Rigging Safety Training by ATP
•
17 likes•6,953 views
Rigging Safety Training by ATP
Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Viewers also liked (20)
Similar to Rigging Safety Training by ATP
Similar to Rigging Safety Training by ATP (20)
More from Atlantic Training, LLC.
More from Atlantic Training, LLC. (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
Rigging Safety Training by ATP
- 1. PowerPoint® Presentation Chapter 5 Rigging Rigging • Calculating Load Weights • Slings • Rope • Webbing • Round (Tubular) Slings • Chain • Rigging Component Inspection • Rigging Equipment Storage • Rigging Component Recordkeeping
- 2. Chapter 5 — Rigging The shape of a load normally determines its center of gravity.
- 3. Chapter 5 — Rigging A load lifted outside its center of gravity will shift to create excess side stress on one sling.
- 4. Chapter 5 — Rigging A load may be unstable and subject to topping if lifting equipment is placed below the horizontal weight center of the load.
- 5. Chapter 5 — Rigging Stock material weight tables list the weight of materials by ft, sq ft, or cu ft.
- 6. Chapter 5 — Rigging Numbers may be rounded off to allow rapid material weight calculations.
- 7. Chapter 5 — Rigging Main sling components include wire rope, fiber rope, chain, webbing, and round sling.
- 8. Chapter 5 — Rigging Other sling components include rigging hardware attachments such as clips, hooks, eyebolts, shackles, sockets, wedge sockets, triangle choker fittings, and master links.
- 9. Chapter 5 — Rigging Basic slings include vertical (single-leg), choker, U, basket, and bridle.
- 10. Chapter 5 — Rigging Tension increases and load capacity decreases as sling legs widen and sling angles are reduced.
- 11. Chapter 5 — Rigging Fiber rope is constructed by twisting fibers into yarn, yarn into strands, and strands into rope. Wire rope is constructed by twisting wires into strands around a wire core.
- 12. Chapter 5 — Rigging The diameter of wire rope is determined by the largest possible outside dimension.
- 13. Chapter 5 — Rigging Moisture, temperature, chemical activity, and bending reduce rope strength.
- 14. Chapter 5 — Rigging Rope bending efficiency rating increases as the diameter of the pulley increases.
- 15. Chapter 5 — Rigging The most common wire ropes used for basic rigging are filler wire, Warrington, Seale, and Warrington-Seale.
- 16. Chapter 5 — Rigging The strength of rope used for safely lifting a load is determined by its breaking strength.
- 17. Chapter 5 — Rigging Rated strength capacities of 6 ×19 wire rope are based on the rope diameter and sling.
- 18. Chapter 5 — Rigging Seizing is the wrapping placed around all strands of a rope near the area where the rope is cut.
- 19. Chapter 5 — Rigging Common wire rope terminations include thimbles and sockets.
- 20. Chapter 5 — Rigging Clip connections must be arranged, spaced, and assembled properly to maintain the strength of the rope.
- 21. Chapter 5 — Rigging Proper installation of a wedge socket has the live end of a rope in line with the socket.
- 22. Chapter 5 — Rigging Synthetic fibers are generally stronger than natural fibers.
- 23. Chapter 5 — Rigging Fiber rope is constructed by twisting fibers into yarn, yarn into strands, and strands into rope.
- 24. Chapter 5 — Rigging Most rope hitching and knotting terminology was derived from nautical (sailing) terms.
- 25. Chapter 5 — Rigging Whipping is tightly binding the end of a rope with twine before it is cut.
- 26. Chapter 5 — Rigging A splice is the joining of two rope ends to form a permanent connection.
- 27. Chapter 5 — Rigging Crowning is a reverse strand splice that is used when an enlarged rope end is desired or not objectionable.
- 28. Chapter 5 — Rigging An eye loop is a rope splice containing a thimble.
- 29. Chapter 5 — Rigging Half hitch and double hitch knots are not secure knots, but are the base formation of other knots.
