Talk about how medicinal plants contribute to our modern medicine.

1. Contribution of medicinal plants to
modern medicine

2. Course Title:
Complementary & Alternative Medicine
Department Of Pharmacy
Stamford University Bangladesh
Prepare By:
Name ID
Md.Tanvir Hossain BPH 05106825

3.  Plants and man are inseparable.
Because plants not only provides man
with food, shelter and medicine, but
also the life sustaining oxygen gas.
 Since disease, decay, and death have
always co-treatment at the dawn of
human intellect. Thus the human race
started using plants as a means of
treatment of diseases and injuries from
the early days of civilization on earth
and in its long journey from ancient
time to modern age.

4.  Roughly 50,000 species of higher plants (about 1
in 6 of all species) have been used medicinally.
This represents by far the biggest use of the
natural world in terms of number of species.
 Most species are used only in folk medicine,
traditional systems of formal medicine using
relatively few (e.g. 500-600 commonly in
Traditionally Chinese Medicine).
 Around 100 plant species have contributed
significantly to modern drugs.

5. Physically
Mentally
Spiritually

6.  Today, approximately 80% of antimicrobial,
cardiovascular, immunosuppressive, and
anticancer drugs are of plant origin; their sales
exceeded US$ 65 billion in 2003.
 . It is widely accepted that more than 80% of
drug substances are either directly derived from
natural products or developed from a natural
compound.
 And, in fact, around 50% of pharmaceuticals are
derived from compounds first identified or
isolated from herbs/plants, including organisms,
animals, and insects, as active ingredients

7.  Drug discovery from herbs may be divided
into two stages,
• predrug
stage
• quasidrug
stage

8.  Three approaches, which are closely related
to diet (foodstuffs), medical practice (folk
and traditional medicines), and scientific
research (phytochemical analysis), can be
adopted to explore the value of herbal
preparations.
 Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) and Indian
herbal medicine (IHM), which were highly
developed in ancient China, Japan, Korea,
and India, are still influencing the modern
healthcare

9.  herbal medicines provide primary healthcare
for approximately 3.5 to 4 billion people
worldwide, and about 85% of traditional
medicine involves the use of plant extracts,
which may be called “modern herbal
medicine.”
WHO Estimates

10.  Phytochemical study
 Glycosidic bonds
 Water and organic extraction
AIM:
The aim of the quasidrug stage of drug
discovery from herbal medicines is to search
for an active herbal ingredient or lead
compound from herbs or plant materials for
further drug development.

11.  Malaria, which is currently the most
prevalent and devastating infectious
diseases, is a mosquito-borne infectious
disease of humans caused by eukaryotic
protists of the genus Plasmodium.
40%,90%,20%

12. The direct approach in drug discovery from
herbal medicines is to isolate active
ingredient from the respective herbs or plant
source. Whether or not this approach is
feasible mainly depends on
 The concentration of the bioactive
components in the herb or plant.
 The degree of difficulty in purification and.
 The availability of the herb or plant, in
particular whether the plant is anendangered
species.

13.  The typical drug development process from
herbal medicines includes at least four
differential aspects:
Isolation
• Isolation or artificial synthesis of bioactive ingredients in herbal medicines.
Evaluation
• Evaluation of safety and efficacy using systems pharmacological methods
• Evaluation of safety and efficacy by means of conventional pharmacological
methods and.
Regulatory
• Regulatory approval of the therapeutic agent to be used in the market and
postmarket monitoring.

14.  There are many forms in which herbs can be
administered, the most common of which is
in the form of a liquid that is drunk by the
patient, either an herbal tea or a (possibly
diluted) plant extract.
Fig:Leaves of Eucalyptus olida

15. Herbal teas, or tisanes, are the resultant liquid
of extracting herbs into water, though they are
made in a few different ways.
 Infusions are hot water extracts of herbs, such as
chamomile or mint, through steeping.
 Maceration is the old infusion of plants with
high mucilage -content, such as sage, thyme,
etc.
 Tinctures are alcoholic extracts of herbs, which
are generally stronger than herbal teas.

16.  Food: Many of the herbs and spices used by
humans to season food also yield useful
medicinal compounds. The use of herbs and
spices in cuisine developed in part as a response
to the threat of food-borne pathogens.
 Antimicrobial:the spices with the most potent
antimicrobial activity tend to be selected. In all
cultures vegetables are spiced less than meat,
presumably because they are more resistant to
spoilage.
 Angiosperms :Angiosperms (flowering plants)
were the original source of most plant
medicines.

17.  Common weeds: Many of the common weeds
that populate human settlements, such as
nettle, dandelion and chickweed, have
medicinal properties.
 Animals or non –human primates: animals
such as non-human primates, monarch
butterflies and sheep are also known to
ingest medicinal plants to treat illness.

18. Ancient
Time
Middle
Age
Early
Modern
Era

19.  In ancient times,
 Fig: The Ebers Papyrus (ca. 1550 BCE) from
Ancient Egypt has a prescription for Cannabis
sativa (marijuana) applied topically for
inflammation.

20. The essential oi of common thyme (Thymus
vulgaris), contains 20-54% thymol. Thymol, is a
powerful antiseptic and antifungal that is used in
a variety of products. Before the advent of
modern antibiotics, oil of thyme was used to
medicate bandages. Thymol is also used to treat
respiratory infections. A tea made by infusing
the herb in water can be used for coughs and
bronchitis.
Fig: (Thymus vulgaris)

21.  In India, Ayurvedic medicine has used many
herbs such as turmeric possibly as early as 1900
BC. Earliest Sanskrit writings such as the Rig
Veda, and Atharva Veda are some of the earliest
available documents detailing the medical
knowledge that formed the basis of the Ayurveda
system
 The mythological Chinese emperor Shennong is
said to have written the first Chinese
pharmacopoeia, the "Shennong Ben Cao Jing’’.

22.  Dandelion (Taraxacum officinale) contains a
large number of pharmacologically active
compounds, and has been used for centuries as
an effective laxative and diuretic, and as a
treatment for bile or liver problems.
Fig: Taraxacum officinale

23.  At the same time, folk medicine in the home
and village continued uninterrupted,
supporting numerous wandering and settled
herbalists.
 Among these were the "wise-women" and
"wise men", who prescribed herbal remedies
often along with spells, enchantments,
divination and advice.
 At 12th-century Benedictine nun, she wrote
a medical text called Causae et Curae.

24.  At 12th-century Benedictine nun, she wrote a
medical text called Causae et Curae.
 Fig: Dioscorides Materia Medica, c. 1334 copy
in Arabic, describes medicinal features of cumin
cand dill .

25.  The 15th, 16th, and 17th centuries were the
great age of herbals, many of them available for
the first time in English and other languages
rather than Latin or Greek.
 The first herbal to be published in English was
the anonymous Grete Herball of 1526. The two
best-known herbals in English were The Herball
or General History of Plants (1597) by John
Gerard and The English Physician Enlarged (1653)
by Nicholas Culpeper.

26.  The Age of Exploration and the Columbian
Exchange introduced new medicinal plants to
Europe. The Badianus Manuscript was an
illustrated Mexican herbal written in Nahuatl
and Latin in the 16th century.

27. THANK YOU