Construction Safety Training by Alliance

Design forDesign for
Construction Safety (DfCS)Construction Safety (DfCS)
2 to 4 Hour Course2 to 4 Hour Course

WHAT IS DESIGNING FORWHAT IS DESIGNING FOR
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY?CONSTRUCTION SAFETY?
The process of addressingThe process of addressing
construction site safety andconstruction site safety and
health, and planning forhealth, and planning for
future maintenance in thefuture maintenance in the
design phase of a project.design phase of a project.

WHY IS IT NECESSARY?WHY IS IT NECESSARY?
 Currently there are no requirements forCurrently there are no requirements for
construction safety in building codesconstruction safety in building codes
 IBC Chapter 33 Safeguards DuringIBC Chapter 33 Safeguards During
Construction-Pedestrian SafetyConstruction-Pedestrian Safety

OSHA 1926-Engineering ControlsOSHA 1926-Engineering Controls
 1926.452 Scaffolds1926.452 Scaffolds
 1926.502 Fall Protection Anchorages1926.502 Fall Protection Anchorages
 1926.552 Hoists1926.552 Hoists
 1926.652 Excavations1926.652 Excavations
 1926.703 Shoring1926.703 Shoring
 1926.705 Lift Slabs1926.705 Lift Slabs

DfCS ProcessDfCS Process11
-It’s a Team Concept-It’s a Team Concept
Design
Kickoff Design
Internal
Review
Issue for
Construction
External
Review
Trade contractor
involvement
• Establish design for
safety expectations
• Include construction and
operation perspective
• Identify design for safety
process and tools
• QA/QC
• Cross-
discipline
review
• Focused safety
review
• Owner review
1
Gambatese

U.S. Construction Accident StatisticsU.S. Construction Accident Statistics11
 Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,226Nearly 200,000 serious injuries and 1,226
deaths each yeardeaths each year
 5.5% of workforce but 21.5% of fatalities5.5% of workforce but 21.5% of fatalities
 Construction has one of the highest fatalityConstruction has one of the highest fatality
rates of any industry sectorrates of any industry sector
11
Bureau of Labor Statistics-2006Bureau of Labor Statistics-2006

CONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS INCONSTRUCTION ACCIDENTS IN
U.S.U.S.11
11
Photos courtesy of Washington Group InternationalPhotos courtesy of Washington Group International

CONSTRUCTION FATALITIES BYCONSTRUCTION FATALITIES BY
OCCUPATIONOCCUPATION11
 Total fatalities 1,226Total fatalities 1,226
 Construction laborers 360Construction laborers 360
 Electricians 117Electricians 117
 Carpenters 114Carpenters 114
 First Line supervisors 113First Line supervisors 113
 Roofers 82Roofers 82
 Painters and paper hangers 54Painters and paper hangers 54
 Structural steel 36Structural steel 36
11
BLS,2006BLS,2006

MOST FREQUENTLY CITED/HIGHESTMOST FREQUENTLY CITED/HIGHEST
PENALTY OSHA VIOLATIONS INPENALTY OSHA VIOLATIONS IN
CONSTRUCTIONCONSTRUCTION11
 Scaffolding 29 CFR 1926.451Scaffolding 29 CFR 1926.451
 Fall Protection 29 CFR 1926.501Fall Protection 29 CFR 1926.501
 Ladders 29 CFR 1926.1053Ladders 29 CFR 1926.1053
 Excavations 29 CFR 1926.651Excavations 29 CFR 1926.651
 Aerial Lifts 29 CFR 1926.453Aerial Lifts 29 CFR 1926.453
11
Most Frequently Cited Standards 2005 www.osha.govMost Frequently Cited Standards 2005 www.osha.gov

Considering Safety During DesignConsidering Safety During Design
Offers the Most PayoffOffers the Most Payoff11
Conceptual Design
Detailed Engineering
Procurement
Construction
Start-up
High
Low
Ability to
Influence
Safety
Project Schedule
1
Szymberski 1987

DESIGN CAN INFLUENCEDESIGN CAN INFLUENCE
CONSTRUCTION SAFETY1CONSTRUCTION SAFETY11,21,2
 22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon,22% of 226 injuries that occurred from 2000-2002 in Oregon,
WA and CA linked to designWA and CA linked to design
 42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003 linked to42% of 224 fatalities in US between 1990-2003 linked to
designdesign
 In Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidentsIn Europe, a 1991 study concluded that 60% of fatal accidents
resulted from decisions made before site work beganresulted from decisions made before site work began
11
Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety Concept”, 2005
22
European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working ConditionsEuropean Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions

