7. Advocates (and criticizes)
certain ideals and values about
how humans ought to live in
community with others and
prescribes methods for attaining
(or avoiding) these ideas and
values
15. Common meanings of ideology
(Andrew Haywood)
• a political belief system
• action-oriented set of political ideas
• ideas of the ruling-class
• world-view of a particular social class or social group
• political ideas that embody or articulate class or social interests
• ideas that propagate false consciousness amongst the exploited or
oppressed
• ideas that situate the individual within a social context and generate
a sense of collective belonging
• an officially sanctioned set of ideas used to legitimize a political
system or regime
• an all-embracing political doctrine that claims a monopoly on truth
• an abstract and highly systematic set of political ideas
17. They provide ideas reflecting
people’s private interests rather
than more universal, public
interests. More specifically,
ideologies are the “weapons of the
ruling class” – ideas that allow the
most powerful members of society
to maintain their dominant status.
24. They are based on paranoia, or
irrational fears about the motivations
and powers of some “evil” opponents,
leading to (a) simplistic evaluations
contrasting the forces of evil (“them”,
the other) against the forces of good
(“us”), (b) intolerance of everyone
who does not believe precisely as
“we” do, and (c) an unwillingness to
bargain and compromise with “them”.
25. They assert a moral and political
absolutism, dogmatically
insisting on certain principles
and behaviors and demanding
conformity to their “truths”.
26. They are extremist in that they
reject the established political,
social and economic institutions
and the stable benefits provided
by these institutions.
44. a relatively coherent set of
empirical and normative beliefs
and thought, focusing on the
problems of human nature, the
process of history, and socio-
political arrangements
50. The Triadic Model of Freedom
(from Ball and Dagger, Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal)
B.
OBSTACLE
A. C.
AGENT GOAL
51. IDEOLOGY AGENT(S) GOAL(S) OBSTACLES
Liberalism The Individual To live his or her own way, without Laws, customs, or conditions which
undue interference from others. block individual choice.
Conservatism Interconnected Order, stability, harmony, Radical ideas, innovation, passions,
Individuals continuity. desires, lack of restraint.
Marxism The common/ Fulfillment of human needs, e.g. Class divisions, economic
working people satisfying work, fair share of inequalities, unequal life chances,
product. “false consciousness.”
Fascism The Nation-State The power and glory of the state. Individualism, independent groups,
(Italian) class divisions.
Fascism The Aryan Race Racial Supremacy; “1000 Year “Inferior races,” humanitarian ideas,
(Nazism) Reich.” class divisions.
Feminism Women Equality of Opportunity. Legal and institutional
(Liberal) discrimination.
Feminism Women Power and respect for differences. Sexist beliefs, attitudes, and
(Women’s stereotypes.
Liberation)
Gay Gay men and women Gay power, pride, and dignity. Homophobia.
Liberation
“Black Black People Black pride, power, and dignity. Racist beliefs and attitudes.
Power”
Liberation Christians Equal dignity and respect for all. Sin – i.e., oppression or indifference
Theology to suffering.
54. AUTHORITY
Communism Fascism
Welfare-state Neo-conservatism
Liberalism
LEFT RIGHT
Democratic Socialism Free-market
Liberalism
Social
Libertarianism
Anarchism
LIBERTY
57. “The left/right continuum…is itself
ideological. It serves the purpose of
bestowing a moderate or,
respectively, radical or even
dangerous aura on an ideology. It
suggests that to move among
ideologies can be a gradual process,
and it indicates that ideologies are
mutually exclusive and hence offer
clear-cut alternatives.”
- Michael Freeden
