DBEDT report on characteristics by race in Hawaii

Demographic, Social, Economic,
and Housing Characteristics for
Selected Race Groups in Hawaii
March 2018
Research and Economic Analysis Division
Department of Business, Economic Development and Tourism
STATE OF HAWAII

This publication is produced by the Research and Economic Analysis Division
(READ) of the Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism
(DBEDT), State of Hawaii, which is responsible for its content and presentation.
Source of data
U.S. Census Bureau, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates
Acknowledgement
This report is prepared by Carlie Fogleman, Research Statistician, under the
direction of Jan Nakamoto. Dr. Yang-Seon Kim, Research and Statistics Officer,
provided guidance on the report.
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Executive Summary
This report describes the demographic, social, economic, and housing characteristics of fourteen
“race alone and in combination with one or more other races” groups in the state of Hawaii using
data collected by the U.S. Census Bureau. Statistics in this report are based on the selected
population data from the American Community Survey for data collected between 2011 and
2015. This report uses the inclusive “race alone or in combination” racial grouping; therefore,
the sum of individual categories may add to more than the total population because people who
reported more than one race were tallied in each race category.
Some highlights from this report are:
• Nearly a fourth, 23.7%, of Hawaii’s population identified as multiracial during the
2011-2015 period.
• The five largest “race alone or in combination” groups were as follows: White (43.0%),
Filipino (25.0%), Japanese (22.1%), Native Hawaiian (21.3%), and Chinese (14.1%). An
estimated 57.0% of the total population was non-white.
• The median age in Hawaii was 38.0 years old. Of the groups studied, the Japanese have
the oldest median age at 43.9 years old, and the Marshallese have the youngest median
age at 18.5.
• 53.8%, of the population living in Hawaii during the 2011-2015 period were born in
Hawaii. As a percentage of their total populations, Native Hawaiians have the largest
native-born population and the Marshallese have the largest foreign-born population.
• An estimated 33.5% of all households had at least one child living in it, and an estimated
32.5% of households had at least one person 65 or older living in it.
• Over 95% of the White, Japanese, Black or African American, and Okinawan populations
in Hawaii had at least a high school diploma during the 2011-2015 period.
• Blacks or African Americans aged 16 and older had the highest rates of labor force
participation in Hawaii. Okinawans had the lowest civilian unemployment rate during the
2011-2015 period.
• One-tenth, 10.4%, of civilian workers in Hawaii were self-employed during the
2011-2015 period. The Vietnamese had the highest rates of self-employment.
• The median household income in Hawaii was $69,515. Of the five largest race groups in
Hawaii, Filipinos had the highest household income and Native Hawaiians had the
lowest.
• An estimated 7.7% of families in Hawaii lived in poverty during the 2011-2015 period.
An estimated 11.2% of all people in Hawaii lived in poverty.
• Homeownership rates in Hawaii were some of the lowest in the nation. An estimated
56.9% of people in Hawaii owned their homes. Only two race groups had homeownership
rates greater than 70%: the Japanese and Okinawans.
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Table of Contents
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Executive Summary
Introduction and Data Overview
Demographic Characteristics
Social Characteristics
Economic Characteristics
Housing Characteristics
Appendix 1: Summary Table for Hawaii’s Largest Race Alone or in Combination
Groups
Appendix 2: Demographic, Social, Economic, and Housing Profiles by Race Group
List of Tables
Table 1: Population Estimates and Percentages for Hawaii’s Largest Race Groups
Table 2: Age Structure by Race Group
Table 3: Birthplace and Citizenship Status by Race Group
Table 4: Average Household Size by Race Group
Table 5: Educational Attainment of the Population Aged 25 and Older by Race
Group
Table 6: Class of Worker by Race Group
Table 7: Families and People Who Live in Poverty by Race Group
Table 8: Gross Rent and Median Selected Monthly Owner Costs by Household Race
List of Figures
Figure 1: Median Age by Race Group
Figure 2: Labor Force Participation and Employment Status of Population Aged 16
and Older by Race Group
Figure 3: Civilian Unemployment Rates by Race Group
Figure 4: Usual Hours Worked a Week by Employed Workers Ages 16-64 by Race
Group
Figure 5: Median Household Income by Race Group
Figure 6: Per Capita Income by Race Group
Figure 7: Homeownership by Household Race 14
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Introduction and Data Overview
This report provides a statistical portrait of the diverse population in Hawaii, highlighting
demographic, social, economic, and housing characteristics of fourteen “race alone and in
combination with one or more other races” groups in the state of Hawaii. The data are tabulated
from the Census Bureau’s selected population data from the American Community Survey
(ACS) conducted between 2011 and 2015. Data represent the average of the five years surveyed.
During the 2011-2015 period, the Census Bureau surveyed a total of 47,993 households in
Hawaii, an average of 9,599 households per year. Over 9% of Hawaii’s population were
surveyed between this 2011 to 2015 period.
Five major race groups are currently categorized by the U.S. Census Bureau: White,
Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, and Native Hawaiian and
other Pacific Islander. Survey respondents may select one or more of these five race groups or
identify as “Some other race” in an open-ended response. Respondents are also asked to indicate
whether they are of Hispanic or Latino ethnicity, which is considered a separate concept from
race by the Census Bureau. In the American Community Survey, more detailed race data are
gathered for Asian groups and Native Hawaiians and Other Pacific Islanders groups.
The selected population data from the 5-year ACS, available once every five years,
allows for the separation of discrete racial groups from the larger racial categories typically
reported by the Census Bureau. For example, we are able to look at data specifically for Native
Hawaiians rather than getting data for only the broader “Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific
Islander” category.
Because an estimated 23.7% of Hawaii’s population are multiracial, this report uses the
“race alone or in combination” data to most fully capture the diversity of the state. Therefore, the
sum of the individual “race alone or in combination" categories may add to more than the total
population or households because people who reported more than one race were tallied in each
race category.
Finally, many of the racial groups are small relative to Hawaii’s total population, making
it difficult to obtain good data about their characteristics from a survey. This report aims to
present as much data as possible; however, caution should be used when drawing comparative
conclusions about small populations, as margins of error may be too large to draw meaningful
distinctions between groups.
The data in this report are presented for the following fourteen race groups, sorted by
estimated percentage and population size of the total Hawaii population.
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Table 1: Population Estimates and Percentages by Race Group
Race Alone or in Combination1
Population Household2
Population
Estimate
Percent of
Total
Household
Estimate
Percent of
Total
Total 1,406,299 100.0% 450,572 100.0%
White 604,474 43.0% 203,877 45.2%
Filipino 352,100 25.0% 73,578 16.3%
Japanese 310,595 22.1% 101,734 22.6%
Native Hawaiian 299,451 21.3% 69,217 15.4%
Chinese 197,905 14.1% 53,203 11.8%
Black or African American 48,863 3.5% 13,932 3.1%
Korean 47,394 3.4% 13,360 3.0%
Samoan 35,554 2.5% 5,824 1.3%
American Indian and Alaska Native 32,989 2.3% 9,231 2.0%
Vietnamese 13,373 1.0% 3,899 0.9%
Marshallese 9,215 0.7% 1,202 0.3%
Okinawan 6,821 0.5% 2,027 0.4%
Guamanian or Chamorro 6,570 0.5% 1,423 0.3%
Tongan 6,241 0.4% 915 0.2%
1. The sum of the individual race "alone or in combination" categories may add to more than the total population
or households because people who reported more than one race were tallied in each race category.
2. Household race is determined by the race of the householder.
Demographic Characteristics
Age. Hawaii’s diverse race groups have noticeably different age distributions. Our
state’s older population, those 65 and older, accounts for an estimated 15.6% of the total
population, and the under-18 population is an estimated 21.9% of the population. However,
individual group composition looks much different. For example, 22.3% of Japanese are 65 and
older, which is one reason their median age, 43.9, is higher than any other group. Marshallese
(49.2%), Tongans (42.5%), and Samoans (42.0%) have the largest under-18 populations as a
percentage of their total populations, helping to explain their low median ages.
The state’s prime working age population, those between 18 and 64, is 62.5% of the total
population. Most individual groups’ working-age populations are similar to the state total.
Blacks or African Americans have a slightly higher age 18-64 population at 64.3%, and
Marshallese have a noticeable, and expected, lower age 18-64 population at 48.7%.
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Figure 1: Median Age by Race Group
Table 2: Age Structure by Race Group