- 30. Chapter 5 — Rigging A slip knot is a knot that slips along the rope from which it is made.
- 31. Chapter 5 — Rigging A bowline knot is a knot that forms a loop that is secure but is easy to release.
- 32. Chapter 5 — Rigging A wagoneer’s hitch knot is a knot that creates a load- securing loop from the standing part of the rope.
- 33. Chapter 5 — Rigging A timber hitch is a binding knot and hitch combination used to wrap and drag lengthy material.
- 34. Chapter 5 — Rigging A clove hitch is a quickly-formed hitch used to secure a rope temporarily to an object.
- 35. Chapter 5 — Rigging A cat’s-paw hitch is a quickly- formed eye for light-duty lifting.
- 36. Chapter 5 — Rigging A cow hitch is a hitch used to secure a tag line to a load.
- 37. Chapter 5 — Rigging A scaffold hitch is used to support planks or beams.
- 38. Chapter 5 — Rigging A blackwall hitch is a hitch made for securing a rigging rope to a hosting hook.
- 39. Chapter 5 — Rigging Webbing is a fabric of high- tenacity synthetic yarns woven into flat narrow straps.
- 40. Chapter 5 — Rigging Basic sling types are classified as Type I through Type IV.
- 41. Chapter 5 — Rigging Sling load capacities vary based on the sling angles.
- 42. Chapter 5 — Rigging Choker hitch load capacity is based on the angle of choke as the sling body passes through the choke eye.
- 43. Chapter 5 — Rigging The type of web sling selected and its use must be made with safety as the main consideration.
- 44. Chapter 5 — Rigging Round slings are slings consisting of one or more continuous polyester fiber yarns wound together to make a core.
- 45. Chapter 5 — Rigging Chain should be removed from service if the measurement of used chain exceeds 1 1/2% elongation from that of new chain.
- 46. Chapter 5 — Rigging Each chain, except for hoist apparatus chain, has a periodic embossing of a grade number or letter, indicating its capability.
- 47. Chapter 5 — Rigging Working load limits for slings using Grade 80 chain can be determined for a 90° vertical load or quad leg load up to 30° pull angle.
- 48. Chapter 5 — Rigging A shackle is a U-shaped metal link with the ends drilled to receive a pin or bolt.
- 49. Chapter 5 — Rigging A master link is a chain attachment with a ring considerably larger than that of the chain to allow for the intersection of a hook.
- 50. Chapter 5 — Rigging A hook is a curved or bent implement for holding, pulling, or connecting another implement.
- 51. Chapter 5 — Rigging Hoisting hooks used for rigging purposes include choker, grab, foundry, swivel, and sorting hooks.
- 52. Chapter 5 — Rigging A hoisting hook is a steel alloy hook used for overhead lifting and is connected directly to the piece being lifted.
- 53. Chapter 5 — Rigging Kinking, core protrusion, and bird caging may be encountered when inspecting a wire rope.
- 54. Chapter 5 — Rigging Fiber rope inspection is made to remove a rope from service before the rope’s condition poses a hazard with continued operation.
- 55. Chapter 5 — Rigging Webbing should be inspected at least annually and round slings should be inspected monthly.
- 56. Chapter 5 — Rigging Chain should be inspected annually.
Editor's Notes
- The shape of a load normally determines its center of gravity. The shape of a load may be symmetrical or asymmetrical. See Figure 5‑1. A symmetrical load is a load in which one‑half of the load is a mirror image of the other half. Symmetrical loads include straight pipe sections, motors, paper rolls, and sheet metal.
- A load may be lifted without chance of tipping or toppling once the center of gravity is determined (balanced load). See Figure 5‑2. Load tipping occurs when a load is unsteady, unbalanced, or unstable.
- In addition to the vertical center of gravity, the hori-zontal weight center (horizontal center of gravity) of a load must also be determined. The horizontal weight center is a weight mass above a pivot point that causes a load to topple because it is top heavy. The lifting equipment must not be attached to the load at any point lower than the horizontal weight center. A load may be unstable and subject to toppling if lifting equipment is placed below the horizontal weight center of a load. See Figure 5‑3.
