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Latent Doodle Space William Baxter 1 ,  Ken-ichi Anjyo 2 OLM Digital, Inc. EUROGRAPHICS,2006 Presented by C.M. Hsu OLM Digital, Inc. EUROGRAPHICS,2006
Abstract
Abstract ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Applications The Randomized Stamp Tool Input Output
Applications Handwriting synthesis Output Input
Outline ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Overview
Overview 3. Reverse the parameterization of strokes  to improve the point-to-point correspondence 4. Build the latent control space ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],1. Assignments of stroke correspondence 2. Resample corresponding strokes with the  same  number of sample points Synthesis PCA thin plate spline  RBF PCA GP Feature vector GPLVM
Related Work
Related Work  –  Stroke Correspondences ,[object Object],[object Object]
Related Work –  A low-dimensional latent space ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Related Work ,[object Object]
Stroke Matching Algorithm ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Finding Stroke Correspondences ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Assignment Cost Matrix ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Translation error ,[object Object]
Orientation and eccentricity error ,[object Object],Stroke 1 Stroke 2
Topological matching cost ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],S2 S1 S3 S2 is connected to S1, c s 2 =1 C2 is connected to C1, c c 2 =1 C2 C1
Stroke Re-sampling and Alignment ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Building the Latent Doodle Space PCA 2 principal components thin plate spline  RBF PCA 2 principal components GP Feature Vector m  =  { p1,p2,..pn} of Stroke m ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],best GPLVM input output
Conclusions and Future Work ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
End

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study Latent Doodle Space

Editor's Notes

  1. 1. William Baxter, (OLM Digital 的主任研究員 ), 主要研究 , NPR, HCI( 人機互動 ?), and physically based models. 2. Ken- ichi Anjyo , 安生健一 (OLM Digital 的技術總監 ) OLM Digital Inc., 日本電腦繪圖公司 . 開發和 visual effect 和 in-house software
  2. “ 手描き線画の学習モデル “ 左邊有五幅塗鴉 ( 注意筆數相同 ). 右下方為解析 latent space 後 , 微調 latent space 的結果 . Latent space, 潛在空間 , 隱性變數 , 潛在變數 .. 能模仿”手描塗鴉 , 字跡等的”等線條為主的學習系統 到這裡 , 大概可以猜出是 PCA 或其他多變量分析的技巧解析出 latent space. 那以 PCA, 分析的是什麼 ? 輸出的是什麼 ? 某些以 texton 模擬畫風的 (Leung and Malik’s Method), 拿 48 個 filter 的結果 , 假設畫作上的像素是這 48 變量 (f1,f2…f48) 的線性組合 . 以此分析出另外鑑別力高的主成分 , 作為 texton. 但在這裡 , 針對線條相同為主 ( 畫風相似 ) 的畫作 , 找出線上對應點群 , 作為變量 . 再拿這些變量作 PCA.. 比較直覺 . 而如何自動地找對應 stroke, 找對應點等 . 成為不同畫間 , stroke assignment 的問題 . 所以 , 主要流程會是 , 手繪數張”筆劃數相同” ,” 圖形相仿”的塗鴉 . Assignment 的演算法自動比對出 stroke to stroke, point to point. 再以 PCA, 和 GPLVM 分析出 latent space. 生成新圖 , 基本上是屬於 deform 的領域 . 但ㄧ般處理 deform, 會注意變化區和非變化區的局部性 , 否則會造成 deform 程度不如預期 比如 , 抿嘴的右下角圖 , 是整體鋸齒狀的 deform. 但以 deform 的角度觀之 , 頭髮不應呈鋸齒狀變化 ( 可能本文指針對 point 分析 , 並沒有針對 方向 ,gradient 等分析 ) 並非學習了某種畫風後 , 可將 source 模擬成該畫風的 NPR (Leung and Malik’s Method)
  3. Stamp tool, 橡皮章工具 . 各大影像編輯軟體皆有 . 有些 stamp tool, 除了印章圖像外 , 還有可調整的參數 本文主張 , latent space 可以生成”相似”但不”相同”於輸入範例的圖 . 如 < 由 PCA 找出來的前兩各主成分 , 隨機稍微改變 , 就可以生成本圖
  4. 本文 ,, 1. Stroke correspondence, 本文提供的新的有效率的演算法 . 2. 找出 latent doodle space. 以操控 latent variable 產生 drawing. ( 但被歸類在 deform, 卻沒有像 deform 會區分 rigid 區域 ) 這部分 , 提出找 latent doodle space 的觀念 , 也實作系統 . 算是將 latent space 應用在 也實驗了 PCA, thin spline plate RBF, GPLVM 等方法
  5. [Sig75] = [BW75], “Computer animation of free form images” [Sig92] = [SG92], “A physically based approach to 2-D shape blending” [Ieee02]=[BMP02], “Shape matching and object recognition using shape contexts” [UIST01]=[Kg01], a method to express the topology of the space of valid drawings. 需要請 artist 去 training, 以建構 而本文主要是 find correspondence and construct a latent space. 這篇 paper 蠻重要的 .
  6. [Nerosci91]=[TP91],”Eigenface for recognition”. 醫學影像裡 , 使用 PCA, 分析出可供辨識的主要成分 [IEEE98]= [RCB98],”Verbs and adverbs: Multidimensional motion interpolation”. 使用 RBF 作為 supervised regression technique. 該文中 , 使用者需對””標示 verb, adverb. [Wol98],””,survey of the PCA, RBF… [Law04],””, Gaussian Process Latent Variable Model (GPLVM), 由 Gaussian process likelihood model 解析出來的 latent variable, 自動找出最佳位置 . 這是一個機率模型 , 非線性的 PCA [Computer Vision02]=[GMHP04], “Style-based inverse kinematics”, 風格化的運動學
  7. 以筆劃順序先訂 cluter. Cost function
  8. In other words, cluster I is considered connected to cluster j if the average distance between the pairs of strokes assigned to I and j is below the connectivity threshold.
  9. Schneider: 1990 年發表的 , “an algorithm for automatically fitting digitized curve”
  10. RBF: basic function is thin-plate-spline ()fast GPLVM: GPLVM 和 GP 都是 probabilistic regression ( 迴歸 ) techniques. 這意味著 , 他們假設輸入帶有些 unknown noise. 所以 , 不是完全由 input 內插得 . GP 和 GPLVM 都用 non-linear optimization 去決定 model 的最佳 hyperparameter. 包刮這些 noise level. 這些 noise level 能
  11. . 由 user 評價 latent space 的結果好壞 , 以此調整更正確的 drawing style. 就像 Kovar 的 paper . 目前只能接受相同粗細的 . 能接受 free-form hand-drawn sketch, 可以畫動畫初稿 , 就像 deform 的技術製作出動畫 .