What Types of Design Decisions?What Types of Design Decisions?
 IBC paragraph 704.11.1IBC paragraph 704.11.1
requires that a parapet wallrequires that a parapet wall
be at least 30 inches highbe at least 30 inches high
 OSHA 1926 Subpart MOSHA 1926 Subpart M
requires a 39-45 inchrequires a 39-45 inch
guardrail or other fallguardrail or other fall
protectionprotection
 If the design professionalIf the design professional
specifies a 39-45 inch highspecifies a 39-45 inch high
parapet wall, fall protectionparapet wall, fall protection
would not be requiredwould not be required

DfCS Examples:DfCS Examples:
RoofsRoofs
Skylights Upper story windows
and roof parapets

COURSE OBJECTIVESCOURSE OBJECTIVES
 To provide design and constructionTo provide design and construction
professionals with skills to identifyprofessionals with skills to identify
construction safety hazardsconstruction safety hazards
 To provide design and constructionTo provide design and construction
professionals with skills to eliminate orprofessionals with skills to eliminate or
reduce the risk of a serious injury in thereduce the risk of a serious injury in the
design phasedesign phase

COURSE OBJECTIVESCOURSE OBJECTIVES
 Safety Engineering-skills to recognizeSafety Engineering-skills to recognize
hazards and uncover “hidden” hazardshazards and uncover “hidden” hazards
 Design features to eliminate or reduceDesign features to eliminate or reduce
the risk of an injury due to a hazardthe risk of an injury due to a hazard
 OSHA resources for DfCSOSHA resources for DfCS

Crash Course in Safety EngineeringCrash Course in Safety Engineering
 Safety Engineering is a specialtySafety Engineering is a specialty
within the engineering field thatwithin the engineering field that
deals with the identification anddeals with the identification and
elimination of hazards.elimination of hazards.
 Safety Engineering cuts across allSafety Engineering cuts across all
engineering disciplines: Civil,engineering disciplines: Civil,
Mechanical, Chemical, Electrical, asMechanical, Chemical, Electrical, as
well as many branches of science.well as many branches of science.

What is a Hazard?What is a Hazard?
 AA HAZARDHAZARD is the potential to dois the potential to do
harm or damageharm or damage
 RISKRISK is a measure of the probabilityis a measure of the probability
of a hazard-related incidentof a hazard-related incident
occurring and the severity of harm oroccurring and the severity of harm or
damagedamage

Recognized HazardsRecognized Hazards
 Gravity-Falls from elevationGravity-Falls from elevation
Falling objectsFalling objects
 Slopes-UpsetSlopes-Upset
RolloverRollover
Unstable surfacesUnstable surfaces
 Water- DrowningWater- Drowning

 Walking/working surfaces-Walking/working surfaces-
tripping, slippingtripping, slipping
 Mechanical hazards-Mechanical hazards-
Rotation, reciprocation, shearing,Rotation, reciprocation, shearing,
vibration, pinch points, hydraulics,vibration, pinch points, hydraulics,
pneumatics, entanglementpneumatics, entanglement

 Stored energy- springs, pneumaticsStored energy- springs, pneumatics
hydraulics, capacitorshydraulics, capacitors
 Electrical-electrostatic, current,Electrical-electrostatic, current,
voltage, sparks, arcsvoltage, sparks, arcs
 Chemical-corrosive, combustion,Chemical-corrosive, combustion,
toxictoxic

 Biological-allergens, carcinogensBiological-allergens, carcinogens
 Radiant Energy-sound, nuclear,Radiant Energy-sound, nuclear,
X-rays, light, lasersX-rays, light, lasers

Recognized Hazards-SourcesRecognized Hazards-Sources
ANSI StandardsANSI Standards
 ANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding and CuttingANSI Z49.1 Safety in Welding and Cutting
 ANSI Z117.1 Safety Requirements forANSI Z117.1 Safety Requirements for
Confined SpacesConfined Spaces
 ANSI D6.1 Manual on Uniform TrafficANSI D6.1 Manual on Uniform Traffic
Control DevicesControl Devices
 ANSI 10.8 Safety Requirements forANSI 10.8 Safety Requirements for
ScaffoldingScaffolding
 ANSI 14.2 Safety Requirements forANSI 14.2 Safety Requirements for
Portable LaddersPortable Ladders

 ANSI Z93.1 Fire Hazards in OxygenANSI Z93.1 Fire Hazards in Oxygen
Enriched AtmospheresEnriched Atmospheres
 ANSI A14.4 Job Made WoodenANSI A14.4 Job Made Wooden
LaddersLadders
 ANSI A10.6-Safety Requirements forANSI A10.6-Safety Requirements for
Demolition OperationsDemolition Operations
 ANSI A1264.1-Safety RequirementsANSI A1264.1-Safety Requirements
for Workplace Floor and Wallfor Workplace Floor and Wall
Openings, Stairs & Railing SystemsOpenings, Stairs & Railing Systems