- Stock material weight tables are used when a load consists of basic stock materials such as steel or brass bar stock. Stock material weight tables are available listing the weight of materials by their linear, square, or cubic measurements in either the English or metric systems. See Appendix. For example, a 1 diameter round steel bar weighs 2.67 lb/ft (from Weight of Steel and Brass Bar Stock table). See Figure 5‑4.
- The total material weight of an uncovered steel tank 4‑8 in diameter and 5‑11 deep with a wall thickness of Z\v, dimensions are rounded off to 5 diameter and 6 depth. Pi is rounded to 3. See Figure 5‑5.
- A sling is a line consisting of a strap, chain, or rope used to lift, lower, or carry a load. Slings used to lift loads are made of various components. The main sling components lift the load. Main sling components include wire rope, fiber rope, chain, webbing, and round sling. See Figure 5‑6.
- Other sling components include rigging hardware attachments such as clips, hooks, eyebolts, shackles, sockets, wedge sockets, triangle choker fittings, and master links. See Figure 5‑7.
- A sling consists of a section of the main component (rope, chain, etc.) with a loop at both ends. Basic slings include vertical (single‑leg), choker, U, basket, and bridle. Tables are used to determine the safe load capacities of specific rigging components such as rope, webbing, chain, etc., and may also rate their attach-ments. See Figure 5‑8.
- Angular lifting tension increases and load capacity decreases as the sling angle decreases. The sling angle decreases as the lifted load widens. See Figure 5‑9.
- Fiber rope is constructed by twisting fibers into yarn, yarn into strands, and strands into rope. Yarn is a continuous strand of two or more fibers twisted together. A strand is several pieces of yarn helically laid about an axis. A helix is a spiral or screw shape form. Strands are twisted (laid) to form the rope. Wire rope is constructed by twisting wires into strands around a wire core. The strands are laid to form the wire rope. The strands are often laid around a fiber core. See Figure 5‑10.
- The diameter of wire rope is determined by the largest possible outside dimension. See Figure 5‑11. The outside dimension (diameter) is the circle that fully encircles the rope. The rope is measured from the high spot on one side of the rope to the high spot on the opposite side using vernier calipers. New ropes are normally slightly larger in diameter than the specifica-tions indicate.
- A rope loses strength during use due to moisture, tem-perature, chemical activity, and bending. The typical breaking strength of rope shown in charts or tables is based on new rope. Rope wear is indicated by abrasion marks, stretching or breaking of wire or fibers, or a reduction in rope diameter. See Figure 5‑12.
- The D/d ratio is compared to a rope bending efficiency chart to determine the rope’s efficiency factor. See Figure 5‑13. The information obtained for plotting the rope bending efficiency chart is established from static load tests applied to rope bent over stationary diameters.
- Wire rope is also classified by the design of the wire pattern. While many pattern variations exist, the most common wire ropes used for basic rigging are filler wire, Warrington, Seale, and Warrington‑Seale. Each type uses wires of different sizes and offers more or less flexibility and wear than the others. See Figure 5‑14.
- The strength of rope used for safely lifting a load is determined by its breaking strength. See Figure 5‑15. The breaking strength (ultimate strength) of rope is obtained from actual breakage tests. Safe load limits vary with different lifting applications but are generally established by dividing the breaking strength by a safety factor.
- Once the proper wire rope size is determined, the load capacity of choker, basket, or bridle slings used to lift the load are determined. See Figure 5‑16.
- The ends of wire rope must be secured by binding (seizing) to prevent raveling, unsafe loose wires, or strength reduction before cutting a wire rope. Seizing is the wrapping placed around all strands of a rope near the area where the rope is cut. See Figure 5‑17. Seizing holds the strands firmly in place by the tight turning of seizing wire. This must be done twice to both ends before the cut.
