1. Rev: 8-2011
Section 4
Roofing Operations

2. Rev: 8-2011
Roofing OperationsRoofing Operations
• When installing shingles and other roofing
material, use a PFAS.
• Check manufacturer instructions to determine
exactly how and where to install anchor points.
• On most homes, multiple anchor points will be
required to manage swing-fall hazards.
• It is also important to locate anchor points at a
height that prevents striking a lower level should
a fall occur.

3. Rev: 8-2011
1. Anchor Point
2. Life Line
3. Rope Grab
4. Shock
Absorbing
Lanyard
5. Full Body Harness
Personal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) ComponentsPersonal Fall Arrest System (PFAS) Components

4. Rev: 8-2011

5. Rev: 8-2011

6. Rev: 8-2011

7. Rev: 8-2011
Swing Fall HazardSwing Fall Hazard
Minimize swing falls:
• Work directly below the anchor.
• Do not extend your work zone more than
30o
from the anchor.
• Manage the slack in the rope.

8. Rev: 8-2011
Swing Fall Hazard, cont.Swing Fall Hazard, cont.

9. Rev: 8-2011
Swing Fall Hazard, cont.Swing Fall Hazard, cont.
• On most homes,
multiple anchor points
will be required to
manage swing-fall
hazards.
• It is also important to
locate anchor points
at a height that
prevents striking a
lower level should a
fall occur.

10. Rev: 8-2011
Swing Fall HazardSwing Fall Hazard

11. Rev: 8-2011

12. Rev: 8-2011

13. Rev: 8-2011

14. Rev: 8-2011


15. Rev: 8-2011
Roofing Operations,Roofing Operations, cont.cont.
• When installing shingles and other roofing
material, you can also use guardrails.
• Check manufacturer instructions to
determine exactly how and where to install
guardrails.
• Guardrails must meet OSHA
specifications.

16. Rev: 8-2011
Guardrail SystemsGuardrail Systems
Source: ACRO Building Systems

17. Rev: 8-2011
Guardrail Systems,Guardrail Systems, cont.cont.
Source: Guardian Fall Protection

18. Rev: 8-2011
Guardrail Systems,Guardrail Systems, cont.cont.
Source: Hugs, One, LLC (Hugs Safety)

19. Rev: 8-2011
Section 5
Ladders and Scaffolding

20. Rev: 8-2011
Learning Objectives: Section 5Learning Objectives: Section 5
• Determine the proper ladder to use based on
weight capacity and height.
• Calculate the proper pitch of extension ladders
for proper set-up, and identify how to secure and
stabilize ladders.
• Identify how to maintain a safe position when
using a ladder.
• Identify safety requirements and practices for
scaffolding, including aerial lifts.

21. Rev: 8-2011
Ladder Training RequirementsLadder Training Requirements
• Each employee using ladders should be trained
to recognize hazards related to their use. This
includes:
• Nature of the fall hazards in the work area
• Correct procedures for placement, use, and
maintenance
• Maximum intended load-carrying capacities

22. Rev: 8-2011
Ladder or Scaffold?Ladder or Scaffold?

23. Rev: 8-2011
Pick the Right LadderPick the Right Ladder
Before stepping onto a ladder, think about
these things:
• Duty rating of the ladder—what capacity
can it hold?
• Height of the ladder—too short or too tall?
• Condition of the ladder and instructions
unique to the ladder selected.
We’ll look at each of these in detail.

24. Rev: 8-2011
Proper Duty Rating/CapacityProper Duty Rating/Capacity
OSHA Requirement
Ladders shall not be loaded beyond
the maximum intended load for which
they were built nor beyond their
manufacturer's rated capacity.

25. Rev: 8-2011
Proper Duty Rating/Capacity,Proper Duty Rating/Capacity,
cont.cont.
Select a ladder with the proper duty rating for
your weight and the materials you are handling.
TYPE DUTY RATING USE LOAD
1AA Special Heavy Duty Rugged 375 Lbs.
1A Extra Heavy Duty Industrial 300 Lbs.
1 Heavy Duty Industrial 250 Lbs.
II Medium Duty Commercial 225 Lbs.
III Light Duty Household 200 Lbs.

26. Rev: 8-2011
Think About ItThink About It
What do these
materials weigh:
•A sheet of plywood
•A tool box with tools
•A bundle of shingles
•A 3 x 4 window
Remember: Select a ladder with the proper duty rating
for your weight AND the materials you are handling.
?

27. Rev: 8-2011
Proper Height Extension LaddersProper Height Extension Ladders
When using an
extension ladder for
access to another
level, the ladder must
extend at least 3 ft.
(.9 m) above the
landing to provide a
hand hold for getting
on and off the ladder.
When using an
extension ladder for
access to another
level, the ladder must
extend at least 3 ft.
(.9 m) above the
landing to provide a
hand hold for getting
on and off the ladder.

