history of contemporary architecture - 01. Neo Classicism.ppt

History of Contemporary Architecture
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz 1
University of Jordan
Summer Semester
Year 2017/2018

Contents
A. Territorial Changes in the 19th Century.
B. Technical Changes in the 19th Century.
C. Cultural Changes in the 19th Century.
1. Neo Classicism.
2. Local Revivals.
3. Emergence of Bourgeois.
D. Structural Changes for Cities.
E. Effects of the Territorial, Technical and Cultural Changes on the City.
2

Territorial, Technical Changes, and Cultural in the 19th Century
Territorial Changes for Cities
A. Territorial Changes for Cities:
 Cities changed in spacing:
• Slums.
• From a finite Reality to Infinite Reality.
• Rail Roads and Factories.
• Mass production and landscape of cities (cityscape).
• Health improvements: Drop in rates of immortality.
3

Territorial Changes for Cities
• Cities evolved generally in industrial revolution because of train invention in the 17th
century, which became an important point of transportation.
• A lot of people visiting cities for work.
• Cities populations increased because of lots of immigrations.
• Designers Started to think of the ideal city-design of the ideal cities, as an early
appearance of modernity.
As a Discourse:
City-design talks about equality and housing for everybody
and housing that fits for all.
4

Technical Changes for Cities
 Discovery of new materials like Cast Iron, which is good in compression used in
creating:
1. Open spaces: Concepts of open space that introduced a new relationship
between the inside and the outside through the use of Glass, which is used
to change the concept of challenging the relationship with the outside.
2. Major Structural Changes: Thin columns and Big and large spaces
because of the steel used to cover large spans and spaces.
3. Details and Rich Interiors: Rod Iron use.
4. Sublime Spaces: they were introduced and created like that of the
cathedrals allowing lots of lighting to get to them.
5

C. Cultural Changes for Cities:
• The 19th century is the end of the Baroque and Rococo, it talked to the kings and
aristocrats.
• Social changes: Buildings are not any more dedicated to the elites, they are
more democratic.
• As a reaction three movements appeared at this stage:
1. Neo Classicism.
2. Local Revivals.
3. Emergence of Bourgeois.
6
Cultural Changes for Cities

Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois
Neo Classicism

Neo Classicism, Local Revivals, Emergence of Bourgeois.
1. Neoclassicism:
It emerged as a reaction Against Rococo and Baroque
• Simplicity.
• More international.
• Looking for new Beginnings.
• Rediscovery of Classical traditions (Romans and Greeks) as a basis to
civilizations. At the beginning, civilizations depended on Roman traditions, and
lately they incorporated the greek traditions.
• At the same time people were rejecting these ideas and some saw it as foreign.
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1. Neoclassicism:
During this period:
• Meanwhile US started to become a separate country.
• The French Revolution occurred in Europe and there was the Idea of
International Nations.
Therefore, many architects were looking for Nation Identity for their architecture.
Therefore appeared the Local Revivalism.
9

1. Neoclassicism:
• Ledoux designed a city (Ideal) city of Chaux in
1804, due to the request of people who work in
salt production as an alternative to electricity to
keep the meat.
• Therefore, salt was very important and
expensive.
• Many workers came from the villages to work in
Salt mines and they needed housing with
Justice and Social Equity.
10
Claude Nicolas Ledoux

11
Ledoux ideal city - The Royal Saltworks
1. Neoclassicism:

12
Royal Saltworks
1. Neoclassicism:

13
French neo classical architect
1. Neoclassicism:

14
Project for the ideal city of Chaux: House of supervisors
1. Neoclassicism:

1. Neoclassicism:
Train Stations became engine oriented that
require two parts:
• The Head, which can be
Neoclassical built by an architect.
• The Shed, which is built by an
engineer with steel work instead of
the traditional locomotive trains.
Therefore Sublime spaces are introduced for
people so they would not suffocate from
Steam.
15
Saint-Lazare Train Station Building - Paris
Train shed at Bristol

• Spread Out of Neo-classicism:
In France:
The political movements affected architecture.
• After the French revolution the city had changed.
• Before the revolution there was the Royal Academy of Architecture.
• After the revolution the Aristocrats are rejected and the return was to simplicity
and ornamentations were rejected.
16

In England:
There were many social activities, many factories though there was no revolution.
• Jean Nech: York Gate, England. A column metaphor was used, and the
same ideas seen in the U.S.A.
• A lot of residential architecture occurred.
17

In the United States:
They benefited from the:
1) Greek democracy.
2) Roman traditions (the Imperial Power).
These two concepts were absorbed as a bases for the Western Civilization.
• E.g. The University of Virginia that was designed by Thomas Jefferson. (He
was a president of the U.S. and he was educated in France, he brought with
him the Neoclassical style).
• Mall space also became evident in the United States.
18

• He believed ignorance to be the enemy of
freedom, and he wanted to correct what he
considered to be the defects of educational
institutions modelled on European settings and
curriculum.
• He imagined that an "academical village"
clustered around a tree-lined lawn would
provide an ideal setting in which to pursue
higher education.
• The focal point of such a village would be a
Temple of Knowledge that would house the
university library.
• Jefferson had invented a uniquely American
setting for higher education: the college
campus.
19
(Photograph by Dan Grogan)
(The Papers of Thomas Jefferson, The Albert
& Shirley Small Special Collections Library,
University of Virginia Library)
United States, The University of Virginia, Thomas Jefferson

20
University of Virginia, the Lawn, looking north

21
University of Virginia, Site Plan

22
University of Virginia, 1819-26.

• Thomas Jefferson wanted to represent the "authority
of nature and power of reason“.
• It was inspired by the Pantheon in Rome.
• Construction began in 1822 and was completed in
1826, after his death.
• The grounds of the new university were unique in
that they surrounded a library housed in the Rotunda
rather than a church, as was common at other
universities in the English-speaking world.
• The Rotunda is seen as a lasting symbol of
Jefferson's belief in the separation of church and
education, as well as his lifelong dedication to both
education and architecture.
23

24
Rotunda

Rotunda
25

26

27
Different column styles used at the
pavilions

• Spread Out of Neo-classicism
In the Germany:
• The Spread of Neoclassicism was present.
• Carl Schinkel designed the Altes Museum (Schinkel Museum).
• In Germany the political circumstances was similar to that in France. They
wanted Neo-Classicism.
28
Carl Schinkel, Altes Museum, Berlin Germany, 1830

29
Carl Schinkel, Altes Museum, Berlin Germany, 1830

Examples

31
John Soane (1753-1837), Bank of England, London
The leading exponent of Neo-Classicism in England at this time was Sir
John Soane, an idiosyncratic architect whose work also has Romantic
qualities.

32
Benjamin Henry Latrobe, Roman Catholic Cathedral, Baltimore, U.S. 1805-18.
Latrobe presented both Gothic and Neo-Classical designs of this church to
his client. The classical proposal was selected but did not include the
towers.

33
Thomas Jefferson, Monticello, Charlottesville, Virginia, 1770.
For his own house Jefferson turned the familiar Palladian five-part organization backward in
order to focus the complex on spectacular mountain views. This view from the front shows that
Jefferson disguised the two-storey elevation to appear as only one story.

34
The William Brown Library and Museum (now the World Museum Liverpool), designed by
Thomas Allom (1804-1872), UK

Royal Scottish academy Edinburgh by William Henry playfair, Greek Doric style
portico
35

36
Putteney bridge bath by Robert Adam

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Thank you 
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