 ANSI A10.13 Safety RequirementsANSI A10.13 Safety Requirements
for Steel erectionfor Steel erection
 ANSI A145.1 Recommended PracticeANSI A145.1 Recommended Practice
for Concrete Formworkfor Concrete Formwork
 ANSI Z244.1 Lockout/Tagout ofANSI Z244.1 Lockout/Tagout of
Energy SourcesEnergy Sources

ASTM StandardsASTM Standards
 ASTM F802 Guide for Selection ofASTM F802 Guide for Selection of
Certain Walkway Surfaces WhenCertain Walkway Surfaces When
Considering Footwear TrafficConsidering Footwear Traffic
 ASTM 04.09 Wood ConstructionASTM 04.09 Wood Construction
 ASTM D4532 Respirable Dust inASTM D4532 Respirable Dust in
Workplace AtmospheresWorkplace Atmospheres
 ASTM STP 1150 Fire Hazard and FireASTM STP 1150 Fire Hazard and Fire
Risk AssessmentRisk Assessment

ASTM StandardsASTM Standards
 ASTM O 4.07 Building Seals andASTM O 4.07 Building Seals and
SealantsSealants

NFPA StandardsNFPA Standards
 NFPA Volume 13, 53M Fire HazardsNFPA Volume 13, 53M Fire Hazards
in Oxygen Enriched Atmospheresin Oxygen Enriched Atmospheres
 NFPA 654 Prevention of Fire andNFPA 654 Prevention of Fire and
Dust Explosions in the Chemical,Dust Explosions in the Chemical,
Dye, Pharmaceutical, and PlasticsDye, Pharmaceutical, and Plastics
IndustriesIndustries
 NFPA 241 SafeguardingNFPA 241 Safeguarding
Construction, Alteration, andConstruction, Alteration, and
Demolition OperationsDemolition Operations

Government RegulationsGovernment Regulations
 OSHA 1926.550 Cranes and derricksOSHA 1926.550 Cranes and derricks
 OSHA 1926.251 Rigging Material forOSHA 1926.251 Rigging Material for
Material HandlingMaterial Handling
 OSHA 1926.452 ScaffoldsOSHA 1926.452 Scaffolds
 OSHA 1926.800 UndergroundOSHA 1926.800 Underground
ConstructionConstruction
 OSHA 1926.52 Occupational NoiseOSHA 1926.52 Occupational Noise
ExposureExposure

NFPA StandardsNFPA Standards
 NFPA 30 Flammable and CombustibleNFPA 30 Flammable and Combustible
LiquidsLiquids
 NFPA 325M Fire Hazard Properties ofNFPA 325M Fire Hazard Properties of
Flammable Liquids, Gases & VolatileFlammable Liquids, Gases & Volatile
SolidsSolids

Government RegulationsGovernment Regulations
 OSHA 1918.95 LongshoringOSHA 1918.95 Longshoring
Operations in the Vicinity of RepairOperations in the Vicinity of Repair
and Maintenance Workand Maintenance Work
 OSHA 1926.1050-1053 StairwaysOSHA 1926.1050-1053 Stairways
and Laddersand Ladders
 OSHA 1926.650 ExcavationsOSHA 1926.650 Excavations
 Federal Motor Carrier SafetyFederal Motor Carrier Safety
RegulationsRegulations

Other SourcesOther Sources
 National Safety CouncilNational Safety Council
 MSHAMSHA
 SAESAE
 NIOSHNIOSH
 US Army Corps of EngineersUS Army Corps of Engineers
 ACIACI

Recognized Hazards-ExamplesRecognized Hazards-Examples
Fall Hazards 6 Feet or MoreFall Hazards 6 Feet or More11
11
Photos courtesy of Washington Group InternationalPhotos courtesy of Washington Group International
Unprotected
edges

Confined SpaceConfined Space

Power LinesPower Lines
 Worker electrocuted when his
drill rig got too close to overhead
power lines.
 Design engineer specified
groundwater monitoring wells
were to be dug directly under
power lines.
 Engineer could have specified
wells be dug away from power
lines and/or better informed the
employer of hazard posed by
wells’ proximity to powerlines
through the plans, specifications,
and bid documents.

Hidden Hazards-ExamplesHidden Hazards-Examples
 Underground utilitiesUnderground utilities
 Electrical wire buried in a wallElectrical wire buried in a wall
 AsbestosAsbestos
 Rot/Decay of structural membersRot/Decay of structural members
 Gas linesGas lines
 Any hazard uncovered during projectAny hazard uncovered during project
executionexecution

Hidden Hazards-”What If” AnalysisHidden Hazards-”What If” Analysis
 A “What If” analysis is a structuredA “What If” analysis is a structured
brainstorming methods of uncoveringbrainstorming methods of uncovering
hidden hazardshidden hazards
 Select the boundaries of the reviewSelect the boundaries of the review
and assemble an experienced teamand assemble an experienced team
 Gather information-video tapes ofGather information-video tapes of
operation, design documents,operation, design documents,
maintenance procedures, etc.maintenance procedures, etc.