Race Alone or
in Combination
Age group
(Percent of total population of race group)
Under 18 Ages 18-64 Ages 65+
Total population 21.9% 62.5% 15.6%
White 25.1% 62.7% 12.2%
Filipino 29.7% 59.4% 10.9%
Japanese 22.5% 55.2% 22.3%
Native Hawaiian 34.2% 57.5% 8.3%
Chinese 30.2% 57.3% 12.4%
Black or African American 32.1% 64.3% 3.6%
Korean 27.5% 57.8% 14.7%
Samoan 42.0% 53.7% 4.3%
American Indian and Alaska Native 34.1% 59.2% 6.7%
Vietnamese 26.9% 62.6% 10.6%
Marshallese 49.2% 48.7% 2.1%
Okinawan 28.9% 56.6% 14.4%
Guamanian or Chamorro 38.5% 56.4% 5.1%
Tongan 42.5% 53.7% 3.8%
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Social Characteristics
Birthplace. Hawaii’s culture and tropical climate, as well as its proximity to Asia and
military presence, bring people to live here from across the country and globe. A total of 53.8%
of the population was born in Hawaii. Others likely came to be reunited with family, for higher
education, or for work and job opportunities, as 399,893 people, or 28.4% of the population,
were born in another state or U.S. territory and 249,319 people, or 17.7% of the total population,
are foreign born. The diverse backgrounds from which Hawaii residents come enrich the culture
with unique traditions and languages, and may provide insights about the connections Hawaii has
to the wider global economy.
Native Hawaiians have the highest percentage of their population born in Hawaii, 93.3%,
and the lowest foreign-born population, 0.4%. Okinawans and Japanese have the next highest
percentages of Hawaii-born populations, at 88.5% and 84.7% respectively. Marshallese (61.2%)
and Vietnamese (58.0%) have the greatest percentage of foreign-born individuals in Hawaii.
Table 3: Birthplace and Citizenship Status by Race Group
Race Alone or
in Combination
Birthplace and citizenship status
Hawaii-Born
Born in Other
U.S. State or
Territory1
Foreign Born,
Naturalized
Citizen
Foreign Born,
Not a U.S.
Citizen
Total population 53.8% 28.4% 10.1% 7.6%
White 44.7% 50.6% 2.4% 2.3%
Filipino 60.4% 7.6% 20.6% 11.4%
Japanese 84.7% 7.3% 3.2% 4.8%
Native Hawaiian 93.3% 6.3% 0.2% 0.2%
Chinese 76.6% 7.3% 11.3% 4.7%
Black or African American 25.2% 69.8% 3.4% 1.6%
Korean 54.3% 11.1% 24.9% 9.8%
Samoan 64.8% 28.4% 3.7% 3.1%
American Indian and Alaska Native 51.9% 45.9% 1.0% 1.1%
Vietnamese 29.9% 12.1% 42.9% 15.1%
Marshallese 35.0% 3.8% 2.1% 59.2%
Okinawan 88.5% 9.2% 2.1% 0.3%
Guamanian or Chamorro 51.2% 45.9% 2.5% 0.4%
Tongan 54.7% 12.6% 11.8% 20.9%
1. Also includes U.S. citizens born abroad to American parent(s).
Births. The average births per year during the 2011-2015 period was 20,257.1
Hawaii
ranks 6th
among the fifty states and District of Columbia in terms of fertility rate.2
An estimated
1
The American Community Survey estimates are based on survey data, and thus the average births per year may
differ from sources which use administrative records to track births.
2
Fertility rate is the number of women 15 to 50 years old who had a birth in the past 12 months per 1,000 women 15
to 50 years old.
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43.9% of births were given by women who were at least partly White, 28.5% of births were to
Filipino or part-Filipino women, and 24.8% were to Native Hawaiian or part-Native Hawaiian
women.
Household occupancy. Average household size in Hawaii is the second largest in the
United States and District of Columbia. However, across Hawaii’s largest race groups,
household size varies considerably. For all race groups, renters have smaller household sizes
than owners. Among renters, five race groups have an average household size greater than 4.
Among homeowners, three race groups have an average household size greater than 6. Whites
have the smallest average household size, 3.01 for owners and 2.70 for renters, and the
Marshallese have the largest average household size, 16.45 for owners and 6.15 for renters.
Table 4: Average Household Size by Race Group
Race Alone or
in Combination
Owner-
occupied
Renter-
occupied
Total population 3.17 2.83
White 3.01 2.70
Filipino 5.17 4.10
Japanese 3.07 2.78
Native Hawaiian 4.47 3.91
Chinese 3.78 3.39
Black or African American 4.13 2.99
Korean 4.07 2.79
Samoan 9.06 4.74
American Indian and Alaska Native 3.80 3.11
Vietnamese 4.24 2.86
Marshallese 16.45 6.15
Okinawan 3.49 2.91
Guamanian or Chamorro 5.60 4.02
Tongan 8.31 5.65
Household composition. Knowing how families, children, and older individuals are
arranged in households can help us understand family needs. The majority of households in
Hawaii are family households, with 69.6% of households comprised of families. An estimated
33.5% of all households have at least one child living in it, and an estimated 32.5% of
households have at least one person 65 or older living in it. Of the five most populous racial
groups living in Hawaii, Filipinos have the highest percentage of households with children,
48.5%, followed by Native Hawaiians, 44.5%. Of the same top five, Native Hawaiians (26.1%)
and Whites (26.4%) have the lowest percentage of households in which one or more people are
65 years or older.
Marshallese and Tongans, among the smallest racial groups with some of the youngest
median ages, have the highest percentage of family households, at 96.8% and 91.5%,
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respectively. Relatedly, 91.9% of Marshallese households and 65.7% of Tongan households
have children. Japanese households have the lowest percentage of households with children
(25.7%) and highest percentage of households with at least one person age 65 and older (43.4%).
Education. Educational attainment is associated with lower unemployment and higher
immediate and lifetime earnings. Hawaii is ranked 11th
among the fifty states and District of
Columbia in terms of percent of population 25 and older with at least a high school diploma or
equivalent, 18th
with a Bachelor’s degree or higher, and 22st
with a graduate or professional
degree. About 86,000 adults over age 25 living in Hawaii have not earned a high school diploma
or equivalent. Over 95% of the White, Japanese, Black or African American, and Okinawan
populations in Hawaii have at least a high school diploma or equivalent. Over a third of the
White, Japanese, and Okinawan populations in Hawaii have at least a Bachelor’s degree. At
least 10% of the White, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, and Okinawan populations age 25 and older
have graduate or professional degrees.
Although 28.7% of the Vietnamese population age 25 and older do not have a high
school diploma, nearly a fifth of the population has at least a Bachelor’s degree, suggesting that
many of the Vietnamese in Hawaii continue to college once obtaining their high school
diplomas. Of the Vietnamese population with a high school education, over 64% have at least
some college.
Table 5: Educational Attainment of the Population Aged 25 and Older by Race Group
Race Alone or
in Combination
Educational Attainment
Less than
high school
High school
diploma or
equivalent
Some college
or Associate's
degree
Bachelor's
degree
Graduate or
professional
degree
Total population 9.0% 27.9% 32.3% 20.4% 10.5%
White 4.8% 24.4% 34.8% 22.0% 14.0%
Filipino 15.0% 32.3% 33.6% 15.4% 3.7%
Japanese 5.0% 26.6% 30.8% 26.4% 11.2%
Native Hawaiian 8.2% 42.8% 32.6% 11.1% 5.3%
Chinese 11.5% 28.1% 29.3% 19.7% 11.3%
Black or African American 4.8% 20.4% 48.5% 17.5% 8.8%
Korean 9.8% 30.6% 28.7% 20.8% 10.2%
Samoan 10.4% 40.6% 34.3% 11.9% 2.8%
American Indian and Alaska Native 8.4% 26.0% 41.9% 15.1% 8.6%
Vietnamese 28.7% 25.5% 26.1% 14.3% 5.5%
Marshallese 24.0% 53.5% 19.9% 2.3% 0.3%
Okinawan 3.8% 20.5% 34.3% 28.6% 12.8%
Guamanian or Chamorro 5.9% 27.6% 46.2% 11.7% 8.6%
Tongan 11.2% 44.6% 25.8% 11.5% 6.9%
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Employment and workforce. The labor force participation rate is a measure of the
portion of an economy’s labor force relative to its size. It includes those who are employed,
either as civilians or in the Armed Forces, and those who are actively looking for work. Some
people exit the labor force by choice to raise children, care for family members, retire, or go to
school. Others have left the labor force reluctantly—because they have become discouraged
about their job search and have stopped looking or because they cannot find adequate child care
or transportation to facilitate returning to work, among other reasons. The labor force
participation rate in Hawaii was 65.2% for the 2011-2015 time period, 1.6% lower than the labor
force participation rate for the 2006-2010 time period.3
Blacks or African Americans have the highest rates of employment, with 68.0% of the
population aged 16 and older either employed as a civilian or in the Armed Forces. The
Marshallese have the lowest rates of employment, with only 46.7% of the population aged 16
and older employed. However, this population is considerably younger than others. It is
possible a portion of the population is still in school, and thus not in the labor force. It should
also be noted that race groups with older populations, such as the Japanese, Koreans, and
Okinawans, possibly have artificially lower rates of labor force participation due to retirement
among the elderly population.
Finally, a fifth of the Black or African American population is employed by the Armed
Forces. Three other race groups have Armed Forces participation rates greater than the state
average of 3.7%: they are the White population (6.4%), the Guamanian or Chamorro population
(6.2%), and the American Indian and Alaska Native population (3.9%).
3
The estimates of the labor force participation rate reported herein may differ from estimates reported by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates are based on the Current Population