- Wire rope ends (terminations) are fastened to fittings or spliced into loops when wire rope is attached to a load. Common wire rope terminations include thimbles and sockets. Fittings, loops, or other attachments may not have the strength of the rope and may reduce the sling efficiency. See Figure 5‑18.
- In a looped rope, the loose end is the dead end, and the load‑lifting portion is the live end. Loops are secured using a U‑bolt clip (clamp). A U‑bolt clip consists of a saddle, threaded U‑section, and two nuts. The clip should be assembled with the threaded U‑section contacting the dead‑end section of the rope for maximum rope strength and to prevent damage to the live end of the thimble and clip assembly. Clip connections must be arranged, spaced, and assem-bled properly to maintain the strength of the rope. See Figure 5‑19.
- A wedge socket is a socket with the rope looped within the socket body and secured by a wedging action. Wedge sockets are popular because rapid position changes are possible and installation and dismantling processes are fairly easy. However, because of its design, a wedge socket can be incorrectly installed, creating a sharp bend on the live end of the rope. The live end must be in line with the socket. The exposed dead‑end section must extend out of the wedge a minimum of eight rope diameters. See Figure 5‑20.
- Synthetic materials used for rigging and lifting include nylon, polypropylene, and polyester. Synthetic ropes are used more commonly today because of the consistent quality of fiber from one rope to another. Also, the breaking strength of synthetic fibers is approximately twice that of manila fibers. Synthetic fibers are generally stronger than short natural fibers because the synthetic fiber is continuous throughout the length of the rope. See Figure 5-21.
- Fiber rope is constructed by twisting fibers into yarn, yarn into strands, and strands into rope. The first step in making fiber rope is to create a yarn by twisting the fibers in one direction. The yarn is twisted together in the opposite direction to create a strand. Strands are twisted (laid) in the reverse direction to create the rope. Reversing the twist of each step prevents the rope from unwinding. See Figure 5‑22.
- Most rope hitching and knotting terminology was derived from nautical (sailing) terms. Basic elements used when working with rigging knots include bight, loop, whipping, working end, working part, standing part, standing end, kinks, nips, and eye loops. See Figure 5‑23.
- Whipping (seizing) is tightly binding the end of a rope with twine before it is cut. See Figure 5‑24. Rope is whipped by applying the procedure: Form a bight with the end of the twine and lay along the rope to be whipped. Wrap twine tightly around the rope, gradually working toward the rope end. The turns are laid hard against each other without over-lapping. Tuck twine through the loop at the end of the rope. Pull loop halfway through whipping by pulling other end of the twine. Trim loose twine ends close to the turns. Seal synthetic fibers with heat.
- A splice is the joining of two rope ends to form a permanent connection. See Figure 5‑25. Splices are used to join the ends of two ropes of similar strength and thickness. Splices include the short splice and the long splice. A short splice uses an unlay of six to eight rope strands on each rope. An unlay is the untwisting of the strands in a rope. A short splice, when braided together, increases the rope diameter. This makes the short splice unsuitable for pulley use. A long splice uses an unlay of 15 turns and does not increase the rope diameter.
- Splicing the working end of a rope into a crown or eye loop produces a workable, neat, and permanent rope termination. Crowning is a reverse strand splice that is used when an enlarged rope end is desired or not objectionable. See Figure 5‑26.
- An eye loop is a rope splice containing a thimble. See Figure 5‑27. Eye loops are spliced for a permanent termination. A thimble is inserted for strength and wear and is held in place by whipping. Wire rope thimbles must not be used with fiber rope. An eye loop is formed by applying the procedure: Unlay four turns of strand. Place a temporary whip on the standing part and whip the strand ends. Form the eye of thimble size. Tuck strand 1 through the standing part at 90° to the lay of the rope. Tuck strand 2 through the standing part in the same direction. Turn the assembly over and tuck strand 3 through standing part. Alternately tuck each strand through the stand-ing part. Trim ends. Remove the temporary whipping. Insert thimble and add whipping.