“What If” Situation Questions“What If” Situation Questions
 Failure to follow proceduresFailure to follow procedures
 Procedures are followed, but areProcedures are followed, but are
incorrectincorrect
 Equipment failureEquipment failure
 Utility failureUtility failure
 WeatherWeather
 Operator not trainedOperator not trained

ExampleExample
Highway Construction Project-Highway Construction Project-
 What if workers have to access drains? Are drainsWhat if workers have to access drains? Are drains
a possible confined space?a possible confined space?
 What about the power lines? Will equipment beWhat about the power lines? Will equipment be
operating near power lines?operating near power lines?
 What about worker/public injury from trafficWhat about worker/public injury from traffic
accidents? Do trucks have enough turning space?accidents? Do trucks have enough turning space?
Is there signage/barriers to re-direct pedestrians?Is there signage/barriers to re-direct pedestrians?
 Will construction vehicles have enough shoulderWill construction vehicles have enough shoulder
space to stop on roadspace to stop on road
 What if worker attempts to manually pick upWhat if worker attempts to manually pick up
drain covers? Are they lightweight? Do they havedrain covers? Are they lightweight? Do they have
handles?handles?

Hidden Hazards-Other MethodsHidden Hazards-Other Methods
 Fault Tree AnalysisFault Tree Analysis
 Design Check ListsDesign Check Lists
 Plan review, if your gut feeling tellsPlan review, if your gut feeling tells
you that something is unsafe, ityou that something is unsafe, it
probably is.probably is.
 Read case studies on constructionRead case studies on construction
accidentsaccidents
 ““Fatal Facts”Fatal Facts”

Design for Safety (DFS)Design for Safety (DFS)
 Identify the hazard(s)Identify the hazard(s)
 Assess the RiskAssess the Risk
 Propose design features to eliminatePropose design features to eliminate
the risk or reduce it to an acceptablethe risk or reduce it to an acceptable
levellevel

DFS- Risk AssessmentDFS- Risk Assessment
Estimate Injury SeverityEstimate Injury Severity
SevereSevere-Death or serious debilitating-Death or serious debilitating
long-term injury such as amputationlong-term injury such as amputation
or comaor coma
SeriousSerious-Permanent or nonreversible-Permanent or nonreversible
injury that severely impactinjury that severely impact
enjoyment of life and may requireenjoyment of life and may require
continued treatmentcontinued treatment

Estimate Injury SeverityEstimate Injury Severity
ModerateModerate-Permanent or reversible-Permanent or reversible
minor injury that does notminor injury that does not
significantly impact enjoyment of life,significantly impact enjoyment of life,
but requires medical treatment.but requires medical treatment.
SlightSlight-Reversible injury requiring-Reversible injury requiring
simple medical treatment with nosimple medical treatment with no
confinementconfinement

Estimate Probability of HazardousEstimate Probability of Hazardous
EventEvent
HighHigh- Very likely to occur, protective- Very likely to occur, protective
measures are nearly worthlessmeasures are nearly worthless
MediumMedium-Occurrence is likely. The-Occurrence is likely. The
frequency of control measures isfrequency of control measures is
significant or control measures aresignificant or control measures are
inadequateinadequate

Estimate Probability of HazardousEstimate Probability of Hazardous
EventEvent
ModerateModerate-Occurrence is possible, but-Occurrence is possible, but
not likelynot likely
LowLow- Occurrence is so unlikely as to- Occurrence is so unlikely as to
be considered nearly zero.be considered nearly zero.

DFS-Risk Assessment MatrixDFS-Risk Assessment Matrix
SeveritySeverity
ProbabilityProbability SevereSevere SeriousSerious ModerateModerate SlightSlight
HighHigh High High Medium LowHigh High Medium Low
MediumMedium High Medium Low LowHigh Medium Low Low
ModerateModerate Medium Low Low NegligibleMedium Low Low Negligible
LowLow Low Low Negligible NegligibleLow Low Negligible Negligible

Other Forms of HazardOther Forms of Hazard
Identification/Prevention MatrixIdentification/Prevention Matrix11
1Hazard Information Foundation, Inc.1Hazard Information Foundation, Inc.
Eliminate the
Hazard
Guard the
Hazard
Provide a Safety
Factor
Provide
Redundancy
Provide
Reliability
Hazard Safety Hazard Safety Hazard Safety Hazard Safety

Natural
Structural/
Mechanical

Electrical
Chemical
Radiant
Energy

Biological
Artificial
Intelligence

DFS-Design HierarchyDFS-Design Hierarchy
 First-Design out the hazardFirst-Design out the hazard
 Second-Provide safety devicesSecond-Provide safety devices
 Third-Provide warning devicesThird-Provide warning devices
 Fourth- Implement operatingFourth- Implement operating
procedures and training programsprocedures and training programs
 Fifth-Use personal protectiveFifth-Use personal protective
equipmentequipment