Survey. Survey and methodological differences between the American Community Survey and the Current
Population Survey may produce differing estimates.
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Figure 2: Labor Force Participation and Employment Status of Population
Aged 16 and Older by Race Group
Civilian unemployment rate. In its official definition, the labor force is made up of
those employed and actively seeking work (unemployed). An annual average of more than
42,000 Hawaii residents were unemployed during the 2011-2015 period.4
Five groups have
civilian unemployment rates equal to or lower than the state civilian unemployment rate of 6.1%:
Okinawans, the Japanese, Koreans, Filipinos, and the Chinese. Guamanians or Chamorros,
American Indians and Alaska Natives, and the Marshallese have elevated levels of
unemployment, roughly two to three times the civilian unemployment rates of Okinawans,
Japanese, and Koreans.
It should be noted, however, that the data shown here reflect the average economic
characteristics during 2011-2015, as five years of data are necessary to show statistics for small
racial groups. The state’s economy has improved since the data were collected, and current
civilian employment rates may be lower than shown below.
4
The estimates of the civilian unemployment rate reported herein may differ from estimates reported by the U.S.
Bureau of Labor Statistics. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates are based on the Current Population
Survey. Survey and methodological differences between the American Community Survey and the Current
Population Survey may produce differing estimates.
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Figure 3: Civilian Unemployment Rates by Race Group
Class of Workers. Over two-thirds of civilian workers in Hawaii are private wage and
salary workers. Government agencies, at the local, state, and federal level, are the second largest
employers for civilian workers in Hawaii.
The Marshallese have the highest rates of total private wage and salary workers, with
90.9% employed in the private sector. Among the five largest race groups, Filipinos have the
largest rates of employees in private wage and salary jobs, at 80.1% of the employed population
aged 16 and older.
Blacks or African Americans have the highest rates of government employees at 33.5%
of civilian workers. Most of those employees are work for the federal government—27.8% of all
civilian workers are employed by the federal government. Of the five largest race groups, the
Japanese have the highest rates of government employees.
Business owners in Hawaii are more likely to have unincorporated businesses than
incorporated businesses. Over two-thirds of business owners in Hawaii have unincorporated
businesses. However, business ownership, as a whole, is small in Hawaii, as only 10.4% of
civilian workers are business owners. The Vietnamese population has the highest rates of
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business ownership—24.5% of civilian workers are self-employed, and they have the highest
rates of both incorporated self-employed workers and unincorporated self-employed workers.
Table 6: Class of Worker by Race Group
Race Alone or
in Combination
Class of Worker
(Percent of total employed of race group)
Private wage
and salary
workers
Government
employees
Self-employed
Unpaid
workers
Incorporated
business
Unincorporated
business
Total population 68.8% 20.6% 3.5% 6.9% 0.2%
White 64.0% 21.7% 4.8% 9.3% 0.3%
Filipino 80.1% 15.3% 1.2% 3.3% 0.1%
Japanese 66.2% 24.9% 3.1% 5.6% 0.2%
Native Hawaiian 72.6% 21.3% 1.6% 4.3% 0.1%
Chinese 70.5% 20.4% 2.9% 6.0% 0.2%
Black or African American 59.2% 33.5% 2.1% 4.9% 0.3%
Korean 66.1% 18.5% 5.6% 9.3% 0.5%
Samoan 72.9% 21.8% 1.7% 3.5% 0.1%
American Indian and Alaska Native 67.8% 20.0% 2.3% 9.4% 0.5%
Vietnamese 65.3% 9.4% 8.9% 15.6% 0.8%
Marshallese 90.9% 3.4% 1.8% 3.9% 0.0%
Okinawan 63.0% 30.0% 3.4% 3.7% 0.0%
Guamanian or Chamorro 69.4% 26.4% 0.3% 3.9% 0.0%
Tongan 78.8% 9.0% 0.7% 11.3% 0.1%
Usual hours worked. Full-time work (working 35 or more hours per week) is generally
associated with higher wages and salaries than part-time work. Full-time workers are more
likely to have access to benefits like health insurance and retirement plans, which increases their
quality of life and lifetime earning potential. These data show the usual hours worked by all
employed individuals between ages 16 and 64. They do not, however, indicate if people are
working only part of the year, multiple part-time jobs, a full-time job only, or a full-time job and
a part-time job too. Nor do the data indicate if those working less than full-time are doing so by
choice or if they would prefer to be working more hours.
According to the data, almost 8 out of 10 Blacks or African American workers are full-
time. Of the five most populous racial groups living in Hawaii, Native Hawaiians and Chinese
are the most likely to work part-time, with about 1 out of 4 workers in each respective group
working part-time.
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Figure 4: Usual Hours Worked a Week by Employed Workers Ages 16-64 by Race Group
Income. The median household income in Hawaii was $69,515 during the 2011-2015
period, which ranked Hawaii 6th
among the 50 states and District of Columbia and 29.0% greater
than the U.S. average. Five race groups have median household incomes which are greater than
the state average: the Filipino, Japanese, Chinese, Okinawans, and Guamanians or Chamorro.
The same five race groups also have median family incomes which are greater than the state
average of $80,778. However, only Whites, the Japanese, and Okinawans have a per capita
income greater than the state average of $29,822.
Per capita income in Hawaii, while still greater than the U.S. average, ranks 19th
among
the 50 states and the District of Columbia. This suggests that household structure plays a role in
Hawaii’s high median household income and median family income. Hawaii ranks first in the
nation for multigenerational families and second in household size. More adults in the home
means that more people can contribute to the household income and financial upkeep of the
home.
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Figure 5: Median Household Income by Race Group
Figure 6: Per Capita Income by Race Group
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Poverty Rate. People living below the poverty threshold can struggle with limited access to
food, clothing, shelter, health care, and education. Hawaii’s individual poverty rate, 11.2%, was
the 6th
lowest among the United States and District of Columbia during the 2011-2015 period,
and the poverty rate among families, 7.7%, was the 8th
lowest in the nation; however, poverty
rates in Hawaii vary significantly between race groups, with some groups experiencing very little
poverty while others experience double-digit levels.
Okinawans have the lowest poverty rates for both families and individuals, with an
estimated 25 families (1.8% of families) and 216 individuals (3.2% of the population) living in
poverty. The Marshallese have the highest poverty rates for both individuals and families, with
538 families (46.2% of families) and 4,566 individuals (51.1% of the population) living in
poverty.
Of the five largest race groups, the Japanese have the lowest poverty rates for individuals
and families, with 2,619 families (3.8% of families) and 20,214 individuals (6.6% of the
population) below the poverty level. Of those same five groups, Native Hawaiians have the
highest poverty rates for individuals and families, with 6,610 families (12.6% of families) and
45,420 individuals (15.5% of the population) living below the poverty level.
Table 7: Families and People Who Live in Poverty by Race Group
Race Alone or
in Combination All families All people
Total population 7.7% 11.2%
White 7.3% 11.4%
Filipino 7.5% 9.4%
Japanese 3.8% 6.6%
Native Hawaiian 12.6% 15.5%
Chinese 8.0% 10.1%
Black or African American 9.6% 13.5%
Korean 9.1% 11.2%
Samoan 17.9% 20.4%
American Indian and Alaska Native 15.1% 18.1%
Vietnamese 19.4% 18.0%
Marshallese 46.2% 51.1%
Okinawan 1.8% 3.2%
Guamanian or Chamorro 8.5% 9.0%
Tongan 21.9% 16.2%
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Housing Characteristics
Homeownership. A home is often the largest financial asset held by many households.
Households who rent do not accumulate economic value in their homes and are at risk of
fluctuations in their rental rates, while many homeowners pay a fixed mortgage and see a return
on their investment if their homes appreciate in value. Homeowners may pass their homes onto
their children, creating wealth opportunities for multiple generations of families.
Hawaii ranks 47th
among the fifty states and District of Columbia in homeownership rates
for occupied housing units. Although homeownership rates are low for all racial groups except
the Japanese and Okinawans, it is particularly low among those with younger age structures. Six
of the seven populations with homeownership rates under 50% are populations with median ages
under 28 years old.
Figure 7: Homeownership by Household Race
Gross Rent and Selected Monthly Owner Costs. The Census definition of gross rent is
the contract rent plus the estimated cost of utilities and fuels, if these costs are paid for by the
renter. It is a measure of average monthly housing cost expenses for renters. Selected monthly
owner costs (SMOC) are a comparable measure for housing costs for owners, with and without
mortgages. Selected monthly owner costs are the mortgage payments, real estate taxes,
insurances, utilities, fuels, mobile home costs, and condominium fees.
Page | 14

