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FW220-Mental Health and Stress
1.
Chapter 2 Mental Health
and Stress 1 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
2.
Positive Psychology and Character
Strengths • In recent years, psychologists have become more interested in positive psychology – Focus on positive emotions, characteristics, strengths, and conditions that create happiness – Six virtues that “enable human thriving” • Wisdom • Courage • Humanity • Justice • Temperance • Transcendence 2 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
3.
Characteristics of Mentally Healthy
People • Possess high self-esteem • Accept imperfections in themselves and others • Altruistic • Have a sense of control over their lives • Demonstrate social competence in relationships • Able to rely on others • Not overwhelmed by emotions • Try to maintain a positive outlook on life • Capable of intimacy; no fear of commitment • Show creativity • Persevere and take on challenges • Take reasonable risks in order to grow • Can bounce back from adversity 3 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
4.
The Self-Actualized Person •
Self-actualization: the state attained when a person has reached his or her full potential • Proposed by Maslow as the level at which people achieve transcendence – State of well-being that comes from finding purpose and meaning in life 4 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
5.
Optimism, Self-Efficacy, and Resilience •
Optimism: tendency to see problems as temporary and specific rather than permanent and general • Self-efficacy: a general sense that you have some control over your life • Resilience: the ability to bounce back from adverse events 5 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
6.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs 6 Copyright
© 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
7.
Happiness and Positive Psychology •
Happiness involves three components: – Positive emotion and pleasure (savoring sensory experiences) – Engagement (depth of involvement with family, work, romance, and hobbies) – Meaning (using personal strengths to serve some larger end) • Engagement and meaning are the most important in giving people satisfaction and happiness 7 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
8.
Sources of Happiness and
Other Happiness Factors 8 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
9.
Emotional Intelligence • Psychologist
Daniel Goleman expanded concept of intelligence by including the idea of emotional intelligence – Insists qualities such as self-awareness, self- discipline, persistence, and empathy are more important than IQ 9 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
10.
Emotional Intelligence • People
who are emotionally intelligent can: – Recognize, name, and understand their emotions – Manage their emotions and control their moods – Motivate themselves – Recognize and respond to emotions in others – Be socially competent 10 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
11.
Bereavement and Healthy Grieving •
Grieving is a natural response to loss and is often expressed by a multitude of feelings, including sadness, loneliness, anger, and guilt • Such intense emotional feelings can have a negative impact on one’s overall health • There is no right or wrong way to grieve and no specific timetable • Seeking support and keeping a journal can be part of the healing process 11 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
12.
Facing Death • Kübler-Ross,
1969: stages people go through when in the process of dying – (1) Denial and isolation; (2) anger; (3) bargaining; (4) depression; (5) acceptance – Stages are not linear; people experience them in different orders or may revisit stages • More modern approaches focus on ways to live with illness rather than prepare for death 12 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
13.
The Brain’s Role
in Mental Health and Illness • The brain is the central control station for human intelligence, feeling, and creativity – The brain and nervous system mediate all behavior, both normal and abnormal • Since the 1980s, knowledge of the structure and function of the brain has increased dramatically • Advances in imaging technologies (CAT scans, PET scans, MRIs, fMRIs) have allowed for many new discoveries 13 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
14.
The Developing Brain •
By the age of 6, 95% of the brain is formed • A growth spurt in adolescence occurs in the frontal cortex, where the “executive functions” of planning, organization, and rational thinking are controlled • By the early to mid 20s, a more mature adult brain results 14 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
15.
The Teenage Brain 15 Copyright
© 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
16.
Mental Illness and the
Brain • Mental illnesses are diseases that affect the brain • Cognitive disorders are caused by a pathology of the brain and are rare • Mental disorders are more commonly caused by complex interactions • Biological, psychological, social, and cultural factors • Some have a genetic component • Imbalances of neurotransmitters seem to be particularly important in a variety of mental disorders 16 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
17.
Mental Disorders and Treatment •
Mental disorder: a pattern of behavior associated with distress (pain) or disability or with significantly increased risk of suffering, death, pain, disability, or loss of freedom – A mental disorder is different from a psychological problem that can be considered normal, and it can be diagnosed from a set of symptoms 17 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
18.
Mood Disorders • Known
as depressive or affective disorders • Among the most common mental disorders around the world • More than 20 million adults in the United States suffer from a depressive illness, affecting more women than men • Examples include: – Major depressive disorder (depression) – Bipolar disorder (manic episodes) 18 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
19.
Anxiety Disorders • Along
with depression, anxiety disorders are the most common mental disorders – Affect more than 40 million Americans 18 and older • Panic attack: apprehension or intense fear in the absence of danger • Panic disorder: recurrent unexpected panic attacks • Specific phobia: intense fear of a situation or object, invoking immediate anxiety • Social phobia: intense fear of social or performance situations • Generalized anxiety disorder: worry about routine matters • Obsessive-compulsive disorder: persistent, intrusive thoughts, impulses, or images that cause intense anxiety or distress 19 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
20.
Addiction • Continued, compulsive
behavior despite serious negative consequences • Physiological dependence reduces sensitivity to substance’s effects • Withdrawal symptoms occur when substance use stops • Even without physiological dependence, psychological dependence can occur • Usually associated with substance use, but concept of addiction now extended to other areas of compulsive behaviors 20 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
21.
What We’re Addicted
To: Substances and Behaviors 21 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
22.
Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic
Disorders • Disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech or behavior, and other signs that an individual has lost touch with reality • Schizophrenia has a strong genetic component • In most cases, symptoms of the disease can be controlled with medication 22 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
23.
Mental Disorders and Suicide •
Suicide is the second-leading cause of death among college students • About 7% of college-aged students seriously considered suicide in 2012, and almost 1% attempted to kill themselves • Women in U.S. society are more likely to attempt suicide, but men are four times more likely to succeed 23 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
24.