END OF CRASH COURSEEND OF CRASH COURSE
IN SAFETYIN SAFETY
ENGINEERINGENGINEERING

Typical Construction ProjectTypical Construction Project
ArrangementArrangement
 Project owner separately contracts with aProject owner separately contracts with a
Architect/Engineer and with a generalArchitect/Engineer and with a general
contractor, prime contractor, constructioncontractor, prime contractor, construction
manager, program manager or owner’s agentmanager, program manager or owner’s agent
 Above entities may subcontract out some orAbove entities may subcontract out some or
all of the work to specialty trade contractorsall of the work to specialty trade contractors
 Project owners occasionally contract with aProject owners occasionally contract with a
design-build firm to perform both design anddesign-build firm to perform both design and
constructionconstruction

Root Causes for ConstructionRoot Causes for Construction
AccidentsAccidents11
 Inadequate construction planningInadequate construction planning
 Lack of proper trainingLack of proper training
 Deficient enforcement of trainingDeficient enforcement of training
 Unsafe equipmentUnsafe equipment
 Unsafe methods or sequencingUnsafe methods or sequencing
 Unsafe site conditionsUnsafe site conditions
 Not using safety equipment that was providedNot using safety equipment that was provided
11
Toole, “Construction Site Safety Roles”, 2002Toole, “Construction Site Safety Roles”, 2002

Potential Areas of Concern inPotential Areas of Concern in
Construction SafetyConstruction Safety
 FallsFalls
 Hazardous materialsHazardous materials
 Fire ProtectionFire Protection
 ElectricalElectrical
 ScaffoldingScaffolding
 Floor and wall openings, stairways,Floor and wall openings, stairways,
laddersladders

 Cranes, derricks, hoistsCranes, derricks, hoists
 Material handling and storageMaterial handling and storage
 Excavating and trenchingExcavating and trenching
 Confined SpaceConfined Space
 Work ZoneWork Zone

 Trade specificTrade specific
Steel workersSteel workers
ElectricalElectrical
HVACHVAC
PlumbingPlumbing
ExcavatorsExcavators
ConcreteConcrete

Designing for Construction SafetyDesigning for Construction Safety
(DfCS) – What is it?(DfCS) – What is it?
 An extension of DfS to coverAn extension of DfS to cover
construction projectsconstruction projects
 Recognizes construction site safetyRecognizes construction site safety
as a design criterionas a design criterion
 The process of addressingThe process of addressing
construction site safety and health inconstruction site safety and health in
the design of a projectthe design of a project

Designing for Construction SafetyDesigning for Construction Safety
ProcessProcess11
11
GambateseGambatese
Planning Preliminary
design/
Schematics
Design Construction Operation
and
Maintenance
Planning
Review
Prelim. Design Review
30% Review
90% Review
60% Review

DfCS Examples:DfCS Examples: Prefabrication
Steel stairs
Concrete
Wall Panels
Concrete Segmented Bridge

DfCS Examples:DfCS Examples: Anchorage Points

DfCS Examples:DfCS Examples: Steell Design
 Avoid hanging connections;Avoid hanging connections;
design to bear on columnsdesign to bear on columns
instead using safety seatsinstead using safety seats
 Require holes in columns forRequire holes in columns for
tie lines 21” and 42” abovetie lines 21” and 42” above
each floor slabeach floor slab
 Specify shop weldedSpecify shop welded
connections instead of boltsconnections instead of bolts
or field welds to avoidor field welds to avoid
dangerous positions duringdangerous positions during
erectionerection
 Consider approximateConsider approximate
dimensions of connectiondimensions of connection
tools to prevent pinches ortools to prevent pinches or
awkward assembliesawkward assembliesNational Institute of Steel Detailing and SteelNational Institute of Steel Detailing and Steel
Erectors Association of America.Erectors Association of America. DetailingDetailing
Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety.Guide for the Enhancement of Erection Safety.

DfCS Examples: Residential FallDfCS Examples: Residential Fall
ProtectionProtection

Other DfCS Design ExamplesOther DfCS Design Examples
 Design underground utilities to be placedDesign underground utilities to be placed
using trenchless technologyusing trenchless technology11
 Specify primers, sealers and otherSpecify primers, sealers and other
coatings that do not emit noxious fumescoatings that do not emit noxious fumes
or contain carcinogenic productsor contain carcinogenic products22
 Design cable type lifeline system forDesign cable type lifeline system for
storage towersstorage towers33
11
Weinstein, “Can Design Improve Construction Safety”, 2005Weinstein, “Can Design Improve Construction Safety”, 2005
22
Gambatese, “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”, 2005Gambatese, “Viability of Designing for Construction Worker Safety”, 2005
33
Behm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction SafetyBehm, “Linking Construction Fatalities to the Design for Construction Safety
Concept”, 2005Concept”, 2005

CASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATORCASE STUDY #1-CIRCULATOR
PUMPSPUMPS

PUMPSPUMPS
 Replacing circulator pumps requiresReplacing circulator pumps requires
a ladder,pumps are located in a tighta ladder,pumps are located in a tight
space.space.
 Maintenance worker could fall offMaintenance worker could fall off
ladder, drop pump, or suffer handladder, drop pump, or suffer hand
injury from hitting adjacent pipinginjury from hitting adjacent piping

PUMPSPUMPS
Design review questions-Design review questions-
Is there enough room to replace theIs there enough room to replace the
pumps?pumps?
How high off the ground are the pumps?How high off the ground are the pumps?
What if a maintenance worker has to shutWhat if a maintenance worker has to shut
off a valve an emergency?off a valve an emergency?

PUMPSPUMPS
Identify Hazard-Identify Hazard-
Fall and mechanicalFall and mechanical

PUMPSPUMPS
Assess Risk-Assess Risk-
severity- slight (knuckles) to seriousseverity- slight (knuckles) to serious
(head injury)(head injury)
probability-medium (likely)probability-medium (likely)
risk- low to mediumrisk- low to medium
Additional consideration- solution isAdditional consideration- solution is
simple and inexpensivesimple and inexpensive

PUMPSPUMPS
SeveritySeverity
MediumMedium HighHigh Medium Low LowMedium Low Low

PUMPSPUMPS
DfCS solution: design pumps close toDfCS solution: design pumps close to
ground level so that a ladder is notground level so that a ladder is not
required, provide adequate space aroundrequired, provide adequate space around
pumps, provide a metal identification tagpumps, provide a metal identification tag
for each valve and provide a permanentfor each valve and provide a permanent
identification board in the mechanicalidentification board in the mechanical
room that identifies each valve and it’sroom that identifies each valve and it’s
purpose.purpose.

CASE STUDY #2-CASE STUDY #2-
INSTALLATIONMAINTENANCE OFINSTALLATIONMAINTENANCE OF
HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)
 HVAC System installed in the attic ofHVAC System installed in the attic of
a commercial office buildinga commercial office building
 No floor or platform/walkways wereNo floor or platform/walkways were
designed or installeddesigned or installed
 HVAC technicians had to walk onHVAC technicians had to walk on
joists/trussesjoists/trusses

Design review questionsDesign review questions
What will workers stand on when installingWhat will workers stand on when installing
HVAC system?HVAC system?
Will regular maintenance be required?Will regular maintenance be required?
What will the maintenance workers standWhat will the maintenance workers stand
on?on?
What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?

INSTALLATIONMAINTENANCEINSTALLATIONMAINTENANCE
OF HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)OF HVAC SYSTEM (ATTIC)

Identify hazardIdentify hazard
FALLFALL

severity- serious (knee) to severeseverity- serious (knee) to severe
(death)(death)
probability-medium (likely)probability-medium (likely)
risk- medium to highrisk- medium to high

INSTALLATIONMAINTENANCE OF HVACINSTALLATIONMAINTENANCE OF HVAC
SYSTEM (ATTIC)SYSTEM (ATTIC)
SeveritySeverity
MediumMedium High MediumHigh Medium Low LowLow Low

DfCS solution: design permanentDfCS solution: design permanent
platforms and walkways withplatforms and walkways with
guardrailsguardrails

CASE STUDY #3-RAW COALCASE STUDY #3-RAW COAL
RECLAIM FACILITYRECLAIM FACILITY11
 Plant utility worker was fatallyPlant utility worker was fatally
injured while performing clean-upinjured while performing clean-up
duties at a raw coal reclaim areaduties at a raw coal reclaim area
 Victim either fell through a 56” x 80”Victim either fell through a 56” x 80”
opening in a platform or enteredopening in a platform or entered
through a coal feeder openingthrough a coal feeder opening
11
Case study courtesy of Washington Group InternationalCase study courtesy of Washington Group International

RECLAIM FACILITYRECLAIM FACILITY
Design review questions-Design review questions-
Will workers need to have access toWill workers need to have access to
conveyors?conveyors?
Are covers and/or guardrailsAre covers and/or guardrails
provided for all openings near orprovided for all openings near or
over conveyors?over conveyors?
Are covers and/or guardrail gatesAre covers and/or guardrail gates
interlocked?interlocked?

MechanicalMechanical

severity- severe (death)severity- severe (death)
probability-medium to highprobability-medium to high
risk- highrisk- high

SeveritySeverity
HighHigh HighHigh High Medium LowHigh Medium Low

DfCS solution: design covers and/orDfCS solution: design covers and/or
guardrails over conveyor belts andguardrails over conveyor belts and
opening to conveyor belts. Designopening to conveyor belts. Design
interlocks for covers and gates.interlocks for covers and gates.