- Common rigging knots include the double hitch, slip, bowline, and wagoneer's hitch knots. Many knots are variations using the basic half hitch knot. A double hitch knot is a knot with two half hitch knots. A half hitch knot is a binding knot where the working end is laid over the standing part and stuck through the turn from the opposite side. The double turn allows for two gripping nips. A nip is a pressure and friction point created when a rope crosses over itself after a turn around an object. A nip is an essential ingredient of any knot because of the pressure and friction. See Figure 5‑28.
- A slip knot is a knot that slips along the rope from which it is made. A slip knot forms a noose which, when placed around an object, is progressively tightened by strain on the standing part. See Figure 5‑29. A slip knot is formed by applying the procedure: Form a loop by placing the working end over the standing part. Tuck working end under and through loop. Pass standing part through loop.
- A bowline knot is a knot that forms a loop that is abso-lutely secure. See Figure 5‑30. The more strain placed on the rope, the stronger the knot becomes. The knot is easily released when needed.
- A wagoneer's hitch knot is a knot that creates a load‑securing loop from the standing part of the rope. See Figure 5‑31.
- A timber hitch is a binding knot and hitch combination used to wrap and drag lengthy material. A timber hitch may be used to wrap and drag logs, pipes, beams, etc. See Figure 5‑32.
- A clove hitch is a quick hitch used to secure a rope temporarily to an object. A clove hitch is used because it is attached quickly, holds firmly, and has a rapid release. See Figure 5‑33.
- A cat's‑paw hitch is a hitch used as a light‑duty, quickly-formed eye for a hoisting hook. See Figure 5‑34.
- A cow hitch is a hitch used to secure a tag line to a load. A cow hitch is made and released easily but is firm enough to steady loads. See Figure 5‑35. A tag line is a rope, handled by an individual, to control rotational movement of a load.
- A scaffold hitch is a hitch used to hold or support planks or beams. See Figure 5‑36. A scaffold hitch is made from a clove hitch and a bowline knot.
- A blackwall hitch is a hitch made for securing a rigging rope to a hoisting hook. See Figure 5‑37. A blackwall hitch should be made from natural fiber ropes only because synthetic ropes may slip.
- Webbing is a fabric of high‑tenacity synthetic yarns woven into flat narrow straps. See Figure 5‑38. A synthetic yarn is yarn made of twisted, manufactured fibers such as nylon or polyester. Webbing is constructed in one to four plies, with protected edges and red warning cores to indicate wear or damage. Webbing for rigging purposes is normally used when maximum load damage protection is required. The softness of the webbing material, along with its wide and flat design, offers ex-cellent protection for glass and polished or painted loads.
- Basic web slings are assembled in various ways to be used as vertical, basket, or choker hitches. Web slings are fabricated in six configurations (Type I through Type VI). See Figure 5‑39.
- For example, what is the lifting capacity of a basket hitch using a 1 wide, Class 7, Type V endless sling without fittings having a 45 sling angle? See Figure 5‑40. 1. Determine sling vertical capacity. vl = 3200 lb (from Sling Vertical Capacities table) 2. Determine sling angle loss factor. s = .707 (from Sling Angle Loss Factors table) 3.Calculate lifting capacity. LC = vl × l × s LC = 3200 × 2 × .707 LC = 4524.8 lb
- A choker hitch uses sling angle loss factors based on the angle measured from the vertical as the webbing passes through the choke eye. Choker hitch load capacity is based on sling vertical capacity, angle of choke, and the sling rated load factor. See Figure 5‑41.
- Consideration must be given to the kind of load, its weight, and its center of gravity when selecting a web sling. The type of web sling selected and its use must be made with safety as the main consideration. For example, basket and choker hitches are used with web slings. See Figure 5‑42.
