2. Contents
▪ What is the Data?
▪ What is the Information?
▪ What is the Knowledge?
▪ What is the Wisdom?
▪ DIKW Hierarchy
3. All our knowledge brings us nearer to our ignorance,
All our ignorance brings us nearer to death,
But nearness to death no nearer to GOD.
Where is the Life we have lost in living?
Where is the wisdom we have lost in knowledge ?
Where is the knowledge we have lost in information ?
The cycles of Heaven in twenty centuries
Bring us farther from GOD and nearer to the Dust.
The Rock (T. S. Eliot)
6. What is the Data?
▪ Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Data adalah:
1. kenyataan yang ada yang berfungsi sebagai bahan
sumber untuk menyusun suatu pendapat;
2. keterangan yang benar;
3. keterangan atau bahan yang dipakai untuk penalaran
atau penyelidikan.
▪ Tesaurus Bahasa Indonesia, Data sama dengan:
??
– bahan, bukti, evidensi, fakta, informasi, keterangan,
masukan, petunjuk, statistik
7. What is the Data?
▪ Data is raw.
▪ It simply exists and has no significance
beyond its existence (in and of itself).
▪ It can exist in any form, usable or not.
▪ It does not have meaning of itself
(Russell Ackoff)
8. What is the Data?
▪ Data by itself has no meaning → "of no use until...in
a usable form“ → "know-nothing“ (Milan Zeleny)
▪ Data are values of qualitative or quantitative
variables. Data are typically the results of
measurements and can be visualized using graphs
or images.
9. Types of Data
Sun
1. Data as Fact
Data are representations of facts about the world.
Hot
2. Data as Signal
Data are conceived of as "sensory stimuli, which
we perceive through our senses"
Word
3. Data as Symbol
Data are "recorded (captured or stored) symbols"
11. What is the Information ?
▪ Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Informasi adalah:
1. penerangan;
2. pemberitahuan
▪ Tesaurus Bahasa Indonesia, Informasi adalah:
1. penerangan, penjelasan;
2. bahan, berita, data, embaran, fakta, kabar,
keterangan, laporan, liputan, warta
12. What is the Information ?
Information is data that has been given
meaning by way of relational connection. This
"meaning" can be useful, but does not have to
be.
(Russell Ackoff)
13. What is the Information ?
Information is inferred from data in the process
of answering interrogative questions (e.g.,
"who", "what", "where", "how many", "when"),
thereby making the data useful for decisions
and/or action.
15. What is the Knowledge ?
Knowledge transforms "information into
instructions.“
(Russel Ackoff)
16. What is the Knowledge ?
Knowledge is the combination of data and
information, to which is added expert opinion, skills
and experience, to result in a valuable asset which
can be used to aid decision making.
(The European Committee for Standardization's
"Guide to Good Practice in Knowledge Management“)
18. Communicating Knowledge
Knowledge can be transferred.
Writing is the most available and most universal of all
forms of recording and transmitting knowledge.
20. Partial Knowledge
In real life situations, our knowledge is always
incomplete or partial. We often have a limited
amount of information and make decisions
accordingly.
21. Scientific Knowledge
Scientific knowledge is generated by scientific
method.
The scientific method consists of the collection of
data through observation and experimentation, and
the formulation and testing of hypotheses.
22. Types of Knowledge
1. Tacit Knowledge
Kind of knowledge that is hard to encode and
communicate
2. Explicit Knowledge
Kind of knowledge that can be encoded and is
transmittable in language
24. What is the Wisdom ?
Wisdom is the ability to increase effectiveness.
Wisdom adds value, which requires the mental
function that we call judgment. The ethical and
aesthetic values that this implies are inherent to the
actor and are unique and personal.
(Jennifer Rowley)