CASE STUDY #4-BLINDCASE STUDY #4-BLIND
PENETRATION INTO CONCRETEPENETRATION INTO CONCRETE11
A construction worker penetrated anA construction worker penetrated an
embedded electrical conduitembedded electrical conduit
containing an energized 120-volt linecontaining an energized 120-volt line
while hand drilling into a concretewhile hand drilling into a concrete
bean to install pipe hanger inserts.bean to install pipe hanger inserts.
The conduit was 1 inch from theThe conduit was 1 inch from the
surface.surface.
11
Dept. of Energy Blind Penetration IncidentsDept. of Energy Blind Penetration Incidents

PENETRATION INTO CONCRETEPENETRATION INTO CONCRETE
Design review questionsDesign review questions
How will the worker install the pipeHow will the worker install the pipe
hangers?hangers?
Are there any electrical lines in theAre there any electrical lines in the
concrete beam?concrete beam?
Are there any pipe hangers that will beAre there any pipe hangers that will be
near an electrical line?near an electrical line?

probability- moderate to mediumprobability- moderate to medium
risk- medium to highrisk- medium to high

SeveritySeverity
ModerateModerate MediumMedium Low Low NegligibleLow Low Negligible

DfCS Solution: Design embeddedDfCS Solution: Design embedded
electrical lines deeper than theelectrical lines deeper than the
maximum depth of the pipe hangermaximum depth of the pipe hanger
bolts, clearly mark locations ofbolts, clearly mark locations of
electrical lines on contract drawingselectrical lines on contract drawings

CASE STUDY #5-INCINERATORCASE STUDY #5-INCINERATOR
CLEANOUTCLEANOUT11
 An incinerator located adjacent to a main catwalk on 4An incinerator located adjacent to a main catwalk on 4thth
floorfloor
 There was no catwalk from the main catwalk to theThere was no catwalk from the main catwalk to the
incineratorincinerator
 Workers periodically had to go into incinerator to cleanWorkers periodically had to go into incinerator to clean
 Workers used make shift planking to from main catwalk toWorkers used make shift planking to from main catwalk to
11
Note the catwalk from the main catwalk to the incinerator with the yellow guardrails wasNote the catwalk from the main catwalk to the incinerator with the yellow guardrails was
not in place at the time the worker fell.not in place at the time the worker fell.

CLEANOUTCLEANOUT

CLEANOUTCLEANOUT
Design review questions..Design review questions..
Will regular maintenance be required?Will regular maintenance be required?
How will the workers gain access to theHow will the workers gain access to the
What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?What are the pertinent OSHA regulations?

CLEANOUTCLEANOUT
FALLFALL

CLEANOUTCLEANOUT
probability-medium (likely) to highprobability-medium (likely) to high
(very likely)(very likely)
risk- highrisk- high

CASE STUDY #-INCINERATOR CLEANOUTCASE STUDY #-INCINERATOR CLEANOUT
SeveritySeverity
HighHigh HighHigh High Medium LowHigh Medium Low

CLEANOUTCLEANOUT
DfCS solution: design catwalk withDfCS solution: design catwalk with
guardrail and toeboards from mainguardrail and toeboards from main
catwalk to incinerator.catwalk to incinerator.

IDEAS FOR DESIGNERSIDEAS FOR DESIGNERS
www.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org
Case StudiesCase Studies
 Trimming tops of Concrete PilesTrimming tops of Concrete Piles
 Modular Construction and Installation ofModular Construction and Installation of
ServicesServices
 Temporary Support Steelwork for HighTemporary Support Steelwork for High
Level Work PlatformLevel Work Platform
 Atrium LightingAtrium Lighting
 Integrated Service Column / Panel DesignIntegrated Service Column / Panel Design
 Prefabrication of SteelworkPrefabrication of Steelwork
 Modular Construction of Stone PanelsModular Construction of Stone Panels

TRAILER ACCESS PLATFORMSTRAILER ACCESS PLATFORMS11
11

CAST-IN SOCKETS FORCAST-IN SOCKETS FOR
RAILINGSRAILINGS11
11

COLOR CODED BOLT BAGSCOLOR CODED BOLT BAGS11
11

SAFETY BARRIER TO LOADSAFETY BARRIER TO LOAD
PALLETS ONTO MEZZANINEPALLETS ONTO MEZZANINE11
11

PREFABRICATION OFPREFABRICATION OF
STEELWORKSTEELWORK11
11

MAINTENANCE LIFT TO ACCESSMAINTENANCE LIFT TO ACCESS
ATRIUM LIGHTINGATRIUM LIGHTING11
11

MODULAR SERVICE RISERSMODULAR SERVICE RISERS11
11

GUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERSGUIDANCE FOR DESIGNERS
 Hazardous materialsHazardous materials
 AsbestosAsbestos
 Musculo-SkeletalMusculo-Skeletal
 NoiseNoise
 ExcavationsExcavations
 Erection of StructuresErection of Structures
 SteelworkSteelwork