Housing cost expenses are greatest for owners with mortgages. Median gross rent is
36.7% cheaper than the median SMOC with a mortgage. However, the median selected monthly
owner costs drop 77.8% for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages, an eventual savings
that renters will never see.
Blacks or African Americans and Guamanians or Chamorro have the highest median
gross rents, at $1,945 and $1,940, respectively. This is about 16%—over $300 a month—more
than the third highest median gross rent, $1,636, paid by Whites. Only the Marshallese have a
median gross rent less than $1,000; however, 92.3% of Marshallese rent rather than own.
Samoans, Marshallese, and Blacks or African Americans have the greatest median
selected monthly owner costs among homeowners with mortgages, at $2,728, $2,663, and
$2,605, respectively. Only Native Hawaiian homeowners with mortgages have a median SMOC
less than $2,000. Of those homeowners without mortgages, only Vietnamese have a median
SMOC greater than $600. Marshallese and Tongans without mortgages have the lowest median
SMOC at $226 and $277, respectively.
Table 8: Gross Rent and Median Selected Monthly Owner Costs by Household Race
Median Selected Monthly Owner Costs
Race Alone or
in Combination
Median
Gross Rent With Mortgages Without Mortgages
Total population $1,438 $2,270 $505
White $1,636 $2,352 $524
Filipino $1,313 $2,297 $463
Japanese $1,245 $2,190 $488
Native Hawaiian $1,252 $1,996 $447
Chinese $1,211 $2,342 $549
Black or African American $1,945 $2,605 $536
Korean $1,299 $2,353 $543
Samoan $1,274 $2,728 $463
American Indian and Alaska Native $1,441 $2,133 $390
Vietnamese $1,150 $2,431 $676
Marshallese $987 $2,663 $226
Okinawan $1,054 $2,167 $432
Guamanian or Chamorro $1,940 $2,353 $475
Tongan $1,175 $2,331 $277
Page | 15