Mental Disorders and Suicide •
What leads a person to suicide? – As many as 90% of those who commit suicide are suffering from a mental disorder— often depression – The symptom linking depression and suicide is a feeling of hopelessness – Depression and alcoholism may be involved in two-thirds of suicides – Substance abuse and depression can be lethal – Sometimes there is no apparent precipitating event or problem 24 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
25.
Mental Disorders and Suicide •
Behavioral signs that may indicate a person is thinking about suicide: – Comments about death and threats of suicide – Increasing social withdrawal and isolation – Intensified moodiness – Increase in risk-taking behaviors – Sudden improvement in mood, accompanied by certain behaviors, such as giving away possessions 25 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
26.
Mental Disorders and Suicide •
How to help: – The danger of asking if someone is thinking about suicide (“planting the seed”) is a myth – Encourage the person to talk – Encourage the person to get help through a suicide hotline or counseling – Do not keep the situation a secret – Do not leave a suicidal person alone 26 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
27.
Self-Injury • Intentional injury
to one’s own body, known sometimes as self-harm, self-mutilation, or self-injurious behavior • Behaviors include cutting, burning, scratching, branding, picking, hair-pulling, and head-banging • Individuals often have a history of physical and/or sexual abuse as well as coexisting problems such as substance abuse or an eating disorder 27 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
28.
Treatments for Mental Disorders •
Psychotherapy – More than 250 different models of psychotherapy – Based on the development of positive interpersonal relationship between a client and a therapist • Medications – Antipsychotics – Antidepressants – Anxiolytics (anti-anxiety) – Use has increased dramatically in recent years 28 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
29.
What Is Stress? •
Stress: the general state of the body, mind, and emotions when an environmental stressor has triggered the stress response • Stressors: events or agents in the environment that can cause stress • When you appraise an event as positive, you experience eustress, or positive stress • When you appraise it as negative, you experience distress 29 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
30.
The Stress Response •
A stress response (or fight-or-flight response) is a series of physiological changes that occur in the body • All animals, including humans, have the ability to respond to emergencies they perceive as dangerous • The autonomic nervous system is triggered via the sympathetic branch to activate the body’s organs to respond to the possible threat; it has two branches: – Parasympathetic branch: initiates stress response – Sympathetic branch: turns off stress response and returns the body to normal 30 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
31.
Who’s at Risk? Stress
in America 31 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
32.
The Stress Response: Changes
in the Body 32 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
33.
The Relaxation Response •
Homeostasis is a state of stability and balance in which body functions are maintained within a normal range • The relaxation response is a series of physiological changes that calm the body systems and return them to normal functioning 33 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
34.
Acute Stress and Chronic
Stress • Your body can deal with short-term acute stress, as long as you recover afterwards • When stress is constant, it becomes damaging to the body • Many people live in a state of chronic stress, which is a stress response continuing without a relaxation and increases the likelihood of illness or disease 34 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
35.
The General Adaptation Syndrome •
Hans Selye developed the General Adaptation Syndrome as an explanation of the physiological changes observed during a stress response • The process has three stages: – Alarm – Resistance – Exhaustion 35 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
36.
General Adaptation Syndrome 36 Copyright ©
2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
37.
Physical Effects of Chronic
Stress • Stress plays a role in illness and disease in a variety of ways – Immune system • Both brief and long-term stressors decrease immune function – Cardiovascular system • Long-term stress response can cause various forms of heart disease 37 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
38.
Physical Effects of Chronic
Stress • Stress plays a role in illness and disease in a variety of ways – Gastrointestinal system • Common forms of stomach ailments can be related to stress – Mental health • Forms of acute and chronic stress can contribute to the development of psychological illnesses – Acute stress disorder – Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) – Adjustment disorder 38 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
39.
Mediators of the
Stress Response • Different people respond differently to stressors • Factors that affect these responses could be past experiences and overall level of wellness • Other critical areas include: – Personality traits – Habitual ways of thinking – Inborn or acquired attitudes toward the demands of life 39 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
40.
Personality Factors • Type
A behavior pattern – Impulsive, achievement oriented, and highly competitive – Prime candidates for stress-related illnesses, and increased risk for a number of other diseases • Type B behavior pattern – More easygoing and less readily frustrated – Less susceptible to coronary heart disease • Recent additional personality types – Type C personality types: introverted, detail- oriented, reserved people – Type D personality types: not very expressive, and hold in negative emotions 40 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
41.
Cognitive Factors, and Resilience
and Hardiness • Cognitive factors: your outlook and beliefs about life affect how you deal with stressors in your life • Resilience: stress-resistant people seem to focus on immediate issues and explain their struggles in positive and helpful ways • Hardiness: characterized by a tendency to view life events as challenges rather than threats 41 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
42.
Sources of Stress •
Life events • Daily hassles – College stress – Job pressure • Burnout – Money and financial worries • Family and interpersonal stress • Time pressure, overload, and technology • Anger • Trauma • Societal issues 42 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
43.
Healthy and Unhealthy Ways
to Manage Stress • Unhealthy ways to manage stress include the use of tobacco, the use and abuse of drugs and alcohol, and the use of food to manage feelings • Need to experiment with active stress management techniques • What works for one person may not be helpful for another • Practice stress management on a regular basis • Some stressful events and situations are overwhelming—don’t hesitate to seek counseling 43 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
44.
Stress Reduction Strategies •
Time management • Social support • A healthy lifestyle • Relaxation techniques – Deep breathing – Progressive relaxation – Visualization (guided imagery) – Mindfulness-based meditation – Yoga – T’ai chi – Biofeedback – Affirmations 44 Copyright © 2015 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
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