28. Rev: 8-2011
Ladder Height ExtensionLadder Height Extension
3 feet

29. Rev: 8-2011
Proper Height Extension LaddersProper Height Extension Ladders,,
cont.cont.
40'28' to 31'
36'25' to 28'
32'21' to 25'
28'17' to 21'
24'13' to 17'
20'9' to 13'
16'9' max.
Extension Ladder
Height
Height to Gutter
or Top Support
40'28' to 31'
36'25' to 28'
32'21' to 25'
28'17' to 21'
24'13' to 17'
20'9' to 13'
16'9' max.
Extension Ladder
Height
Height to Gutter
or Top Support
Ladder heights are 9-11 ft. longer than the height to be reach to allow
for the height/length lost when the ladder is positioned at an angle.

30. Rev: 8-2011
Proper Height StepladdersProper Height Stepladders
Maximum Height
You Need to Reach
Stepladder Height
7 3
8 4
9 5
10 6
12 8
14 10
15 11
16 12
18 14
20 16
Choose a
stepladder
that is no
more than 4
ft. shorter
than the
height you
want to
reach.

31. Rev: 8-2011
Proper Condition andProper Condition and
InstructionsInstructions
• Inspect the ladder for visible defects.
– Never use a ladder that is broken or otherwise
damaged.
– Remove damaged ladders from service and
tag them as damaged.
• Review the safety labels on the ladder.
– Always comply with the warnings and
instructions.

32. Rev: 8-2011

33. Rev: 8-2011
Ladder LabelsLadder Labels
• What type of
information can be
found on ladder
labels?
– Warnings
– Capacity
– Set-up

34. Rev: 8-2011
Determine Proper Ladder Set-upDetermine Proper Ladder Set-up
• Consider placement and pitch of the
ladder
• Secure and stabilize the ladder
We’ll look at each of these in detail.

35. Rev: 8-2011
Placement TipsPlacement Tips
• Avoid setting up a ladder in high traffic
areas or barricaded areas.
• Do not use metal or aluminum ladders
near electrical lines.
• Place ladders on stable and level
surfaces.

36. Rev: 8-2011
Extension LaddersExtension Ladders
• Extension ladders
should be used at a 4
to 1 pitch (1.2 to .3 m).
• For every 4 ft. (1.2 m)
in height, the bottom of
the ladder should be 1
ft. (.3 m) away from
the structure.
• Extension ladders
should be used at a 4
to 1 pitch (1.2 to .3 m).
• For every 4 ft. (1.2 m)
in height, the bottom of
the ladder should be 1
ft. (.3 m) away from
the structure.
Example:
20 ft. (height) ÷ 4 ft. = 5 ft. pitch

37. Rev: 8-2011
Correct Pitch?Correct Pitch?

38. Rev: 8-2011
Any Hazards?Any Hazards?

39. Rev: 8-2011
StepladdersStepladders
• Stepladders are
designed for use in
an opened-and-
locked position.
• Do not use a
stepladder that is
folded or in a
leaning position

40. Rev: 8-2011
Higher Ceilings Require TallerHigher Ceilings Require Taller
LaddersLadders

41. Rev: 8-2011
Job built ladder over a stair openingJob built ladder over a stair opening

42. Rev: 8-2011
Secure and Stabilize LaddersSecure and Stabilize Ladders
• Extension ladders should be secured
at the top or bottom to prevent
movement.
• The base of an extension ladder must
be secured in place by using the
safety feet on the ladder or other
effective means.

43. Rev: 8-2011
Secured at the TopSecured at the Top

44. Rev: 8-2011
Secured at the BottomSecured at the Bottom

45. Rev: 8-2011
Secure and Stabilize LaddersSecure and Stabilize Ladders,,
cont.cont.
Slippery Surfaces
Never use a ladder on a slippery surface,
unless it is secured to prevent movement.
– Wet or slippery surfaces may require a cleat.
– Ladder feet should dig into the ground, and
the ladder should be secured at the bottom
to prevent movement/slipping.

46. Rev: 8-2011
Loose SoilLoose Soil

47. Rev: 8-2011
Firm BaseFirm Base

48. Rev: 8-2011
Unstable BaseUnstable Base

49. Rev: 8-2011
Secure and Stabilize Ladders,Secure and Stabilize Ladders,
cont.cont.
Uneven Surface
When the surface is
not level, use a
ladder leveler
(accessory) to
provide even contact
points.

50. Rev: 8-2011
Maintain a Safe Position onMaintain a Safe Position on
LaddersLadders
• Face the ladder when ascending or
descending and maintain three points of
contact at all times.
• Keep your body centered on the ladder.
• Never let your belt buckle pass either
ladder siderail.

51. Rev: 8-2011
Maintain a Safe Position on Ladders,Maintain a Safe Position on Ladders,
cont.cont.

52. Rev: 8-2011
Maintain a Safe Position on Ladders,Maintain a Safe Position on Ladders,
cont.cont.
• Do not overreach when working from the
ladder.
• Do not stand on the top two rungs of a
stepladder.
• Do not allow another person on a ladder at
any given time, unless you are using a
double-cleated ladder that is intended for
two-way traffic.

53. Rev: 8-2011
ScaffoldingScaffolding
A safe alternative to using ladders is to use:
• Interior and Exterior Scaffolding
• Aerial Lifts
...if OSHA requirements and safety practices
are followed.
We’ll look at each of these in detail.