This report contains data that describe the demographic, social, economic, and housing
experiences of Hawaii’s 14 largest race groups. Many of the graphs and tables show disparities
in education, income, and resources among Hawaii’s residents. This report is not, however, a
complete portrait of an individual’s or group’s overall well-being. Family ties, community
structure, and culture all play a role in shaping the lives of a population. The groups highlighted
here are more than statistics—they are diverse populations made up of people with multi-faceted
interests and identities. They are supported by friends, neighbors, nonprofits, mentors, and faith
and community leaders, and their stories are richer than that which can be told by Census data
alone.
Page | 16

APPENDIX 1
Summary Table for Hawaii’s Largest Race Alone
or in Combination Groups
Page | 17

SUMMARY TABLE FOR HAWAII'S LARGEST RACE ALONE OR IN COMBINATION GROUPS
STATE OF HAWAII: 2011-2015
[In percentages, unless otherwise specified. The 2011-2015 5-year dataset that was used describes the average characteristics of people living in Hawaii between the years 2011 and 2015. Based on a sample and subject to sampling variability]
Subject
Total
population White Filipino Japanese
Native
Hawaiian Chinese
Black or
African
American Korean Samoan
American
Indian and
Alaska
Native Vietnamese Marshallese Okinawan
Guamanian
or
Chamorro Tongan
SEX
Total population (number) 1,406,299 604,474 352,100 310,595 299,451 197,905 48,863 47,394 35,554 32,989 13,373 9,215 6,821 6,570 6,241
Male 50.5% 53.2% 48.8% 48.0% 50.4% 49.0% 57.9% 44.0% 52.2% 51.3% 47.0% 48.4% 47.1% 49.7% 55.9%
Female 49.5% 46.8% 51.2% 52.0% 49.6% 51.0% 42.1% 56.0% 47.8% 48.7% 53.0% 51.6% 52.9% 50.3% 44.1%
AGE
Under 5 years 6.5% 8.1% 8.6% 6.6% 10.1% 8.6% 10.8% 8.0% 12.6% 10.5% 6.3% 13.7% 7.2% 13.7% 16.6%
18 years and over 78.1% 74.9% 70.3% 77.5% 65.8% 69.8% 67.9% 72.5% 58.0% 65.9% 73.1% 50.8% 71.1% 61.5% 57.5%
21 years and over 74.4% 70.8% 65.7% 74.5% 61.1% 65.8% 62.0% 69.2% 52.0% 61.1% 69.8% 46.6% 68.0% 56.3% 53.5%
65 years and over 15.6% 12.2% 10.9% 22.3% 8.3% 12.4% 3.6% 14.7% 4.3% 6.7% 10.6% 2.1% 14.4% 5.1% 3.8%
Median age (years) 38.0 33.1 31.5 43.9 27.9 32.9 25.5 35.7 22.0 27.8 37.6 18.5 36.1 23.7 22.7
HOUSEHOLDS BY TYPE
Total households (number) 450,572 203,877 73,578 101,734 69,217 53,203 13,932 13,360 5,824 9,231 3,899 1,202 2,027 1,423 915
Family households (families) 69.6% 65.6% 80.7% 68.2% 75.5% 72.9% 66.3% 63.6% 85.4% 65.2% 72.4% 96.8% 70.1% 74.3% 91.5%
Households with one or more people under 18 years 33.5% 31.6% 48.5% 25.7% 44.5% 35.9% 43.7% 27.6% 60.2% 37.3% 41.8% 91.9% 31.0% 42.1% 65.7%
Households with one or more people 65 years and over 32.5% 26.4% 32.9% 43.4% 26.1% 32.7% 10.4% 32.4% 17.7% 20.1% 22.1% 7.8% 34.4% 17.8% 13.1%
FERTILITY
Number of women 15 to 50 years old who had a birth in the past 12 months (number) 20,257 8,886 5,770 3,302 5,021 2,389 800 603 672 453 130 371 59 115 128
Unmarried women (widowed, divorced, and never married) (number) 6,584 2,624 2,352 1,019 2,824 1,000 236 126 186 173 52 189 9 56 15
Per 1,000 unmarried women (number) 39 37 47 29 60 37 36 21 35 33 27 147 10 53 28
Per 1,000 women 15 to 50 years old (number) 63 67 65 52 69 52 69 52 77 55 34 153 35 67 96
GRANDPARENTS
Number of grandparents living with own grandchildren under 18 years (number) 55,170 13,727 20,439 9,583 12,873 6,692 615 994 1,514 651 317 722 151 235 276
Responsible for grandchildren 22.8% 30.3% 18.9% 16.0% 30.2% 23.3% 41.5% 13.6% 26.0% 28.4% 1.3% 44.6% 11.9% 31.5% 25.0%
EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT
Population 25 years and over (number) 962,052 386,518 209,457 218,090 163,249 119,088 25,114 29,944 15,759 17,797 8,770 3,679 4,349 3,143 2,807
Percent high school graduate or higher 91.0% 95.2% 85.0% 95.0% 91.8% 88.5% 95.2% 90.2% 89.6% 91.6% 71.3% 76.0% 96.2% 94.1% 88.8%
Percent bachelor's degree or higher 30.8% 36.0% 19.1% 37.6% 16.4% 31.0% 26.3% 31.0% 14.7% 23.7% 19.8% 2.6% 41.4% 20.3% 18.4%
Percent graduate or professional degree 10.5% 14.0% 3.7% 11.2% 5.3% 11.3% 8.8% 10.2% 2.8% 8.6% 5.5% 0.3% 12.8% 8.6% 6.9%
VETERAN STATUS
Civilian population 18 years and over 1,056,781 422,490 245,773 240,148 196,385 137,391 26,442 34,035 20,384 20,844 9,650 4,666 4,847 3,775 3,591
Civilian veterans 10.4% 12.8% 6.1% 9.6% 7.6% 5.9% 31.6% 5.9% 6.5% 12.8% 2.7% 3.0% 6.1% 11.9% 1.2%
RESIDENCE 1 YEAR AGO
Population 1 year and over (number) 1,388,825 594,803 346,798 306,628 293,742 194,658 47,701 46,608 34,640 32,289 13,231 8,915 6,671 6,431 6,098
Same house 85.1% 80.8% 88.4% 91.9% 87.5% 89.5% 67.8% 87.0% 84.1% 78.9% 86.4% 81.6% 95.9% 84.5% 78.1%
Different house in the U.S. 13.7% 18.1% 10.6% 7.6% 12.3% 9.9% 30.1% 11.4% 14.4% 20.7% 12.0% 14.2% 4.1% 14.9% 21.2%
Same county 9.1% 10.3% 9.0% 6.2% 10.4% 8.1% 16.4% 9.7% 11.9% 14.4% 9.7% 13.3% 3.6% 11.0% 20.2%
Different county 4.6% 7.8% 1.6% 1.4% 1.9% 1.9% 13.7% 1.7% 2.5% 6.2% 2.4% 0.9% 0.5% 3.9% 1.0%
Same state 0.5% 0.6% 0.5% 0.5% 0.9% 0.7% 0.6% 0.2% 0.2% 0.6% 0.6% 0.4% 0.0% 0.5% 0.6%
Different state 4.1% 7.2% 1.1% 0.8% 1.1% 1.2% 13.1% 1.5% 2.3% 5.7% 1.8% 0.4% 0.5% 3.4% 0.4%
Abroad 1.2% 1.1% 1.0% 0.6% 0.2% 0.5% 2.1% 1.6% 1.5% 0.4% 1.5% 4.2% 0.0% 0.6% 0.7%
Page | 18

