1. PHILOSOPHICAL
THEORIES

2. IDEALISM
Idealism was inferred from the Greek word “idein”
which means to see. Idea is a philosophical term
denoting sense, meaning “essence” and closely
connected with the categories of thinking and being.
In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies
which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is
fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or
otherwise immaterial.

3. IDEALISM
Idealism was inferred from the Greek word “idein”
which means to see. Idea is a philosophical term
denoting sense, meaning “essence” and closely
connected with the categories of thinking and being.
Idealism is a term in philosophy that refers to the
rejection of a physical reality. Instead, idealists suggest
that everything in the universe is either constructed by
human minds, or that it is without material substance.

4. IDEALISM
For Rene Descartes, the central principle of idealism is
the primary of self. This principle involves three ideas
concerning the significance of the self:
1. It is the self-evident reality; knowledge of oneself is a
first and immediate response
2. It is the self that must be the starting point in thought
3. The existence of God is widened in our experience
by the fact that we have an idea of this perfect being

5. IDEALISM
Idealism holds that we, ourselves, are real and not
just mere illusions nor dreams. It also asserts that spiritual
which is non-material is primary and material is
secondary.

6. NATURALISM
Naturalism is a philosophical view that all objects
and events are capable of being accounted for by the
scientific explanation, usually allied with the claim that
there is no supernatural objects, processes, and causes.

7. NATURALISM
“The native condition of man is a war of everyone
against everyone.” – Thomas Hobbes
He concludes that the man’s hunger for power is
such a restless unquenchable desire that it only ceases at
death.

8. NATURALISM
“Everything is good as it leaves the hands of the
author of things, everything degenerates in the hands of
man.” – Jean Jacques Rousseau
He concludes that the man turns everything
upside down, he disfigures everything. He wants nothing
as nature made it, not even the man himself.

9. NATURALISM
Three Great Principles of Teaching:
1. Principle of Growth – the work of a teacher is not to
impel learning but merely to guide it in such a way that it
follows the natural order
2. Principles of Student Activity – nothing must be done
for the student that he can do for himself
3. Principle of Individualization – the student is not to be
adjusted to the education but the education is to be adjusted
to his needs

10. REALISM
Realism is a philosophy based on what is real as
they are, something that exists independently of all other
things and from which all other things are derived.
The sources of knowledge is the physical
environment and learning occurs through contact with
the environment.

11. REALISM
“The material substance out of which the world is
made did not exist with God before the creation of
universe.” – St. Thomas Aquinas
Matter was created by God as the primary
substance is not an uncaused essence or existence and
is dependent upon God for existence.

12. REALISM
“The reality of the world is guaranteed to him by
the goodness of God.” – Rene Descartes
“The mind at birth is a tabula rasa.” – John Locke
Our mind is just like a blank sheet of paper upon
the world writes its impression. Thus, experience is the
source of all knowledge.

13. REALISM
Two Principles of Realism:
1. All beings, material or immaterial, can be understood
clearly by the human mind as they appear to be what they
are.
2. The familiarity gained by experience and by human
nature is unchanging and dependent, and serves as as norm
for the decision and action of the individual and society

14. MATERIALISM
Materialism asserts that material is primary while
the spiritual or ideal is secondary. This connotes that the
world is eternal and was not created by God, hence, the
world is infinite in time and space.

15. OTHER THEORIES
CONCEPTUALISM – the doctrine that the
application of a general term to various objects indicates
the existence of a mental entity that mediates the
application
CONFUCIANISM – the teachings of Confucius
emphasizing love for humanity (peace and justice)

16. OTHER THEORIES
DECONSTRUCTIONISM – a philosophical theory of
criticism that seeks to expose deep-seated
contradictions in a work by delving below its surface
meaning
EMPIRICISM/SENSATIONALISM – the doctrine that
knowledge derives from experience

17. OTHER THEORIES
ENVIRONMENTALISM – the philosophical doctrine
that environment is more important that heredity in
developing intellectual growth
EXISTENTIALISM – philosophy which assumes that
people are entirely free and thus, responsible for what
they make of themselves

18. OTHER THEORIES
DETERMINISM – a philosophical theory holding that
all events are inevitable consequences of antecedent
sufficient causes; often understood as denying the
possibility of free will
FORMALISM – this philosophical theory that formal
statements have no meaning but that its symbols exhibit
a form that has useful application

19. OTHER THEORIES
HEREDITARIANISM – the philosophical doctrine that
heredity is more important than environment
INTUITIONISM – the doctrine that knowledge is
acquire primary by intuition
LOGICISM – the philosophical theory that all of
mathematics can be derives from formal logic

20. OTHER THEORIES
MECHANISM – the philosophical theory that all
phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or
biological causes
NATIVISM – the philosophical theory that some ideas
are innate
NEOPLATONISM – most distinctive doctrine that holds
the first principle and source of reality transcends being and
thought and is naturally unknowable

21. OTHER THEORIES
NOMINALISM – the doctrine that the various
objects labeled by the same term have nothing in
common but their names
OPERATIONALISM – the doctrine that the meaning
of proposition consists of the operations involved in
proving or applying it

22. OTHER THEORIES
PRAGMATISM – the doctrine that practical
consequences are the criteria of knowledge and
meaning and value
PROBABILISM – the doctrine that probability is a
sufficient basis to believe an action
RATIONALISM – the doctrine that knowledge is
acquire by reason without resort to experience

23. OTHER THEORIES
NAÏVE REALISM – the philosophical doctrine that
physical objects continue to exist when not perceived
RELATIVISM – the philosophical doctrine that all
criteria are relative to the individuals and situations
involved
SCHOLASTICISM – the system of philosophy
dominant in medieval Europe

24. VALUES
Value is define as a principle or belief that a
person and publicly affirms with conviction, acts on
consistently, and chooses from among alternatives.
Values may be classified in terms of 1. Personal
Values 2. Family Values 3. Spiritual Values 4. Work Values
5. Career Values 6. Social Values 7. Cultural Values