54. Rev: 8-2011

55. Rev: 8-2011
Pump Jack ScaffoldPump Jack Scaffold

56. Rev: 8-2011
Interior and Exterior ScaffoldingInterior and Exterior Scaffolding
• Job-built scaffolding that is improperly
constructed is extremely hazardous.
• Various types and brands of interior and
exterior scaffolding are commercially
available.
– Always, follow the manufacturer’s safety
instructions.

57. Rev: 8-2011
Masonry Blocks Are Not AcceptableMasonry Blocks Are Not Acceptable

58. Rev: 8-2011
Interior and Exterior Scaffolding,Interior and Exterior Scaffolding,
cont.cont.
• Scaffolding that is 10 ft. or higher must be
equipped with guardrails.
• A competent person must supervise the set-up
and take down of all scaffolding.
• Walls that support exterior scaffold must be
capable of supporting, without failure, the weight
of the scaffold and four times the maximum
intended load on the scaffolding.
• Scaffolding must be fully planked, and planks
must be secured so they cannot move.

59. Rev: 8-2011
Will This Scaffold hold 4 times theWill This Scaffold hold 4 times the
Intended Load?Intended Load?

60. Rev: 8-2011
GuardrailGuardrail Requirements-Requirements-
ScaffoldsScaffolds
• Toprails Between 38” and 45” High
• Guardrails to 200 Lbs/Midrails to min. 75 Lbs
– 150 lbs depending on Toprail capacity.
• Cross Bracing OK as Guardrail if Between 20”
and 30” for Midrail 38” to 48” for Toprail
• Protect from Falling Objects
– All Workers on Scaffolds MUST Wear Hard Hats

61. Rev: 8-2011
Midrail
Toprail
Cross Bracing OK as ToprailCross Bracing OK as Toprail


62. Rev: 8-2011
Scaffold AccessScaffold Access
• Ladders Needed if Access More Than 2’
• Don’t Climb Cross Braces
• Place Ladders Securely

63. Rev: 8-2011

64. Rev: 8-2011

65. Rev: 8-2011
Scaffold Access,Scaffold Access, cont.cont.

66. Rev: 8-2011
Scaffold Grade Plank StampsScaffold Grade Plank Stamps

67. Rev: 8-2011

68. Rev: 8-2011
Acceptable Planking?Acceptable Planking?

69. Rev: 8-2011
Fully Planked?Fully Planked?

70. Rev: 8-2011
Fully PlankedFully Planked

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74. Rev: 8-2011
PFAS Used with Ladder JackPFAS Used with Ladder Jack
ScaffoldScaffold

75. Rev: 8-2011
Makeshift ScaffoldsMakeshift Scaffolds

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79. Rev: 8-2011

80. Rev: 8-2011
Aerial LiftsAerial Lifts
• Aerial lifts (e.g., JLG boom lift) or approved
personnel lift baskets on rough terrain forklifts is
a safe alternative to working from:
• Ladders, or
• other types of scaffolding.
• An aerial lift can be used for the installations of:
• windows
• soffit
• fascia
• gutters
• siding

81. Rev: 8-2011
Aerial Lifts,Aerial Lifts, contcont..

82. Rev: 8-2011
Aerial Lifts,Aerial Lifts, contcont..

83. Rev: 8-2011
Aerial Lifts,Aerial Lifts, cont.cont.
The competent person should:
• Restrict operation of aerial lifts or forklift vehicles to
trained and authorized personnel.
• Use only commercially built personnel baskets
designed for lifting workers.
– Follow the American National Standards Institute’s
(ANSI) standards for using personnel lift baskets.
• Make certain that homemade boxes lifted by a forklift
are not used—homemade boxes are unacceptable.
The competent person should:
• Restrict operation of aerial lifts or forklift vehicles to
trained and authorized personnel.
• Use only commercially built personnel baskets
designed for lifting workers.
– Follow the American National Standards Institute’s
(ANSI) standards for using personnel lift baskets.
• Make certain that homemade boxes lifted by a forklift
are not used—homemade boxes are unacceptable.

84. Rev: 8-2011
Aerial Lifts,Aerial Lifts, cont.cont.
When in the lift:
• Wear a full body harness.
• Attach the lanyard to the boom or an
approved anchor point inside the
basket.

85. Rev: 8-2011

86. Rev: 8-2011
Aerial Lifts, cont.Aerial Lifts, cont.

87. Rev: 8-2011
Aerial Lifts,Aerial Lifts, cont.cont.
When in the lift:
• Always stand on the floor of the basket.
• Do not sit or climb on the edge of the
basket, lean over the edge, or climb out of
the basket.
• Do not use a ladder or other objects to
increase reach.

88. Rev: 8-2011
Aerial Lifts,Aerial Lifts, cont.cont.
When operating the lift:
• Stay at the controls at all times.
• Do not move the vehicle while a person is
in the elevated basket.
• Only use the equipment when it is on
stable and level ground.
• Maintain the required minimum clearance
of 10 ft. (3 m) from power lines carrying 50
kilovolts or less.

89. Rev: 8-2011
Saved By The HarnessSaved By The Harness