- A round sling is a sling consisting of one or more continuous polyester fiber yarns wound together to make a core. Core yarns are wound uniformly to ensure even load‑bearing distribution. A polyester round (tubular) sling is made of a core of continuous yarn, not woven, enclosed in a protective cover. See Figure 5‑43.
- Alloy material is chosen for sling chain to reduce the occurrence of fracturing of the metal. A fracture is a small crack in metal caused by the stress or fatigue of repeated pulling or bending forces. Through the combination of alloy metals and tempering, sling chain is capable of 15% to 30% elongation before breaking. This is a safety specification requirement for sling chain and is not to be used as a determination for replacement. Chain that has exceeded 1Z\x% elon-gation from new links should be removed from service. Any number of links may be used for measuring elongation, but the amount of used links should equal the number of new links. The chain should be taut during measurement. See Figure 5‑44.
- The National Association of Chain Manufacturers (NACM), in conjunction with the International Organ-ization for Standardization (ISO), develops programs to standardize materials and processes for chain. The four main types of chain are binding chain, rigging chain, lifting chain, and hoist apparatus chain. Each chain, except for hoist apparatus chain, has a periodic emboss-ing of a grade number or letter, indicating its capability. NACM specifies that identification must appear at least once every 36 links. See Figure 5‑45.
- Alloy‑steel chain is manufactured as a special‑analysis alloy steel to provide superior strength, wear resistance, and durability. A 1/2 grade 80 chain is rated as having a working load limit of 12,000 lb. See Figure 5‑46. Grade 80 chain is used for all types of lifting slings, overhead lifting, or wherever maximum safety and strength is required.
- Typical connecting attachments between rigging and the hoisting device include shackles, master links, and hooks. A shackle is a U‑shaped metal link with the ends drilled to receive a pin or bolt. The removal of the pin or bolt allows an opening for one or more loop eyes that can be attached to complete a sling. Shackles are made in a straight‑U design (chain shackle) or a curved‑U design (anchor shackle). A shackle may be used to make the connection between the rigging assembly and the hoisting hook. Shackle strength varies to conform to load weight. See Figure 5‑47.
- In most cases, chain slings are assembled by the manufacturer, but when a chain sling is required to be assembled, various attachments, such as a master link, connecting link, chain, and hook may be purchas-ed separately and individually attached. A master link is a chain attachment with a ring consider-ably larger than that of the chain to allow for the insertion of a hook. See Figure 5‑48. Master links are also large enough to incorporate more than one connecting link for creating extra‑legged slings. Master links may be the connection between the hoisting hook and the rigged load. Master link capacity must be equal to or greater than that of any rigging components.
- The WLL of the weakest component should be the working load limit of the entire sling assembly if a sling is required to be assembled using attachments with different working load limits. Do not use makeshift hooks, links, or fasteners fashioned from bolts, rods, or other materials. The hook is a major link between the rigged load and the hoisting equipment. A hook is a curved or bent implement for holding, pulling, or connecting another implement. See Figure 5‑49.
- Hoisting hooks used for rigging purposes include choker, grab, foundry, swivel, and sorting hooks. See Figure 5‑50.
- A hoisting hook is a steel alloy hook used for overhead lifting and is connected directly to the piece being lifted. See Figure 5‑51.
- Kinking, core protrusion, and bird caging may be en-countered when inspecting wire rope. See Figure 5‑52. Kinking is a sharp permanent bending. Kinking is normally caused by improper removal of wire rope from a spool or improper storage. Kinking weakens a wire rope and in many cases makes it useless.
- Fiber rope inspection is used to remove a rope from service before the rope’s condition poses a hazard with continued operation. Fiber rope should be inspected monthly. See Figure 5‑53.
- Webbing should be inspected at least annually and round slings should be inspected monthly. See Figure 5‑54.
- Chain should be inspected annually. Repairs to rigging and hoisting chain should only be made and tested by the chain manufacturer. Never use mechanical coupling links or repair links to repair any sub‑standard rigging or hoisting chain. See Figure 5‑55.