Subject
Total
Native
Hawaiian Chinese
Black or
African
American
Indian and
Alaska
Guamanian
or
Chamorro Tongan
PLACE OF BIRTH
Native, Hawaii-born 53.8% 44.7% 60.4% 84.7% 93.3% 76.6% 25.2% 54.3% 64.8% 51.9% 29.9% 35.0% 88.5% 51.2% 54.7%
Native, Born in other U.S. state or territory, or abroad of American parent(s) 28.4% 50.6% 7.6% 7.3% 6.3% 7.3% 69.8% 11.1% 28.4% 45.9% 12.1% 3.8% 9.2% 45.9% 12.6%
Foreign born, Naturalized citizen 10.1% 2.4% 20.6% 3.2% 0.2% 11.3% 3.4% 24.9% 3.7% 1.0% 42.9% 2.1% 2.1% 2.5% 11.8%
Foreign born, Not a U.S. citizen 7.6% 2.3% 11.4% 4.8% 0.2% 4.7% 1.6% 9.8% 3.1% 1.1% 15.1% 59.2% 0.3% 0.4% 20.9%
U.S. CITIZENSHIP STATUS
Foreign-born population (number) 249,319 28,230 112,607 24,875 1,339 31,756 2,446 16,416 2,414 713 7,760 5,643 162 192 2,040
Naturalized U.S. citizen 56.9% 51.0% 64.3% 39.6% 54.7% 70.6% 68.2% 71.8% 54.6% 47.7% 74.0% 3.4% 86.4% 85.4% 36.2%
Not a U.S. citizen 43.1% 49.0% 35.7% 60.4% 45.3% 29.4% 31.8% 28.2% 45.4% 52.3% 26.0% 96.6% 13.6% 14.6% 63.8%
LANGUAGE SPOKEN AT HOME
Population 5 years and over (number) 1,315,242 555,609 321,875 290,184 269,259 180,796 43,576 43,616 31,067 29,526 12,526 7,951 6,328 5,670 5,207
Language other than English 25.2% 9.7% 38.7% 16.3% 9.3% 24.5% 10.5% 43.0% 44.6% 10.5% 73.8% 88.9% 8.7% 24.3% 55.5%
Speak English less than "very well" 12.5% 2.0% 21.1% 7.4% 1.8% 13.2% 3.0% 28.1% 15.9% 2.9% 50.1% 44.6% 3.1% 6.8% 18.1%
EMPLOYMENT STATUS
Civilian labor force (number) 695,572 282,195 182,465 148,975 137,221 95,569 18,853 21,083 14,014 14,095 6,635 2,794 3,522 2,746 2,555
Percent Unemployed 6.1% 6.6% 5.9% 4.1% 9.0% 6.1% 10.7% 5.6% 10.6% 11.1% 6.5% 16.9% 3.8% 11.0% 8.1%
COMMUTING TO WORK
Workers 16 years and over (number) 678,279 286,527 169,346 140,284 122,285 88,432 23,071 19,789 12,419 13,023 6,206 2,204 3,314 2,605 2,260
Public transportation (excluding taxicab) 6.5% 3.8% 10.9% 4.4% 5.3% 6.7% 4.6% 4.8% 8.7% 6.3% 12.6% 25.4% 4.0% 6.4% 3.7%
OCCUPATION
Civilian employed population 16 years and over (number) 653,284 263,666 171,760 142,915 124,904 89,744 16,830 19,911 12,525 12,530 6,202 2,322 3,388 2,445 2,347
Management, business, science, and arts occupations 34.0% 39.2% 22.1% 40.0% 25.0% 33.9% 32.7% 34.7% 21.4% 30.7% 24.6% 8.4% 42.1% 34.4% 22.1%
CLASS OF WORKER
Civilian employed population 16 years and over (number) 653,284 263,666 171,760 142,915 124,904 89,744 16,830 19,911 12,525 12,530 6,202 2,322 3,388 2,445 2,347
Self-employed in own not incorporated business workers 6.9% 9.3% 3.3% 5.6% 4.3% 6.0% 4.9% 9.3% 3.5% 9.4% 15.6% 3.9% 3.7% 3.9% 11.3%
INCOME AND BENEFITS (IN 2015 INFLATION-ADJUSTED DOLLARS)
Total households (number) 450,572 203,877 73,578 101,734 69,217 53,203 13,932 13,360 5,824 9,231 3,899 1,202 2,027 1,423 915
Median household income (dollars) 69,515 68,173 76,486 76,298 65,398 73,126 61,272 57,526 62,913 60,689 49,262 32,650 87,938 80,996 51,932
Families (number) 313,612 133,773 59,361 69,369 52,282 38,796 9,234 8,495 4,972 6,014 2,824 1,164 1,420 1,057 837
Median family income (dollars) 80,778 79,442 81,122 95,185 73,609 85,026 67,354 76,649 60,996 73,452 49,583 31,923 108,525 86,607 58,467
Per capita income (dollars) 29,822 31,621 21,403 32,129 20,664 26,274 23,496 26,185 14,757 21,095 19,449 5,963 30,747 20,842 12,131
HEALTH INSURANCE COVERAGE
Civilian noninstitutionalized population (number) 1,352,350 569,743 348,358 307,543 295,795 195,699 41,291 46,832 34,932 31,648 13,062 9,174 6,816 6,259 6,190
With health insurance coverage 94.1% 93.7% 94.4% 96.6% 94.6% 94.8% 94.2% 94.3% 93.3% 92.7% 91.0% 88.0% 96.2% 94.1% 85.2%
With private health insurance 75.9% 76.0% 75.1% 84.8% 67.4% 76.2% 75.0% 77.0% 58.1% 66.2% 58.8% 32.4% 88.9% 73.2% 55.7%
With public coverage 31.8% 29.5% 28.2% 31.2% 36.7% 29.8% 28.6% 27.9% 42.2% 35.0% 39.5% 60.5% 21.7% 31.2% 32.8%
No health insurance coverage 5.9% 6.3% 5.6% 3.4% 5.4% 5.2% 5.8% 5.7% 6.7% 7.3% 9.0% 12.0% 3.8% 5.9% 14.8%
PERCENTAGE OF FAMILIES AND PEOPLE WHOSE INCOME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS IS
BELOW THE POVERTY LEVEL
All families 7.7% 7.3% 7.5% 3.8% 12.6% 8.0% 9.6% 9.1% 17.9% 15.1% 19.4% 46.2% 1.8% 8.5% 21.9%
All people 11.2% 11.4% 9.4% 6.6% 15.5% 10.1% 13.5% 11.2% 20.4% 18.1% 18.0% 51.1% 3.2% 9.0% 16.2%
65 years and over 7.6% 6.8% 7.2% 5.0% 7.9% 10.2% 12.3% 18.4% 9.6% 17.2% 29.1% 32.8% 3.5% 2.1% 6.3%
Page | 19

Subject
Total
Native
Hawaiian Chinese
Black or
African
American
Indian and
Alaska
Guamanian
or
Chamorro Tongan
HOUSING TENURE
Occupied housing units (number) 450,572 203,877 73,578 101,734 69,217 53,203 13,932 13,360 5,824 9,231 3,899 1,202 2,027 1,423 915
Owner-occupied 56.9% 51.2% 57.8% 73.6% 55.7% 64.1% 20.8% 52.0% 27.5% 38.4% 36.0% 7.7% 77.3% 30.1% 36.2%
Renter-occupied 43.1% 48.8% 42.2% 26.4% 44.3% 35.9% 79.2% 48.0% 72.5% 61.6% 64.0% 92.3% 22.7% 69.9% 63.8%
No vehicles available 8.5% 7.0% 6.5% 9.2% 7.3% 10.1% 9.3% 14.0% 12.2% 11.9% 13.5% 13.3% 5.2% 3.7% 2.4%
No telephone service available 2.4% 2.7% 1.9% 2.1% 2.3% 2.1% 1.9% 1.9% 1.6% 2.0% 4.8% 4.8% 2.1% 2.8% 1.0%
1.51 or more occupants per room 3.2% 2.2% 6.4% 1.2% 5.0% 3.2% 1.4% 2.3% 7.8% 2.3% 5.7% 52.2% 3.1% 3.5% 9.2%
VALUE
Owner-occupied units (number) 256,389 104,294 42,520 74,837 38,538 34,116 2,899 6,944 1,600 3,543 1,404 93 1,566 429 331
Less than $50,000 1.5% 1.7% 1.4% 1.3% 1.7% 1.2% 0.8% 0.6% 1.1% 3.4% 3.0% 0.0% 0.7% 0.5% 0.0%
$50,000 to $99,999 1.7% 1.8% 2.0% 1.2% 2.6% 1.1% 1.3% 0.7% 0.9% 3.5% 0.9% 43.0% 0.5% 13.5% 1.2%
$100,000 to $149,999 2.5% 3.1% 2.6% 1.5% 3.7% 1.5% 2.0% 3.8% 2.5% 4.3% 1.3% 0.0% 0.4% 0.0% 11.2%
$150,000 to $199,999 3.3% 3.8% 3.1% 2.4% 5.5% 2.2% 1.2% 2.9% 2.8% 3.6% 2.8% 0.0% 2.4% 1.6% 0.0%
$200,000 to $299,999 10.8% 11.1% 11.6% 9.7% 15.9% 9.8% 14.4% 9.9% 6.4% 13.8% 11.8% 23.7% 12.5% 19.1% 12.4%
$300,000 to $499,999 28.3% 27.5% 34.9% 26.5% 31.9% 26.8% 35.2% 28.1% 37.4% 32.3% 32.5% 20.4% 28.5% 21.9% 18.7%
$500,000 to $999,999 42.6% 39.1% 41.6% 49.6% 33.8% 46.1% 38.1% 40.2% 46.9% 31.1% 40.7% 12.9% 50.4% 37.3% 52.3%
$1,000,000 or more 9.2% 12.0% 2.9% 7.8% 5.1% 11.2% 7.0% 13.8% 2.1% 8.0% 7.1% 0.0% 4.6% 6.1% 4.2%
Median (dollars) 515,300 510,300 469,700 555,200 422,100 561,800 476,200 534,600 494,300 429,100 486,200 (X) 536,000 443,000 532,000
SELECTED MONTHLY OWNER COSTS (SMOC)
Housing units with a mortgage (number) 172,248 72,060 33,548 45,270 28,969 23,378 2,381 4,640 1,415 2,611 1,060 35 1,200 323 291
Median (dollars) 2,270 2,352 2,297 2,190 1,996 2,342 2,605 2,353 2,728 2,133 2,431 2,663 2,167 2,353 2,331
GROSS RENT
Occupied units paying rent (number) 181,028 93,835 29,323 23,198 28,206 17,573 10,693 6,042 4,086 5,429 2,457 1,073 378 968 576
Median (dollars) 1,438 1,636 1,313 1,245 1,252 1,211 1,945 1,299 1,274 1,441 1,150 987 1,054 1,940 1,175
GROSS RENT AS PERCENTAGE OF HOUSEHOLD INCOME (GRAPHI)
Occupied units paying rent, except where GRAPI cannot be computed (number) 177,492 92,145 28,898 22,739 27,768 17,331 10,599 5,730 3,993 5,317 2,409 1,073 378 941 551
As 35.0 percent or more of household income 46.9% 49.9% 36.8% 41.5% 44.9% 39.1% 58.9% 49.3% 43.7% 50.1% 41.0% 41.0% 24.9% 38.6% 49.4%
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, 2011-2015 ACS Selected Population Tables (July 13, 2017); compiled by the Hawaii State Department of Business, Economic Development & Tourism, Research and Economic Analysis Division.
Page | 20

