history of contemporary architecture - 13.-The-Bauhaus-School(1).ppt

The Bauhaus School
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz 1

Video
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Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz

The Bauhaus School: German Expressionism (1919 – 1932) (Groupious):
– Is a school of thought about the evolution of an idea that was
establishes after World War I.
– The Americans tried to control Germany by giving them money, but their
attempts failed and the German industry started to emerge again.
– So this school started in Germany to reform in applied arts and
education as a revolutionary school that calls for social equity.
– It is about merging and fusion of Engineers, architects, arts, and
material (potential compositions of the material) and industry.
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The Bauhaus School

The Bauhaus School: German Expressionism (1919 – 1932) (Groupious):
– Bauhaus means House of Building or Building School
– It represents a new cultural change, therefore it was rejected by the
Nazis (Hitler Period), and was forced to close at the end.
– Their education was through many workshops.
– Its main design principle is about simplicity, Dynamism, and Asymmetry.
– Bauhaus Chairs merged industry and art and architecture, but are hand
made.
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The Bauhaus School

WHY ?
 Philosophically, the school was built on the idea that design did not
merely reflect society, it could actually help to improve it.
 Establish an institution that would help: Rebuild the country Form a new
social order.
Bauhaus called for a new rational social housing for the workers.
 Bauhaus architects rejected "bourgeois“ details such as cornices,
eaves, and decorative details.
 They wanted to use principles of Classical architecture in their most
pure form: without ornamentation of any kind
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The Bauhaus School

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The Bauhaus School

FEATURES OF BAUHUS BUILDINGS:
– Flat roofs.
– Smooth facades.
– Cubic shapes.
– Common colors used are white, gray, beige, or black.
– Floor plans are open and furniture is functional.
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The Bauhaus School

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The Bauhaus School
Bauhaus Style = International Style
- Absence of ornamentation.
- Harmony between function and design.
- Arts & Crafts + Technology (machines)
- Simplified forms
- Mass production/ Standardized Design
- Functionality

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Expressionism
-Express feeling and imagination rather than
represent external reality
- Sharp forms
-Romantic silhouettes
-Rich play of reflecting glass
The Bauhaus School
Gropius, Monument to the March Dead, design Rich
play of 1919 and executed in 1920

• Shining steel was discovered as a material for furniture :
-Could be mass produced
-To achieve a style of design that was both functional and aesthetic.
• The Bauhaus School

Three different architect-directors:
- Walter Gropius (1919-1927)
- Hannes Meyer (1927-1930)
- Ludwig Mies van der Rohe(1930-1933)
Existed in 3German cities:
- Weimar (1919-1925)
- Dessau (1925-1932)
- Berlin (1932-1933)
GROPIUS MEYER MIES
The Bauhaus School

The Bauhaus School
Walter Gropius (1883-1969)
 Head of the Graduate School of Design at Harvard
University.
The founder of the Bauhaus design school.
 Set up a partnership known as The Architects'
elaborative (TAC).
Important examples of his work:
 Fagus Factory (1911-25) in Alfeld on the Leine
 Model factory for the Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition
at Cologne in 1914
 Bauhaus School building (1925) at Dessau
 Graduate Center (1950) at Harvard University
 Pan Am Building (1963) in New York
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GROPIUS

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Fagus Factory
Graduate Center
Model factory for the Deutscher Werkbund Exhibition
Pan Am Building

• 1921 Sommerfeld house
Berlin , Germany designed for Adolf
Sommerfeld
Bauhaus - Walter Gropius

– Examples:(1919 – 1932):
• Bauhaus Building (Walter Gropius) 1926:
 It was a school of thought, learning through a lot of workshops
 New composition of asymmetrical structures.
 Aesthetics through the composition of the building.
 A lot of bridges
 First building to have letterings as ornamentations on the building
façade.
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The Bauhaus School

This building, especially the School’s bright color scheme, brings together sharp visual
dissections, block colors and geometric shapes. The building became icon of
Modernism, its decoration-free, clean style, a modern approach and a special, fully
built-in the architectural solution, use of color.
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Modernism and the Heroic Period of Architecture – Heroic Period Breaking Away
The Bauhaus School

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The Bauhaus School building, Walter Gropius, (1926)
Dessau, Germany
The Bauhaus School

Bauhaus Building (Walter Gropius) 1926:
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The Bauhaus School
Directors office at the Bahaus, located at Weimar, 1923.
Transforming the industrial ideal into
architecture

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The Bauhaus School

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The Bauhaus School

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The Bauhaus School
• Functionality emphasis separating
different sections by using rectangular
volumes of different size, linked by
corridor.
• Flat roofs, smooth facades, and cubic
shapes.
• Colors are white, gray, beige, or black.

