permission from
appropriate authority
4) Ban on indiscriminate disposal of electronic waste
5) Ban on indiscriminate feeding of monkeys (birds)
6) Policy for prevention of concretization and choking of trees in Delhi
7) Blanket ban on the use of polythene bags in Delhi

Environmental Science

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