APPENDIX 2
Demographic, Social, Economic, and Housing
Profiles by Race Group
Page | 21

Source: U.S Census Bureau, 2011-2015 American Community Survey 5-year estimates. Estimates are subject
to margin of error.
Total Population
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
The characteristics below are based on
the total population estimates from the
2011-2015 5-year ACS.Total Population 1,406,299 100.0%
One race 1,073,180 76.3%
Two or more races 333,119 23.7%
Social and Demographic Characteristics
Gender
Male
50.5%
Female
49.5%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
15.4%
18-64 years old
62.5%
65 years & older
15.6%
Median age
38.0
Educational
attainment (25 years
and older)
Less than high school
diploma
9.0%
High school diploma
27.9%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
52.7%
Graduate degree
10.5%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
82.3%
Foreign-born & citizen
10.1%
Foreign-born & not citizen
7.6%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
74.8%
Language other than English
& speaks English "very well"
12.7%
Language other than English &
speaks English less than "very
well"
12.5%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households)
Family households Non-family households
Married-couple households Other family households Living alone Other non-family households
51.9% 17.7% 23.6% 6.8%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
of median household income
median
household incomeOwner Renter
56.9% 3.2 2.8 34.6% 46.9%
Labor force participation rate Unemployment rate Median household income People living in poverty
65.2% 6.1% $69,515 11.2%
Employment Characteristics (universe: civilian employees)
Class of workers Share Occupation Share
Private wage and salary workers 68.8% Office and administrative support 13.5%
Government employees 20.6% Management, business, and financial 13.3%
Self-employed 10.4% Sales and related 11.3%
Unpaid workers 0.2% Education, legal, community service, arts, and media 11.3%
Food preparation and serving related 7.9%
Other occupations 42.7%
Page | 22

to margin of error.
Race Group: White
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
the "alone or in combination with one or
more other races" population estimates
from the 2011-2015 5-year ACS.
Alone 357,164 25.4%
Alone or in combination 604,474 43.0%
Gender
Male
53.2%
Female
46.8%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
17.1%
18-64 years old
62.7%
65 years & older
12.2%
Median age
33.1
Educational
and older)
diploma
4.8%
High school diploma
24.4%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
56.8%
Graduate degree
14.0%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
95.3%
2.4%
2.3%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
90.3%
7.7%
well"
2.0%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with White householders)
51.3% 14.3% 24.9% 9.4%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
of median household income household incomeOwner Renter
51.2% 3.0 2.7 36.7% 49.9%
67.0% 6.6% $68,173 11.4%
Private wage and salary workers 64.0% Management, business, and financial 14.7%
Government employees 21.7% Education, legal, community service, arts, and media 13.9%
Self-employed 14.1% Office and administrative support 11.7%
Unpaid workers 0.3% Sales and related 11.2%
Page | 23

to margin of error.
Race Group: Filipino
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 202,501 14.4%
Gender
Male
48.8%
Female
51.2%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
21.1%
18-64 years old
59.4%
65 years & older
10.9%
Median age
31.5
Educational
and older)
diploma
15.0%
High school diploma
32.3%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
49.0%
Graduate degree
3.7%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
68.0%
20.6%
11.4%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
61.3%
17.6%
well"
21.1%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Filipino householders)
55.1% 25.5% 14.1% 5.2%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
57.8% 5.2 4.1 33.2% 36.8%
71.2% 5.9% $76,486 9.4%
Government employees 15.3% Sales and related 11.7%
Self-employed 4.4% Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 11.5%
Unpaid workers 0.1% Food preparation and serving related 9.8%
Management, business, and financial 8.5%
Page | 24

to margin of error.
Race Group: Japanese
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 182,295 13.0%
Gender
Male
48.0%
Female
52.0%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
16.0%
18-64 years old
55.2%
65 years & older
22.3%
Median age
43.9
Educational
and older)
diploma
5.0%
High school diploma
26.6%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
57.2%
Graduate degree
11.2%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
92.0%
3.2%
4.8%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
83.7%
8.9%
well"
7.4%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Japanese householders)
50.6% 17.6% 27.1% 4.7%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
73.6% 3.1 2.8 28.6% 41.5%
60.2% 4.1% $76,298 6.6%
Self-employed 8.7% Education, legal, community service, arts, and media 13.3%
Page | 25

to margin of error.
Race Group: Native Hawaiian
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 87,000 6.2%
Gender
Male
50.4%
Female
49.6%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
24.1%
18-64 years old
57.5%
65 years & older
8.3%
Median age
27.9
Educational
and older)
diploma
8.2%
High school diploma
42.8%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
43.7%
Graduate degree
5.3%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
99.6%
0.2%
0.2%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
90.7%
7.5%
well"
1.8%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Native Hawaiian householders)
47.4% 28.1% 18.3% 6.2%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
55.7% 4.5 3.9 31.2% 44.9%
66.5% 9.0% $65,398 15.5%
Self-employed 5.9% Education, legal, community service, arts, and media 10.3%
Unpaid workers 0.1% Management, business, and financial 9.5%
Construction and extraction 8.0%
Page | 26