 RefurbishmentRefurbishment
 Temporary work equipmentTemporary work equipment
 Work at heightWork at height
 RoofsRoofs
 Spatial DesignsSpatial Designs
 Suspended Access EquipmentSuspended Access Equipment
 BlockworkBlockwork

 DemolitionDemolition
 Manual HandlingManual Handling
 Lifting-cranesLifting-cranes

T 20.008 Work at HeightT 20.008 Work at Height11
 Design service runs for so that they can beDesign service runs for so that they can be
maintained from floor abovemaintained from floor above
 Pre-assembly and fitting of trussesPre-assembly and fitting of trusses
 Position splices for steel columns so thePosition splices for steel columns so the
splices can be done from a finished floorsplices can be done from a finished floor
 Install stairways early to avoid the needInstall stairways early to avoid the need
for temporary accessfor temporary access
 Locate service equipment on ground ifLocate service equipment on ground if
possiblepossible
11

T 20.002 Erecting SteelworkT 20.002 Erecting Steelwork11
 Check all steel members for erection loadsCheck all steel members for erection loads
 Ensure that all slender members can resistEnsure that all slender members can resist
compression imposed by lifting slingscompression imposed by lifting slings
 Maximize pre-fabricationMaximize pre-fabrication
 Ensure the spacing of purlins allows forEnsure the spacing of purlins allows for
the largest component to lowered downthe largest component to lowered down
throughthrough
11

T 20.009 RoofsT 20.009 Roofs11
 Provide anchors points for fallProvide anchors points for fall
protectionprotection
 Ensure roof structure can handleEnsure roof structure can handle
stacks of materialsstacks of materials
 Position gutters so that cleaning canPosition gutters so that cleaning can
be done from cherry pickers or frombe done from cherry pickers or from
safe access routessafe access routes
 Consider parapetsConsider parapets
11

H 20.002 NOISEH 20.002 NOISE11
 Cast in crack inducers rather thanCast in crack inducers rather than
saw cuttingsaw cutting
 Cast in anchors rather than siteCast in anchors rather than site
drillingdrilling
 Avoid vibro-compaction of groundAvoid vibro-compaction of ground
 Keep site grinding, cutting, etc. to aKeep site grinding, cutting, etc. to a
minimumminimum
11

H 20.001Musculo-skeletalH 20.001Musculo-skeletal11
 Provide adequate space for liftingProvide adequate space for lifting
machinesmachines
 Design for machine laying of paversDesign for machine laying of pavers
 Design brick laying to reduce longDesign brick laying to reduce long
duration repetitionduration repetition
11

H 10.001 Hazardous MaterialsH 10.001 Hazardous Materials11
 Cast in chases for services ratherCast in chases for services rather
than cut to reduce dustthan cut to reduce dust
 Specify water base or solvent freeSpecify water base or solvent free
paintspaints
 Check to see if there any existingCheck to see if there any existing
contaminants on the site, alertcontaminants on the site, alert
workersworkers
11

Summary/ClosingSummary/Closing
 Introduce the DfCS ProcessIntroduce the DfCS Process
 Basic Safety EngineeringBasic Safety Engineering
 Design FeaturesDesign Features
 Case Studies to Illustrate ProcessCase Studies to Illustrate Process

Summary/ClosingSummary/Closing
DESIGNERS CAN HAVE ADESIGNERS CAN HAVE A
POSITIVE IMPACT ONPOSITIVE IMPACT ON
REDUCING CONSTRUCTIONREDUCING CONSTRUCTION
ACCIDENTSACCIDENTS

DfCS Tools/ResourcesDfCS Tools/Resources
 Construction Industry Institute databaseConstruction Industry Institute database
• www.construction-institute.org/scriptcontent/more/rwww.construction-institute.org/scriptcontent/more/rr
 United Kingdom Health & Safety ExecutiveUnited Kingdom Health & Safety Executive
designer guidesdesigner guides
• www.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.htwww.hse.gov.uk/construction/designers/index.ht
mm
 CHAIRCHAIR
• www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/Safwww.workcover.nsw.gov.au/Publications/OHS/Saf
etyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htmetyGuides/chairsafetyindesigntool.htm
 OSHA WebsiteOSHA Website
• www.osha.govwww.osha.gov

DfCS Tools/ResourcesDfCS Tools/Resources
 Inherently Safer Design Principles forInherently Safer Design Principles for
Construction, The Hazard InformationConstruction, The Hazard Information
Foundation, Inc.Foundation, Inc. besafe@hazardinfo.combesafe@hazardinfo.com
 www.safetyindesign.orgwww.safetyindesign.org

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