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The Bauhaus School
Balconies
Bauhaus, Dassua, 1925-6

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The Bauhaus School
Bauhaus, Dassua, 1925-6

Video
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From small building to skyscrapers…

• Walter Gropius entered into a competition of skyscrapers in the U.S.A.,
where all other entries had a revivalism style, but he came out with
asymmetrical dynamic design.
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Adolf Loss,
1922
Walter Gropius
and Adolf Meyer,
1922
The Bauhaus School

Walter Gropius shown with his design
with Adolf Meyer
competition design for the Chicago
tribune tower , 1922
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The Bauhaus School

The Bauhaus
Chicago Tribune newspaper, 1922
- Office building.
- Design through international
competition held in 1922 by the
Chicago Tribune newspaper.
- Important competition to frame the
development of skyscraper
architecture in the 1920s.
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Chicago Tribune newspaper, 1922
Adolf loos entry

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The Bauhaus School

The Bauhaus Gropius House in Lincoln,
Massachusetts
• Architect Walter Gropius used
Bauhaus ideas when he built his
monochrome home in Lincoln,
Massachusetts.
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The Bauhaus School
Gropius’s Total Theatre
Project

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Video

Mies Van De Rohe
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz 34

Mies Van De Rohe:
– De Rohe worked with Deutcher Werkbund and Peter Behrens, and in
the Bauhaus (he was the director of the Bauhaus before he migrated to
the U.S.A.).
– He wanted to optimize the production: Well serviced and well packaged
architecture.
– He was not interested in the city scale.
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Mies Van De Rohe

Mies Van De Rohe:
– He expressed:
• The Free Plans.
• Asymmetry.
• The relationship with the outside.
• Equality.
• Invisibility that reduces form to Silence.
• Glazing.
• Functionality.
• Honesty to structure and form.
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Mies Van De Rohe

First Entry for the Friendrichstrasse
Skyscraper Competition, Berlin, 1921.
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Mies Van De Rohe

Project for a Glass Skyscraper, 1922.
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Mies Van De Rohe

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Project for a Concrete Office Building, 1922-3.
Mies Van De Rohe

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Project for a Brick Villa, 1923.
Mies Van De Rohe

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Monument to Karl Liebknecht and Rosa Luxemburg,
Berlin, 1926.
Mies Van De Rohe

The International Style, The Individual Talent, and the
Myth of Functionalism.
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Apartment House, Weissenhofsiedlung,
Stuttgart, 1927.

Mies Van De Rohe
Barcelona Pavilion, 1928-9.
• German Pavilion in Barcelona in a
world exposition
• He used Pilotis: 8 free standing
columns.
• He tried to unlimit the
architecture by structure: the
building is free to expand.
• Integration with the outside.
• Cantilevers and louvers.
• Horizontal spatial space.
• Interplay between horizontal and
vertical planes.
• Free plan.
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Mies Van De Rohe
Barcelona Pavilion, 1928-9.

Mies Van De Rohe
Tugendhat House, Brno, 1928-30
Nature and Machine
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Glazing slots with winter gardens
Living and Dining Area
Mies Van De Rohe
Tugendhat House, Brno, 1928-30
Nature and Machine

Immigration and Consolidation
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Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, 1939-56,
Montage of Assemblage, 1941.
Library and the
Administration Building,
Exterior Detail, 1944

Mies Van De Rohe
Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1950-6.
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Mies Van De Rohe
Crown Hall, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1950-6.
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Mies Van De Rohe
Farnsworth House, Plano, Illinois, 1945-51.
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Modernism and the Heroic Period of Architecture –
Heroic Period Breaking Away
• Tower in the U.S.A.:
• Steel Cage construction made out of steel, which bothered him
because he wanted to reduce form to Silence, but the fire
• codes in the U.S.A. at that time requested him to cover it by
concrete. But he placed another steel from the outside.
• Clarity, efficiency, white rooms, and material (Iron, glass, and
concrete)
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Mies Van De Rohe
Lake Shore Drive Apartments, Chicago, 1948-51.
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Mies Van De Rohe
Seagram Building, New York, 1954-8.
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Mies Van De Rohe
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Mies Van De Rohe
Neue National Galarie, Berlin, 1960
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Mies Van De Rohe

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Mies Van De Rohe

Thank you 
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