to margin of error.
Race Group: Chinese
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 57,134 4.1%
Gender
Male
49.0%
Female
51.0%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
21.6%
18-64 years old
57.3%
65 years & older
12.4%
Median age
32.9
Educational
and older)
diploma
11.5%
High school diploma
28.1%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
49.0%
Graduate degree
11.3%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
84.0%
11.3%
4.7%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
75.5%
11.2%
well"
13.2%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Chinese householders)
52.4% 20.5% 21.8% 5.2%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
64.1% 3.8 3.4 32.0% 39.1%
66.6% 6.1% $73,126 10.1%
Page | 27

to margin of error.
Race Group: Black or African American
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 28,688 2.0%
Gender
Male
57.9%
Female
42.1%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
21.3%
18-64 years old
64.3%
65 years & older
3.6%
Median age
25.5
Educational
and older)
diploma
4.8%
High school diploma
20.4%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
66.0%
Graduate degree
8.8%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
95.0%
3.4%
1.6%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
89.5%
7.5%
well"
3.0%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Black or African American
householders)
49.2% 17.0% 24.8% 8.9%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
20.8% 4.1 3.0 45.7% 58.9%
73.9% 10.7% $61,272 13.5%
Self-employed 7.0% Management, business, and financial 11.2%
Page | 28

to margin of error.
Race Group: Korean
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 23,017 1.6%
Gender
Male
44.0%
Female
56.0%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
19.5%
18-64 years old
57.8%
65 years & older
14.7%
Median age
35.7
Educational
and older)
diploma
9.8%
High school diploma
30.6%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
49.5%
Graduate degree
10.2%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
65.4%
24.9%
9.8%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
57.0%
14.9%
well"
28.1%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Korean householders)
47.1% 16.5% 29.8% 6.6%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
52.0% 4.1 2.8 39.4% 49.3%
59.9% 5.6% $57,526 11.2%
Page | 29

to margin of error.
Race Group: Samoan
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 15,791 1.1%
Gender
Male
52.2%
Female
47.8%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
29.4%
18-64 years old
53.7%
65 years & older
4.3%
Median age
22.0
Educational
and older)
diploma
10.4%
High school diploma
40.6%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
46.2%
Graduate degree
2.8%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
93.2%
3.7%
3.1%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
55.4%
28.7%
well"
15.9%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Samoan householders)
51.6% 33.8% 12.1% 2.6%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
27.5% 9.1 4.7 35.4% 43.7%
64.4% 10.6% $62,913 20.4%
Self-employed 5.2% Transportation 9.9%
Protective services 9.0%
Page | 30

to margin of error.
Race Group: American Indian and Alaska Native
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 3,012 0.2%
Gender
Male
51.3%
Female
48.7%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
23.6%
18-64 years old
59.2%
65 years & older
6.7%
Median age
27.8
Educational
and older)
diploma
8.4%
High school diploma
26.0%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
57.0%
Graduate degree
8.6%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
97.8%
1.0%
1.1%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
89.5%
7.7%
well"
2.9%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with American Indian and Alaska Native
householders)
45.7% 19.4% 26.5% 8.4%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
median
38.4% 3.8 3.1 36.8% 50.1%
64.9% 11.1% $60,689 18.1%
Private wage and salary workers 67.8% Education, legal, community service, arts, and media 13.4%
Government employees 20.0% Office and administrative support 12.6%
Unpaid workers 0.5% Food preparation and serving related 11.2%
Management, business, and financial 9.9%
Page | 31

to margin of error.
Race Group: Vietnamese
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 9,795 0.7%
Gender
Male
47.0%
Female
53.0%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
20.5%
18-64 years old
62.6%
65 years & older
10.6%
Median age
37.6
Educational
and older)
diploma
28.7%
High school diploma
25.5%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
40.4%
Graduate degree
5.5%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
42.0%
42.9%
15.1%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
26.2%
23.7%
well"
50.1%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Vietnamese householders)
53.2% 19.2% 20.9% 6.7%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
36.0% 4.2 2.9 44.4% 41.0%
66.8% 6.5% $49,262 18.0%
Private wage and salary workers 65.3% Personal care and service 15.2%
Self-employed 24.5% Food preparation and serving related 11.6%
Transportation 10.3%
Page | 32

to margin of error.
Race Group: Marshallese
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 7,546 0.5%
Gender
Male
48.4%
Female
51.6%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
35.5%
18-64 years old
48.7%
65 years & older
2.1%
Median age
18.5
Educational
and older)
diploma
24.0%
High school diploma
53.5%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
22.2%
Graduate degree
0.3%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
38.8%
2.1%
59.2%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
11.1%
44.3%
well"
44.6%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Marshallese householders)
52.2% 44.7% 3.2% 0.0%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
7.7% 16.5 6.2 74.3% 41.0%
56.2% 16.9% $32,650 51.1%
Private wage and salary workers 90.9% Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 19.5%
Government employees 3.4% Food preparation and serving related 13.8%
Unpaid workers 0.0% Material moving 10.8%
Transportation 10.2%
Page | 33

to margin of error.
Race Group: Okinawan
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 2,069 0.1%
Gender
Male
47.1%
Female
52.9%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
21.7%
18-64 years old
56.6%
65 years & older
14.4%
Median age
36.1
Educational
and older)
diploma
3.8%
High school diploma
20.5%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
62.9%
Graduate degree
12.8%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
97.6%
2.1%
0.3%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
91.3%
5.6%
well"
3.1%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Okinawan householders)
51.5% 18.5% 23.8% 6.2%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
median
77.3% 3.5 2.9 22.8% 24.9%
69.3% 3.8% $87,938 3.2%
Private wage and salary workers 63.0% Education, legal, community service, arts, and media 19.4%
Computer, engineering, and science 5.3%
Page | 34

to margin of error.
Race Group: Guamanian or Chamorro
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 2,576 0.2%
Gender
Male
49.7%
Female
50.3%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
24.8%
18-64 years old
56.4%
65 years & older
5.1%
Median age
23.7
Educational
and older)
diploma
5.9%
High school diploma
27.6%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
57.9%
Graduate degree
8.6%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
97.1%
2.5%
0.4%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
75.7%
17.5%
well"
6.8%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Guamanian or Chamorro
householders)
48.8% 25.5% 13.4% 12.3%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
30.1% 5.6 4.0 21.7% 38.6%
70.5% 11.0% $80,996 9.0%
Self-employed 4.2% Food preparation and serving related 11.8%
Education, legal, community service, arts, and media 11.0%
Page | 35

to margin of error.
Race Group: Tongan
Population
estimate
Percent of total
population
Alone 3,304 0.2%
Gender
Male
55.9%
Female
44.1%
Age distribution
5-17 years old
25.9%
18-64 years old
53.7%
65 years & older
3.8%
Median age
22.7
Educational
and older)
diploma
11.2%
High school diploma
44.6%
Some college or
Bachelor’s degree
37.3%
Graduate degree
6.9%
Nativity and
citizenship status
Native born
67.3%
11.8%
20.9%
Language used at
home (5 years and
over)
English only
44.5%
37.4%
well"
18.1%
Household & Housing Characteristics (universe: households with Tongan householders)
56.5% 35.0% 5.9% 2.6%
Homeownership
rate
Household size
36.2% 8.3 5.7 56.4% 49.4%
67.4% 8.1% $51,932 16.2%
Private wage and salary workers 78.8% Building and grounds cleaning and maintenance 20.4%
Government employees 9.0% Education, legal, community service, arts, and media 13.2%
Unpaid workers 0.1% Construction and extraction 10.4%
Sales and related 8.4%
Page | 36

DBEDT report on characteristics by race in Hawaii

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DBEDT report on characteristics by race in Hawaii